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Le sujet de thèse concerne l’immunothérapie induite par des glycolipides synthétiques dont le chef de file est le KRN7000. Ce composé montre une activité à stimuler le système immunitaire renforçant l’action antitumorale. Cependant, comme la plupart des principes actifs, le KRN 7000 n’est pas spécifique des cellules tumorales. Pour pallier ce manque de spécificité, nous avons envisagé de coupler des glycolipides à un agent ciblant des cellules tumorales selon deux approches. La première a consisté à lier de manière covalente l’agent ciblant au glycolipide via un espaceur, ce qui a permis d’évaluer si le greffage de cet immunostimulant sur l’agent ciblant ne perturberait pas la reconnaissance par le récepteur membranaire. Concernant la seconde approche, une étude préliminaire reposant sur le relargage du KRN7000 a été abordé en préparant une prodrogue du glycolipide. Un autre problème du KRN7000 est qu’il n’est pas sélectif vis-à-vis de deux voies d’activation du système immunitaire. Pour pallier ce problème, la synthèse de nouveaux analogues C-glycosidiques d’alpha-galactosylcéramides plus stables et plus sélectifs de la voie Th1 a été envisagée. La stratégie de synthèse met en œuvre une cycloaddition 1,3-dipolaire entre un C-vinyl glycoside et une nitrone. Dans un premier temps, une étude méthodologique de cette réaction a d’abord été réalisée. Dans un deuxième temps, la fonctionnalisation du cycle isoxazolidine puis son ouverture devrait permettre d’accéder aux analogues ciblés. / This PhD work concerns glycolipid-induced activation of immune system with KRN7000 as lead compound. This latter has shown its ability to stimulate NKT cells which are T cells of the immune system resulting in potent antitumor activity. However, like lots of drugs, KRN7000 is not specific for tumor cells. To tackle this lack of specificity, we plan to graft glycolipids to a targeting agent for tumor cells following two approaches. The aim of the first one was to bind covalently the glycolipid to the targeting agent in order to determine the effect of the glycolipid grafting onto the targeting agent on the recognition by the membrane receptor. Regarding the second approach, a preliminary study based on the KRN7000 release was performed by synthesizing a glycolipid prodrug. Another drawback of the KRN7000 is the lack of selectivity towards two ways of activation of the immune system. In order to favor the Th1 immune response, the synthesis of new C-glycosidic analogues of alpha-galactosylceramides was implemented. The synthetic strategy has involved a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between a C-vinyl glycoside and a nitrone. First, a methodologic study about this reaction was performed. Then functionalization of the obtained isoxazolidine ring and the N-O bond cleavage should lead to the expected original analogs.

Os carboidratos são componentes essenciais de muitos produtos naturais de grande importância medicinal. As porções carboidrato podem aumentar a solubilidade em água de drogas, diminuir a toxicidade e/ou contribuir para a bioatividade dos produtos naturais. A síntese de C-glicosídeos, a partir de D-glicose, é de grande interesse porque estes são úteis como blocos de construção para a síntese de vários tipos de moléculas com grande potencial de utilização em princípios ativos para tratamento de câncer, diabetes, HIV, como antivirais, entre outros. Os C-glicosídeos são essencialmente inertes à degradação porque o centro anomérico natural (um O- ou N-acetal instável) foi transformado hidroliticamente em ligação éter. Como resultado, uma atenção significativa tem sido dedicada para o desenvolvimento de novas vias sintéticas. A reação de Knoevenagel, descrita há mais de um século, consiste na condensação de aldeídos com moléculas contendo metileno ativo, tais como o ácido malônico ou o seu éster e dicetonas. Embora consista de uma desidratação, surpreendentemente, a reação é favorecida em meio aquoso, em alguns casos. A condensação de carboidratos desprotegidos com dicetonas tem atraído crescente interesse com a crescente cobrança da sociedade por tecnologias mais limpas (verdes). Nesse sentido, baseando-se no conceito de Química Verde e seus Doze princípios, buscou-se a redução ou troca de solventes orgânicos por outros mais verdes, adaptação dos sistemas de reação para operação em temperaturas mais brandas e substituição de matérias-primas por outras mais verdes. O objetivo principal consistiu na preparação da cetona-?-C-glicosídeo (CG) e seus derivados, a partir da D-glicose, com potencial aplicação como intermediários de fármacos. Nesse trabalho, foram preparados derivados do CG e da D-glicose: CG peracetilado, D-glicose peracetilada, CG perbenzoilado, D-glicose perbenzoilada, CG peracetilado clorado, CGAr1 ((E)-4-(4-metoxifenil)-1-(3,4,5-trihidroxi-6- (hidroximetil)-tetrahidro-2H-piran-2-il)but-3-en-2-ona), CGAr1 peracetilado e CGAr1 peracetilado bromado. O CG foi preparado em meio aquoso ou em EtOH-água 4:1, pH alcalino (35-80%). O CG peracetilado (2,3,4,6-tetracetil-1-C-(?-D-glicopiranosil)propan-2-ona) e a Dglicose peracetilada (1,2,3,4,6-pentacetil-1-C-(?-D-glicopiranosil)) foram preparados (71 e 77,5%) usando quatro metodologias: duas usando AcONa/Ac2O a 50-90 °C, uma com AcONa/py/DMAP a t.a. e uma com I2/Ac2O a 28 °C. O CG perbenzoilado (2,3,4,6-tetrabenzoil- 1-C-(?-D-glicopiranosil)propan-2-ona) e a D-glicose perbenzoilada (1,2,3,4,6-pentabenzoil-1-C- (?-D-glicopiranosil) foram preparados (31 e 83%), respectivamente, usando sete metodologias: duas em solução de NaOH a t.a., quatro com py e DCM e/ou tolueno como solvente a 65 °C, uma com py/DCM a 5 °C. O CG peracetilado clorado (2-(acetoximetil)-6-(3-cloro-2- oxopropil)tetrahidro-2H-piran-3,4,5-triil triacetato) foi preparado (19,6%) usando NH4Cl/oxone em MeOH sob refluxo. O CGAr1 foi preparado a partir do CG bruto com p-anisaldeído, L-prolina e TEA em MeOH a t.a (33,5%). O CGAr1 peracetilado ((E)-2-(acetoximetil)-6-(4-(4-metoxifenil)- 2-oxobut-3-en-1-il)-tetrahidro-2H-piran-3,4,5-triil triacetato) foi preparado (54%) usando três metodologias: Ac2O/AcONa a 50 °C, I2/Ac2O a 28 e a 50°C. O CGAr1 peracetilado bromado foi preparado (78%) usando Br2/CCl4 a t.a. / Carbohydrates are essential components of many natural products of great medicinal importance. The carbohydrate portions may increase the water solubility of drugs, decrease toxicity and/or contribute to the bioactivity of the natural products. The synthesis of Cglycosides, from D-glucose, is of great interest because they are useful as building blocks for the synthesis of various types of molecules with great potential as active principles for the treatment of cancer, diabetes, HIV, as antivirals, among others. C-glycosides are essentially inert to degradation because their natural anomeric center (an unstable O- or N-acetal) has been hydrolytically transformed into an ether linkage. Thus, significant attention has been devoted to the development of new synthetic routes. The Knoevenagel reaction, described over a century ago, consists of the condensation of aldehydes with molecules containing active methylene, such as malonic acid or its ester and diketones. Although it consists of a dehydration, surprisingly, the reaction is favored in aqueous medium in some cases. The condensation of unprotected carbohydrates with diketones has attracted increasing interest with the growing society\'s demand for cleaner (green) technologies. Based on the concept of Green Chemistry and its Twelve Principles, the aim was to reduce or substitute organic solventes for greener ones, adapt reaction systems to operate at milder temperatures and substitute raw materials for greener ones. The main goal was to prepare ketone-?-C-glucoside (CG) and its derivatives, from D-glucose, with potential application as drug intermediates. In this work, CG and D-glucose derivatives were prepared: peracetylated CG, peracetylated D-glucose, perbenzoylated CG, perbenzoylated D-glucose, chlorinated peracetylated CG, CGAr1 ((E)-4-(4- methoxyphenyl)-1-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)but-3-en-2- one), peracetylated CGAr1 and brominated peracetylated CGAr1. CG was prepared (35-80%) in water or EtOH-water (4:1), alkaline pH. Peracetylated CG (2,3,4,6-tetraacetyl-1-C-(?-Dglucopyranosyl) propan-2-one) and peracetylated D-glucose (1,2,3,4,6-pentacetyl-1-C-(?-Dglucopyranosyl)) were prepared (71 and 77,5%), using four methodologies: two using AcONa/ Ac2O at 50-90 °C, one with AcONa/py/DMAP at rt and one with I2/Ac2O at 28 °C. The perbenzoylated CG (2,3,4,6-tetrabenzoyl-1-C-(?-D-glucopyranosyl)propan-2-one) and perbenzoylated D-glucose (1,2,3,4,6-pentabenzoyl-1-C-(?-D-glucopyranosyl) were prepared (31 and 83%) using seven methodologies: two in NaOH aqueous solution, four with py and DCM and/or toluene as solvent at 65 °C. Chlorinated peracetylated CG (2-(acetoxymethyl)-6-(3- chloro-2-oxopropyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triyl triacetate) was prepared (19,6%) using NH4Cl/oxone in MeOH under reflux. CGAr1 was prepared from crude CG with p-anisaldehyde, L-proline and TEA in MeOH at rt (33,5%). The peracetylated CGAr1 ((E)-2-(acetoxymethyl)-6- (4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxobut-3-en-1-yl)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triyl triacetate) was prepared (54%) using three methodologies: Ac2O/AcONa at 50 °C, I2/Ac2O at 28 and at 50 °C. Brominated peracetylated CGAr1 was prepared (78%) using Br2/CCl4 at rt.

Les glucides sont omniprésents dans la nature et jouent un rôle clé dans divers processus de reconnaissance moléculaire. Nous avons réalisé la conception et la synthèse de quatre types de dérivés glucidiques qui se divisent en 4 chapitres. Le le` chapitre est consacré à la synthèse d'analogues C glycosidiques de l'arbutine, une hydroquinone glycosylée, inhibiteur de la tyrosinase utilisé pour le blanchissement de la peau. Le 2è' chapitre concerne la synthèse d'analogues C glycosidiques de la vitamine E avec comme objectif d'améliorer ses propriétés antioxydants. Le 3e' chapitre est consacré à la synthèse des glycosides photolabiles pour la réalisation de glycopuces. Via l'ouverture régiosélective du 4,6 0 (o nitro)benzylidene des methyl glycopyranosides, suivie d'une C 4 épimerization, plusieurs 6 0 (o nitro)benzyl glycopyranosides ont été préparés. Enfin, le chapitre 4 est consacré à la synthèse des C glycosyl amino acides comme inhibiteurs potentiels de PTP 1B, cible potentielle pour le traitement du diabète de type II. Les résultats biologiques montrent que ces molécules inhibent l'enzyme avec IC50 de l'ordre de micromolaire.

Os carboidratos são componentes essenciais de muitos produtos naturais de grande importância medicinal. As porções carboidrato podem aumentar a solubilidade em água de drogas, diminuir a toxicidade e/ou contribuir para a bioatividade dos produtos naturais. A síntese de C-glicosídeos, a partir de D-glicose, é de grande interesse porque estes são úteis como blocos de construção para a síntese de vários tipos de moléculas com grande potencial de utilização em princípios ativos para tratamento de câncer, diabetes, HIV, como antivirais, entre outros. Os C-glicosídeos são essencialmente inertes à degradação porque o centro anomérico natural (um O- ou N-acetal instável) foi transformado hidroliticamente em ligação éter. Como resultado, uma atenção significativa tem sido dedicada para o desenvolvimento de novas vias sintéticas. A reação de Knoevenagel, descrita há mais de um século, consiste na condensação de aldeídos com moléculas contendo metileno ativo, tais como o ácido malônico ou o seu éster e dicetonas. Embora consista de uma desidratação, surpreendentemente, a reação é favorecida em meio aquoso, em alguns casos. A condensação de carboidratos desprotegidos com dicetonas tem atraído crescente interesse com a crescente cobrança da sociedade por tecnologias mais limpas (verdes). Nesse sentido, baseando-se no conceito de Química Verde e seus Doze princípios, buscou-se a redução ou troca de solventes orgânicos por outros mais verdes, adaptação dos sistemas de reação para operação em temperaturas mais brandas e substituição de matérias-primas por outras mais verdes. O objetivo principal consistiu na preparação da cetona-?-C-glicosídeo (CG) e seus derivados, a partir da D-glicose, com potencial aplicação como intermediários de fármacos. Nesse trabalho, foram preparados derivados do CG e da D-glicose: CG peracetilado, D-glicose peracetilada, CG perbenzoilado, D-glicose perbenzoilada, CG peracetilado clorado, CGAr1 ((E)-4-(4-metoxifenil)-1-(3,4,5-trihidroxi-6- (hidroximetil)-tetrahidro-2H-piran-2-il)but-3-en-2-ona), CGAr1 peracetilado e CGAr1 peracetilado bromado. O CG foi preparado em meio aquoso ou em EtOH-água 4:1, pH alcalino (35-80%). O CG peracetilado (2,3,4,6-tetracetil-1-C-(?-D-glicopiranosil)propan-2-ona) e a Dglicose peracetilada (1,2,3,4,6-pentacetil-1-C-(?-D-glicopiranosil)) foram preparados (71 e 77,5%) usando quatro metodologias: duas usando AcONa/Ac2O a 50-90 °C, uma com AcONa/py/DMAP a t.a. e uma com I2/Ac2O a 28 °C. O CG perbenzoilado (2,3,4,6-tetrabenzoil- 1-C-(?-D-glicopiranosil)propan-2-ona) e a D-glicose perbenzoilada (1,2,3,4,6-pentabenzoil-1-C- (?-D-glicopiranosil) foram preparados (31 e 83%), respectivamente, usando sete metodologias: duas em solução de NaOH a t.a., quatro com py e DCM e/ou tolueno como solvente a 65 °C, uma com py/DCM a 5 °C. O CG peracetilado clorado (2-(acetoximetil)-6-(3-cloro-2- oxopropil)tetrahidro-2H-piran-3,4,5-triil triacetato) foi preparado (19,6%) usando NH4Cl/oxone em MeOH sob refluxo. O CGAr1 foi preparado a partir do CG bruto com p-anisaldeído, L-prolina e TEA em MeOH a t.a (33,5%). O CGAr1 peracetilado ((E)-2-(acetoximetil)-6-(4-(4-metoxifenil)- 2-oxobut-3-en-1-il)-tetrahidro-2H-piran-3,4,5-triil triacetato) foi preparado (54%) usando três metodologias: Ac2O/AcONa a 50 °C, I2/Ac2O a 28 e a 50°C. O CGAr1 peracetilado bromado foi preparado (78%) usando Br2/CCl4 a t.a. / Carbohydrates are essential components of many natural products of great medicinal importance. The carbohydrate portions may increase the water solubility of drugs, decrease toxicity and/or contribute to the bioactivity of the natural products. The synthesis of Cglycosides, from D-glucose, is of great interest because they are useful as building blocks for the synthesis of various types of molecules with great potential as active principles for the treatment of cancer, diabetes, HIV, as antivirals, among others. C-glycosides are essentially inert to degradation because their natural anomeric center (an unstable O- or N-acetal) has been hydrolytically transformed into an ether linkage. Thus, significant attention has been devoted to the development of new synthetic routes. The Knoevenagel reaction, described over a century ago, consists of the condensation of aldehydes with molecules containing active methylene, such as malonic acid or its ester and diketones. Although it consists of a dehydration, surprisingly, the reaction is favored in aqueous medium in some cases. The condensation of unprotected carbohydrates with diketones has attracted increasing interest with the growing society\'s demand for cleaner (green) technologies. Based on the concept of Green Chemistry and its Twelve Principles, the aim was to reduce or substitute organic solventes for greener ones, adapt reaction systems to operate at milder temperatures and substitute raw materials for greener ones. The main goal was to prepare ketone-?-C-glucoside (CG) and its derivatives, from D-glucose, with potential application as drug intermediates. In this work, CG and D-glucose derivatives were prepared: peracetylated CG, peracetylated D-glucose, perbenzoylated CG, perbenzoylated D-glucose, chlorinated peracetylated CG, CGAr1 ((E)-4-(4- methoxyphenyl)-1-(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)but-3-en-2- one), peracetylated CGAr1 and brominated peracetylated CGAr1. CG was prepared (35-80%) in water or EtOH-water (4:1), alkaline pH. Peracetylated CG (2,3,4,6-tetraacetyl-1-C-(?-Dglucopyranosyl) propan-2-one) and peracetylated D-glucose (1,2,3,4,6-pentacetyl-1-C-(?-Dglucopyranosyl)) were prepared (71 and 77,5%), using four methodologies: two using AcONa/ Ac2O at 50-90 °C, one with AcONa/py/DMAP at rt and one with I2/Ac2O at 28 °C. The perbenzoylated CG (2,3,4,6-tetrabenzoyl-1-C-(?-D-glucopyranosyl)propan-2-one) and perbenzoylated D-glucose (1,2,3,4,6-pentabenzoyl-1-C-(?-D-glucopyranosyl) were prepared (31 and 83%) using seven methodologies: two in NaOH aqueous solution, four with py and DCM and/or toluene as solvent at 65 °C. Chlorinated peracetylated CG (2-(acetoxymethyl)-6-(3- chloro-2-oxopropyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triyl triacetate) was prepared (19,6%) using NH4Cl/oxone in MeOH under reflux. CGAr1 was prepared from crude CG with p-anisaldehyde, L-proline and TEA in MeOH at rt (33,5%). The peracetylated CGAr1 ((E)-2-(acetoxymethyl)-6- (4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-oxobut-3-en-1-yl)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triyl triacetate) was prepared (54%) using three methodologies: Ac2O/AcONa at 50 °C, I2/Ac2O at 28 and at 50 °C. Brominated peracetylated CGAr1 was prepared (78%) using Br2/CCl4 at rt.

Dans un contexte où les iminosucres multivalents représentent, en tant qu’inhibiteurs puissants de glycosidases, des structures privilégiées pour le développement de nouveaux agents thérapeutiques, nous nous sommes intéressés à ce type de composés pour le traitement de deux maladies génétiques rares. Le premier axe de recherche a consisté à synthétiser des iminosucres di- à tétravalents en série 1-désoxymannojirimycine dans le but d’inhiber l’α1,2-mannosidase I du réticulum endoplasmique qui est impliquée dans la destruction de la protéine delF508-CFTR chez les malades atteints de la mucoviscidose. Un effet multivalent fort sur la correction de cette protéine mutée a alors été mis en évidence avec un composé trivalent basé sur le pentaérythritol. Efficace à des concentrations submicromolaires, ce dernier s’est montré 140 fois plus efficace que le modèle monovalent correspondant. Le second axe de recherche a consisté à identifier de nouveaux chaperons pharmacologiques de la β-glucocérébrosidase, l’enzyme lysosomale impliquée dans la maladie de Gaucher. Pour cela, nous avons préparé une série d’iminosucres hétérodivalents conçus pour cibler simultanément le site actif et un site secondaire de cette enzyme. Même si cet objectif n’a pas encore été atteint, nous avons malgré tout mis en évidence des chaperons monovalents capables de quasiment quadrupler l’activité de la β-glucocérébrosidase portant la mutation G202R. En marge de ces deux axes principaux, une sonde mécanistique basée sur un C-glycoside multivalent a également été développée dans le but de préciser les mécanismes à l’origine des effets multivalents puissants observés pour l’inhibition des glycosidases. / Because multivalent iminosugars represent, as potent glycosidase inhibitors, privileged structures for the design of novel drugs, we took a particular interest in this class of compounds for the treatment of two rare genetic diseases. The first research topic was dedicated to the synthesis of di- to tetravalent iminosugars in the 1-deoxymannojirimycin series in order to inhibit the endoplasmic reticulum α1,2-mannosidase I involved in the destruction of delF508-CFTR, the mutant protein responsible of cystic fibrosis. A strong multivalent effect for restoring its activity in cells was reported with a trivalent analogue based on pentaerythritol. This submicromolar corrector was found to be 140-fold more potent than the corresponding monovalent model. The second research topic focused on the identification of novel pharmacological chaperones of the β-glucocerebrosidase, the lysosomal enzyme involved in Gaucher’s disease. For this purpose, we developed a series of heterodivalent iminosugars designed to both bind to the active site and a secondary site of the enzyme. This goal could not be reached yet, nevertheless we identified monovalent chaperones which were able to fourfold increase β-glucocerebrosidase activity in G202R cell lines. Next to these main research topics, a mechanistic probe based on a multivalent C-glycoside was also developed to investigate the multivalent effect of iminosugar clusters in glycosidase inhibition.

Nos últimos anos a química é apontada como solução para diversos problemas globais originados por um modo de vida não sustentável, em virtude disso o desenvolvimento econômico e social ficam vinculados aos conhecimentos em ações sustentáveis embasadas na química verde. Neste contexto emerge a indústria química baseada em matérias-primas renováveis, dentre as biomassas renováveis destacam-se os carboidratos com cerca de 75% da biomassa da terra. Os glicosídeos são moléculas orgânicas nas quais o açúcar está ligado à uma porção não-carboidrato (aglicona), dentre eles os C-glicosídeos se destacam por apresentarem tanto resistência à hidrólise ácida quanto à enzimática, característica que confere interesse a indústria de fármacos e às ciências dos materiais apresentando-se como excelentes blocos de construção. A condensação de Knoevenagel é a reação entre um grupo metileno ativado e um aldeído ou cetona levando à formação de um composto β, β-insaturado e é muito relevante na derivatização de C-glicosídeos. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é empregar a D-glicose, como fonte de matéria-prima renovável, na obtenção de Cglicosídeos e potenciais derivados de interesse industrial, visando oferecer ao ambiente uma opção através de processos mais sustentáveis, para isso dividiu-se o trabalho em três etapas: a primeira de preparação da cetona β-C-glicosídeos e reações de proteções, a segunda, de derivações diretas dessas moléculas, por meio das preparações das oximas, das aril cetonas C-glicosídeos, da cicloexenona C-glicosídeo e do metil pentenol C-glicosídeo e a terceira consistiu de derivação de moléculas, obtidas na segunda etapa, em gem halo-nitro, oxima aril e isoxazol aril. Na primeira etapa, síntese da cetona β-C-glicosídeo, fez-se alterações metodológicas e obteve-se um rendimento médio de 92%, o composto foi confirmado por TGA, FT-IR e RMN 13C, nas reações de proteção à cetona β-C-glicosídeo, acetilação e benzoilação, obteve-se rendimentos de 60% e 31,4% respectivamente, os compostos foram confirmados por FT-IR e RMN 13C. Na segunda etapa sintetizou a aril cetona C-glicosídeo, desprotegida e protegida, com 91% e 78% de rendimentos respectivamente, a cicloexenona C-glicosídeo acetilada com 60% de rendimento e o metil pentenil C-glicosídeo acetilado com até 71% de rendimento, oximas a partir da cetona β-C-glicosídeo desprotegida e posterior proteção (economizando uma etapa) e oximas a partir da cetona β-C-glicosídeo acetilada obtendo rendimentos de 73,6 % e 83%, também foi sintetizada a oxima da glicose e sua acetilação gerou o nitrilo da glicose em 60% de rendimento, os compostos foram confirmados por FT-IR e RMN 13C. Na terceira etapa foram obtidos os derivados, gem bromo-nitro C-glicosídeo acetilado 30% (rota desprotegida) e 73% (rota protegida), gemcloro C-glicosídeo acetilados 30% (rota desprotegida) e 72% (rota protegida). A aril cetona C-glicosídeo acetilada, a oxima aril C-glicosídeo acetilada e isoxazol C-glicosídeo acetilado apresentaram rendimentos 45%, 78% e 31% respectivamente, todos confirmados por FT-IR e RMN 13C. A síntese da cetona β-C-glicosídeo desprotegida em meio aquoso alcalino apresenta um alto rendimento e demonstrou uma enorme versatilidade podendo ser empregada na obtenção de muitos derivados, no entanto as reações de proteção são necessárias para derivação dessas moléculas e facilitação da análise. / In recent years, chemistry has been identified as a solution to several global problems caused by an unsustainable way of life, as economic and social development are linked to the knowledge of sustainable actions based on green chemistry. In this context emerges the chemical industry based on renewable raw materials, among the renewable biomasses stand out the carbohydrates with about 75% of the earth\'s biomass. Glycosides are organic molecules in which sugar is bound to a non-carbohydrate (aglycone) moiety, among them the C-glycosides stand out because they have both resistance to acid and enzymatic hydrolysis, which is of interest to the pharmaceutical industry and sciences of materials presenting themselves as excellent building blocks. The Knoevenagel condensation is the reaction between an activated methylene group and an aldehyde or ketone leading to the formation of an β, β-unsaturated compound and is very relevant in the derivatization of Cglycosides. The main objective of this work is to use D-glucose, as a source of renewable raw material, to obtain C-glycosides and potential derivatives of industrial interest, aiming to offer the environment an option employing more sustainable processes, for this the work was divided in three stages: the first one of preparation of the ketone β-C-glycosides and reactions of protections, the second, of direct derivations of these molecules, through the preparations of oximes, aryl ketones C-glycosides, cyclohexenone C-glycoside and methyl pentenol C-glycoside and the third step consisted of derivation of molecules obtained in the second step in gem halo-nitro, aryl oxime and isoxazole aryl. In the first step, synthesis of the β-C-glycoside ketone made methodological changes and obtained an average yield of 92%, the compound was confirmed by TGA, FT-IR and 13C NMR, in the protection reactions to β-C-glycoside ketone, acetylation and benzoylation, yields of 60% and 31.4% respectively were obtained, the compounds were confirmed by FT-IR and 13C NMR. In the second step, the unprotected and protected C-glycoside aryl ketone was synthesized in 91% and 78% yields respectively, the acetylated C-glycoside cyclohexenone in 60% yield and the acetylated methyl pentenyl C-glycoside in up to 71% yield, oximes from the deprotected β-C-glycoside ketone and subsequent protection (saving one step) and oximes from acetylated β-C-glucoside ketone yielding 73.6% and 83% yields, the glucose oxime was also synthesized and its acetylation generated the glucose nitrile in 60% yield, the compounds were confirmed by FT-IR and 13 C NMR. In the third stage the derivatives were obtained, gem bromo-nitro C-glycoside acetylated 30% (unprotected route) and 73% (protected route), gem-chloro C-glycoside acetylated 30% (route deprotected) and 72% (protected route). The acetylated C-glycoside aryl ketone, the acetylated C-glycoside aryl oxime and the acetylated C-glycoside isoxazole presented yields of 45%, 78% and 31% respectively, all confirmed by FT-IR and 13C NMR. The synthesis of β-C-glycoside ketone deprotected in alkaline aqueous medium presents a high yield and demonstrated an enormous versatility that can be used to obtain many derivatives, however the protection reactions are necessary for derivation of this molecules and facilitation of the analysis.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de concevoir une chimiothèque à partir de synthons C-glycosidiques. Les composés obtenus sont destinés à l'identification de modulateurs de l'activité des protéines pour comprendre leur rôle dans les mécanismes cellulaires. Pour réaliser ce travail, nous nous sommes basés sur le concept de la Synthèse Orientée vers la Diversité (SOD) pour générer une collection de molécules par des réactions à plusieurs composants. A partir de glycals peracétylés, nous avons préparés les C-glycosides de départ qui portent une fonction aldéhyde sur l'aglycone. Nous avons montré qu'il était possible de synthétiser ces produits en irradiant le milieu réactionnel par les micro-ondes. Puis ces synthons ont été traité par une amine et un alcyne ce qui a permis de générer une série de propargylamines. Parmi les propargylamines synthétiseés nous avons pu montrer que la L-proline avait une activité auto catalytique et qu'elles conduisaient a une addition stéréosélective de l'alcyne sur l'iminium intermédiaire. Nous avons alors utilisé cette propriété pour combiner la réaction à 3 composants avec la chimie click pour obtenir en quatre étapes une banque de 40 C-glycosides complexes hautement fonctionnalisées. Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail nous avons mis à profit la présence d'un alcool allylique sur le cycle pyranne pour mettre au point une nouvelle réaction tandem, la réaction A3M. Ce nouveau procédé permet d'obtenir en une seul étape des pyridino pyrannes par une réaction à trois composants. Après oxydation de l'alcool en cétone, le C-glycoside est irradie par les micro ondes en présence d'une amine primaire, et d'une alcyne (couplage A3). Cette première réaction est suivie d'une addition de Michael intramoléculaire sur la double liaison activée pour donner stéréo sélectivement le composé bicyclique

La fonctionnalisation de liaisons C-H non-activées est un défi pour la chimie organique. Dans cette thèse, l'amination intramoléculaire, via l'insertion catalytique de nitrènes sur ces positions réputées inertes, a été effectuée sur des glycomimétiques de type C-glycoside. A l'inverse de leurs analogues 1- carbamoyloxyméthyle, cette réaction s'est montrée fortement stéréo-dépendante de la configuration du carbone pseudo-anomérique dans le cas des dérivés 1-sulfamoyloxyméthyle. L'insertion régiosélective en position pseudo-anomérique conduit à des composés spiraniques dont la fonction N,O-acétal peut être fonctionnalisée pour aboutir à des glycomimétiques originaux. Une étude sur des dérivés pipéridinique a permis d'évaluer l'influence de l'hétéroatome endocyclique sur la réaction d'insertion. L'amination intramoléculaire de ces dérivés nous a permis d'observer une régiosélectivité complètement différente de celle observée précédemment avec la formation inédite d'un cycle à sept membres. La combinaison d'effets stéréoélectroniques et conformationnels décisifs nous a permis de rationaliser ce résultat inattendu. Nous avons exploité ce résultat par la mise au point d'une stratégie de synthèse générale de 4-amino-imino-Cglycosides. En nous appuyant sur l'utilisation séquentielle du groupe 1-sulfamoyloxymethyle comme "bras moléculaire activateur", nous sommes parvenus à fonctionnaliser toutes les positions d'une pipéridine monosubstituée. La synthèse totale de divers iminosucres originaux a permis d'illustrer l'intérêt de cette stratégie et ouvre ainsi l'accès à la découverte de nouveaux composés d'intérêt thérapeutique.

<p>This thesis describes stereoselective syntheses of four amino acids, three of which are C-glycosidic analogues of glycosylated amino acids. The overall goal of the project was to probe the interactions between MHC molecules, glycopeptide antigens and T cell receptors, that are essential for development of collagen induced arthritis. Collagen induced arthritis is a frequently used mouse model for rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune disease that attacks joint cartilage and leads to a painful and eventually crippling condition.</p><p>The thesis is based on four studies. The first study describes the synthesis of hydroxylysine, an amino acid that is found in collagen and is an important constituent of the glycopeptide proposed as an antigen in collagen induced arthritis. During the synthesis of hydroxylysine some new insight into the mechanism of the reductive opening of <i>p</i>-methoxybenzylidene acetals was obtained.</p><p>The remaining three studies deals with the synthesis of C-glycosidic analogues of glycosylated amino acids, hydroxy norvaline, threonine and hydroxylysine.The synthesis of each amino acid required control of several stereogenic centra and utilizes a variety of approaches such as use of stereoselective reactions, chiral auxilaries, chiral templates and asymmetric catalysis.</p><p>The C-glycosidic analogues of galactosylated hydroxynorvaline and hydroxylysine were incorporated in glycopeptides from type II collagen and evaluated in T cell response assays. It was found that the T cells were stimulated by the C-glycopeptides, but that higher concentrations were required than for the native O-glycopeptide</p>