Bitter taste signaling in humans is mediated by a group of 25 bitter receptors (T2Rs) that belong to the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. Previously, several bitter peptides were isolated and characterized from bitter tasting food protein derived extracts, such as pea protein and soya bean extracts. However, their molecular targets in humans were poorly characterized. In this study, we tested the ability of the bitter tasting tri- and di-peptides to activate the human bitter receptor, T2R1. Using a heterologous expression system, T2R1 gene was transiently expressed in C6-glioma cells and changes in intracellular calcium were measured following addition of the peptides. We found that the bitter tasting tri-peptides are more potent in activating T2R1 than the di-peptides tested. Furthermore, to elucidate the potential ligand binding pocket of T2R1 we used homology molecular modeling. The ligand binding pocket in T2R1 is present on the extracellular surface of the receptor, and is formed by the transmembrane helices 1, 2, 3 and 7 and with extracellular loops 1 and 2.

Introduction: Automation and the danger of over productivity have created unprecedented amounts of leisure time in the United States. We are now in the process of finding that major potential recreational areas have been seriously polluted by the by-products of the same automation and productivity which have created our leisure time. Increasing urbanization has been accompanied by progressively more stringent demands on water quality and quantity while steadily impairing the same parameters . One of the major sources of water quality impairment due to concentrated urban growth is combined sewer overflow... / Ph. D.

This study presents some analysis concepts and decision tools for the problems encountered in designing and implementing a flexible manufacturing system. SIM-Q, an input-generator for simulation modelling developed in this study provides a powerful and expedient tool for resolving the material handling system selection, work scheduling, input control, and real time operation problems. The problem of input control is examined using SIM-Q and the viability of operating a flexible manufacturing system as a programmable transfer line is explored. SIM-Q is also used in this study to test the robustness of CAN-Q in modelling an existing FMS. A linear zero-one linear programming model is formulated for the machine mapping and pooling problem. The system synthesis problem is solved by applying CAN-Q in an interactive computer program developed in this study. This model provides an integrated approach to the product selection and machine requirements planning problems. Finally, a dynamic decision approach to the justification of the FMS is developed and presented by imbedding queueing theory with simulation in a decision analysis framework. / Ph. D.

Η ΒΥΠ διαθέτει αντίτυπο της διατριβής σε έντυπη μορφή στο βιβλιοστάσιο διδακτορικών διατριβών που βρίσκεται στο ισόγειο του κτιρίου της. / Τα κακοήθη γλοιώματα συνιστούν τον πιο κοινό τύπο καρκίνου του κεντρικού νευρικού συστήματος στους ενήλικες και χαρακτηρίζονται από υψηλό βαθμό αγγειογένεσης και διήθησης στον παρακείμενο φυσιολογικό ιστό. Αν και οι θεραπευτικές προσεγγίσεις που χρησιμοποιούνται περιλαμβάνουν χειρουργική επέμβαση, ακτινοθεραπεία και χημειοθεραπεία, ποσοστό μεγαλύτερο του 90% των ασθενών εμφανίζουν υποτροπή της νόσου και η συνολική επιβίωση είναι εξαιρετικά χαμηλή. Τα παραπάνω γεγονότα εντείνουν την ανάγκη για την εφαρμογή πιο αποτελεσματικών θεραπευτικών σχημάτων, καθώς και την ανακάλυψη νέων μορίων-στόχων για τη θεραπεία του συγκεκριμένου τύπου καρκίνου. Η HARP είναι ένας εκκρινόμενος αυξητικός παράγοντας με μοριακό βάρος 18 kDa που έχει ισχυρή συγγένεια με την ηπαρίνη. Η HARP εκφράζεται κυρίως κατά την εμβρυϊκή ανάπτυξη και απομονώθηκε για πρώτη φορά ως πρωτεΐνη που προάγει την επέκταση των νευριτών στον αναπτυσσόμενο εγκέφαλο. Στην HARP έχει αποδοθεί ένας σημαντικός αριθμός βιολογικών δράσεων, όπως η συμμετοχή της στον πολλαπλασιασμό, στη μετανάστευση και στη διαφοροποίηση των κυττάρων, στο σχηματισμό οστών, στη χονδρογένεση, στη σπερματογένεση, στην ογκογένεση και στην αγγειογένεση. Η HARP εκφράζεται σε διάφορες καρκινικές σειρές από μηνιγγίωμα, νευροβλάστωμα, αστροκυττάρωμα, μελάνωμα, μικροκυτταρικό τύπο καρκίνου του πνεύμονα και γλοιοβλάστωμα. Κλινικές μελέτες έχουν αναφέρει αυξημένα επίπεδα της HARP στον ορό αίματος ασθενών με καρκίνο του κόλον του εντέρου, με καρκίνο του παγκρέατος και με καρκίνο του μαστού. Στην παρούσα μελέτη, προσπαθήσαμε να διερευνήσουμε το ρόλο της HARP στην ανάπτυξη όγκου και στην αγγειογένεση που προκαλούν τα κύτταρα C6, μετασχηματίζοντας τα κύτταρα αυτά με την αντινοηματική αλληλουχία για το cDNA της HARP και καταστέλλοντας την έκφρασή της στα κύτταρα C6. Μείωση της ενδογενούς έκφρασης της πρωτεΐνης της HARP στα κύτταρα C6 (κύτταρα AS-C6) προκάλεσε στατιστικά σημαντική αύξηση στον πολλαπλασιασμό, στην ανάπτυξη των κυττάρων σε τρισδιάστατο περιβάλλον και στη μετανάστευση. Όταν κύτταρα AS-C6 εμβολιάστηκαν σε χοριοαλλαντοϊκή μεμβράνη εμβρύου όρνιθας, οδήγησαν σε σημαντική αύξηση της καρκινικής αγγειογένεσης, σε σύγκριση με τις μεμβράνες που είχαν εμβολιαστεί με μη μετασχηματισμένα κύτταρα C6 ή με κύτταρα C6 που είχαν μετασχηματιστεί μόνο με το πλασμίδιο-φορέα (κύτταρα ΡC-C6). Με παρόμοιο τρόπο, θρεπτικό μέσο καλλιέργειας των κυττάρων AS-C6 προκάλεσε στατιστικά σημαντική αύξηση στον πολλαπλασιασμό, στη μετανάστευση και στο σχηματισμό ψευδαγγείων των ενδοθηλιακών κυττάρων in vitro σε σύγκριση με την επίδραση του θρεπτικού μέσου καλλιέργειας των κυττάρων C6 και ΡC-C6. Η έκφραση της HARP φαίνεται να είναι απαραίτητη για την ανασταλτική δράση αυξημένων ενδοκυτταρικών επιπέδων cAMP στον πολλαπλασιασμό και τη μετανάστευση των κυττάρων C6 και αύξηση των ενδοκυτταρικών επιπέδων cAMP οδήγησε σε αύξηση της έκφρασης και έκκρισης HARP, πιθανά μέσω ενεργοποίησης του μεταγραφικού παράγοντα AP-1. Τέλος, παρατηρήθηκε σημαντική αύξηση των επιπέδων του mRNA και της πρωτεΐνης του αυξητικού παράγοντα των ενδοθηλιακών κυττάρων (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) σε καλλιέργειες των κυττάρων AS-C6 σε σχέση με τα κύτταρα C6 και PC-C6. H HARP βρέθηκε να συν-ανοσοκατακρημνίζεται με τον VEGF σε θρεπτικό μέσο καλλιέργειας των κυττάρων C6 και pC-C6, το οποίο υποδηλώνει μια άμεση αλληλεπίδραση μεταξύ των δύο αυτών αυξητικών παραγόντων. Συνοψίζοντας, τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας εργασίας προτείνουν ότι ο αυξητικός παράγοντας HARP έχει αρνητικό ρόλο στη ρύθμιση της ανάπτυξη όγκου και της αγγειογένεση που επάγουν τα κύτταρα C6, πιθανά ρυθμίζοντας την έκφραση ή/και τη διαθεσιμότητα άλλων αυξητικών παραγόντων. / Malignant gliomas, the most common type of brain tumors in adults, present a remarkable degree of neovascularisation and invasiveness into surrounding tissues. Although combinations of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are used, more than 90% of the patients experience local recurrence and their survival is extremely low. These facts stress the need for more effective therapeutic strategies and new targets for tumour therapy. Heparin affin regulatory peptide (HARP), also known as pleiotrophin or heparin-binding growth-associated molecule, is an 18-kDa secreted growth factor that has high affinity for heparin. HARP is mainly expressed during embryonic development, in early postnatal rat and bovine brain and was first isolated as a major neurite outgrowth-promoting protein of developing brain. Since then, a number of biological activities have been well established for HARP, such as its role in cellular proliferation, migration and differentiation and its involvement in bone formation, chondrogenesis, spermatogenesis, tumor growth and angiogenesis. HARP is expressed in various cancer cell lines, derived from meningiomas, neuroblastomas, astrocytomas, melanomas, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines and glioblastomas. Clinical studies have shown elevated serum levels and tumor expression of HARP in patients with colon, stomach, pancreatic and breast cancer. Ιn the present study, we tried to elucidate the role of HARP in the growth and angiogenicity of C6 glioma cells by using an antisense strategy for inhibition of HARP expression in rat C6 glioma cells. Decrease of the expression of endogenous HARP protein in C6 cells (AS-C6 cells) significantly increased proliferation rate and anchorage-independent growth of cells. Implantation of AS-C6 cells onto chicken embryo chorioallantoic membranes resulted in a significant increase of tumor-induced angiogenesis, compared with those induced by non transfected or C6 cells transfected with the plasmid alone (PC-C6 cells). In the same line, conditioned medium from AS-C6 cells significantly increased endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tube formation in vitro compared with the effect of C6 or PC-C6 cells. HARP expression is required for cAMP-induced inhibition of C6 cell proliferation and migration and cAMP increased the expression and secretion of HARP by C6 cells, possibly through activation of Activator Protein 1. Finally, a significant increase in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA and protein levels were observed in cultures of AS-C6 cells compared with C6 or PC-C6 cells. HARP was co-immunoprecipitated with VEGF from the conditioned medium of C6 and PC-C6 cells, which indicates a direct interaction between the two factors. Collectively, these data suggest that HARP negatively regulates tumor growth and angiogenesis induced by C6, possibly through regulation of the expression or/and activation of other growth factors.

No description available.

Intact strawberry fruit did not produce detectable t-2-H which is derived from -linolenic acid (18:3). However, in response to wounding by gentle bruising, strawberry fruit emitted t-2-H with the largest quantity produced within 10 min following injury. The level of total lipid 18:3 in the fruit increased two-fold in response to wounding whereas free 18:3 declined slightly (about 30%). At 10 min following wounding, fruit exhibited a 25% increase in 13-lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, which leads to the production of 13-hydroperoxyoctadecatrienoic acid (13-HPOT) from 18:3. The activity of hydroperoxide lyase (HPL), which catalyzes formation of cis-3-hexenal (c-3-H), the precursor of t-2-H, from 13-HPOT, increased two-fold at 10 min after wounding. Thus, within 15 min after wounding, free 18:3 substrate availability and the activity of two key enzymes, LOX and HPL, changed in a manner consistent with increased t-2-H biosynthesis. The site and mode of interaction of C6 aldehydes with Botrytis cinerea, a common pathogen of many plant species, was characterized using radiolabeled six carbon (C6) aldehydes, including c-3-H and t-2-H. An approximately 25% molar conversion of 18:3 to C6 aldehydes was obtained by enzymatic manipulation with LOX and HPL extracts. Following exposure of Botrytis cultures to radiolabeled aldehydes, radiolabeled aldehydes were recovered in protein fractions, but not in the lipid fraction. They were incorporated into conidia at a 20-fold higher level than mycelia (per mg fresh weight). About 95% of the radiolabeled aldehyde was recovered in proteins on the surface (wash protein) of the fungal tissue, while 5% was from protein in internal tissue (cell wall and membrane and cytosol). Supplementing radiolabeled aldehydes with nonradiolabled C6 aldehydes to increase the vapor phase concentration affected distribution of radiolabel in each protein fraction. The t-2-H at both 5.4 and 85.6 mol affected protein expression patterns, changing the intensity of expression in over one third of all proteins. Both up- and down-regulation of specific proteins were observed. Though five proteins of interest were analyzed, their identities were not determined. However, the data indicate a clear effect of t-2-H on protein expression in Botrytis cinerea.

University, Diss., 2004--Jena.

We conduct an investigation into the role that turbulence plays in the formation of stars. In small clouds, with masses of ~ 30 Mʘ and where the turbulence is only injected at the start, we find that the turbulence does not trigger star formation. Instead, the dissipation of the kinetic energy allows the mean Jeans mass of the cloud to control the formation of stars. The equipartition of the kinetic and thermal energies in the final stages before star formation, allows the pre-protostellar clumps to fragment. Binary and multiple systems are thus a natural product of star formation in a turbulent environment. We find that globally unbound clouds can be the sites of star formation. Furthermore the star formation efficiency is naturally less than 100%, thus in part providing an explanation for the low efficiency in star forming regions. Globally unbound GMCs not only form stars, and naturally disperse, within a few crossing times, but also provide a mechanism for the formation of OB associations.

No description available.

No description available.