La réhabilitation des fonctions physiologiques dentaires à l’aide de restaurations céramiques collées est l’un des enjeux majeurs de la dentisterie conservatrice. S’il est maintenant bien établi que la jonction céramique/composite revêt une importance capitale pour la durabilité de l’assemblage, les observations par le biais d’un scanner X-µCT nous ont permis de mettre en évidence plusieurs types de défauts (décollement, bulles d’air) dont l’analyse mécanique révèle leur influence néfaste pour la tenue de la restauration. Les travaux réalisés portent également sur l’influence des paramètres de conception de la prothèse sur la résistance mécanique de l’assemblage prothétique dentaire. Ces études préliminaires ont été réalisées sur une modélisation EF 2D simplifiée permettant de s’affranchir de la variabilité morphologique des géométries réelles. Les résultats montrent notamment l’influence significative du dimensionnement de l’intrados prothétique, laissé libre de paramétrage dans le cadre des procédés CFAO employés en dentisterie. Une étude mécanique 3D étendant la modélisation jusqu’au ligament parodontal a ensuite été réalisée afin d’approcher le problème de manière plus réaliste. Les résultats obtenus mettent notamment en évidence des zones fortement sollicitées au niveau de la ligne cervicale de la prothèse, en coïncidence avec un mode de rupture clinique fréquent. Cette modélisation 3D a également fait l’objet d’une étude complémentaire permettant de justifier l’emploi des données géométriques présentes au sein des procédés CFAO modernes dans le cadre d’une optimisation mécanique de forme. Une méthode de rétroconception basées sur l’interpolation de surfaces B-Splines et utilisant les données scannées lors de l’opération médicale est finalement proposée afin d’intégrer un calcul mécanique « patient specific » dans la chaîne numérique des procédés CFAO. / The rehabilitation of dental function following the fitting of prostheses obtained by cemented ceramic restorations is one of the major challenges of restorative dentistry. It is now well established that the ceramic/composite interface has an important significance for the longevity of the restoration and its observation using X-ray µ-CT enabled us to characterize some types of defects within the cement layer (air voids and debonding). The mechanical analysis of the restored tooth considering those defects exhibits their negative influence on the strength of the assembly. The influence of design parameters has also been studied considering a simplified 2D axisymmetric FE model in order to avoid the morphological diversity of real geometries. Results show that the design of the inner shape of the crown (editable within the CAD/CAM process) is mechanically relevant. A 3D finite element study extending to the periodontal ligament has then been realized in order to approach this problem in a more realistic perspective. Results show high stresses near from the cervical margin of the crown, coinciding with a common clinical failure mode. This 3D model was also used in a additional study allowing us to conclude that the geometrical data used in modern CAD/CAM processes are sufficient to develop a mechanical optimization of the restoration design. A reverse engineering method based on the interpolation of B-Spline surfaces on scanned data acquired during clinic procedures is therefore introduced in order to integrate a patient specific mechanical optimization within the digital chain of CAD/CAM processes.

Due to the increasing demand from patients and dentists for highly aesthetic and strong, metal-free restorations there has been a rapid increase in research into dental CAD CAM technique and zirconia based restorations over the last decade. Such new technology has the potential to take the place of conventional techniques and materials for fabricating indirect dental restorations in the future. In this PhD thesis, five laboratory studies were designed to investigate zirconia bridges constructed using dental CAD CAM. The studies concentrated on: 1. Ideal force applied by dentists for cementing zirconia bridges and the impact on seating. 2. The effect of firing cycles and zirconia thickness on the fit of zirconia bridges. 3. The effect of span length on the fit of three and four unit all zirconia bridges. 4. The effect of veneering on the strength of three unit zirconia bridges. 5. The fit of three unit all zirconia bridges produced by digital and conventional techniques. For these laboratory studies an ideal three unit (and four unit for study 3) fixed-fixed all ceramic bridge preparation was carried out on two plastic teeth and all SLA models and zirconia based bridges were made using the Lava COS and Lava™ CAD CAM system (3M, ESPE). In addition to the laboratory studies, a clinical audit was carried out to assess satisfaction (dentist, dental technician and patient) with zirconia based restorations (through a xvi series of questionnaires) made and fitted at Dundee Dental Hospital and School. In addition, as part of this audit a simple cost analysis was carried out to explore the differences in cost between zirconia based restorations and high fusing gold alloy based metal ceramic restorations. Four of the studies (studies 1, 2, 3 and 5) investigated the internal and marginal fit of the zirconia based restorations under differing laboratory and clinical procedures and conditions. It was found that the seating force used to cement a zirconia based bridge had no impact upon fit (Study 1). Whilst the thickness of zirconia (all-zirconia bridge and un-veneered zirconia framework) did not affect the fit of the restoration, veneering the framework did lead to a statistically significant deterioration in fit (Study 2). Although leading to a poorer fit veneering did have a positive effect in strengthening the zirconia framework, but neither un-veneered nor veneered frameworks were as strong as monolithic/all zirconia bridges (Study 4). Despite the high shrinkage during post milling sintering and the potential for greater distortion on longer span bridges, the longer span bridges investigated in Study 3 did not impact upon fit. In study 1, 2, 3 and 4 the Lava COS intra-oral scanner was used to create a digital impression of the tooth preparations and study 5 confirmed that the fit of bridges made from these impressions were better than those made using conventional addition cured silicone putty and wash impressions (Study 5). The results of the questionnaires used in the audit revealed high satisfaction rates with all stake holders and the cost analysis showed that producing zirconia based restorations can be five to six times cheaper than conventional gold based restorations. Despite the variations in fit which were found in Studies 2 and 5, all bridges produced were within what would be regarded as clinically acceptable and comparable to those produced with more traditional techniques.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:29:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 399743.pdf: 674310 bytes, checksum: 694cbc44bc682f21bed71e69a6f99e90 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-01-16 / Este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar a adapta??o de infra-estruturas de cer?mica Lava (3M/ESPE) com tr?s diferentes tipos de acabamento em preparos para coroa total. Trinta pr?-molares humanos, extra?dos por raz?es terap?uticas, foram fixados em blocos de resina acr?lica e divididos aleatoriamente em tr?s grupos (n=10) de acordo com o procedimento para realizar os preparos: grupo 1 - ponta diamantada; Grupo 2 - ponta diamantada e broca multi-laminada; Grupo 3 - ponta diamantada e broca multi-laminada, sendo este ?ltimo instrumento com o uso do microsc?pio operat?rio em aumento de 12,5 vezes. Os preparos foram moldados com silicone por adi??o e os modelos obtidos em gesso especial tipo IV. Os modelos foram enviados para o laborat?rio da 3M/ESPE, o qual confeccionou os casquetes de cer?mica Lava. As infra-estruturas foram cimentadas nos dentes preparados com RelyX Unicem, sendo ent?o inclu?dos em blocos de resina acr?lica e cortados em dois planos: m?sio-distal e vest?bulo-lingual. Desta forma, obteve-se quatro fragmentos, sendo que cada fragmento forneceu duas regi?es para observar a discrep?ncia das margens. Por meio de lupa estereosc?pica, acoplada a uma c?mera de v?deo, foram obtidas imagens digitais da regi?o das margens em aumento de 70 vezes. As medidas de adapta??o marginal foram realizadas no programa Image Tool. De acordo com ANOVA e teste de Tukey (α=0,05), n?o houve diferen?a estat?stica entre os Grupo 1 (88,601 μm) e Grupo 2 (90,946 μm). A menor m?dia foi obtida para o Grupo 3 (58,497 μm), diferindo estatisticamente dos outros dois grupos. P?de-se concluir que o emprego do microsc?pio operat?rio favoreceu a melhor adapta??o marginal nos casquetes de cer?mica Lava.

Die hier vorliegende Dissertation beschreibt die vergleichenden Untersuchungen zweier Verfahren zur Herstellung vollkeramischen Zahnersatzes. Zur Bewertung der Praxistauglichkeit eines solchen Systems sind mehrere Untersuchungskriterien notwendig. Für einen klinischen Langzeiterfolg sind die marginale und okklusale Präzision von entscheidender Bedeutung. Aus betriebswirtschaftlicher und gesundheitspolitischer Sicht ist für den Zahnarzt aber auch der notwendige zeitliche Aufwand von elementarer Bedeutung. Das Ziel dieser in-vitro-Untersuchung war es, zwei vollkeramische Systeme hinsichtlich ihrer marginalen und okklusalen Präzision zu vergleichen. Zusätzlich wurde der verfahrensbedingte Zeitaufwand zur Herstellung einer vollkeramischen Restauration untersucht.

The ultimate goal of this research is to develop a method, from the designers point of view, for using the embodied specialized knowledge of Finite Element Analysis [FEA] software to study the behavior of materials, geometries, and configurations in order to create an iterative design feedback loop that uses structural performance as a primary evaluation criteria and point of departure for generating and refining complex formo-techtonic configurations while ensuring constructability, improved structural performance, and syntactic consistency. Syntactic consistency meaning that there would not be a loss in translation from concept to construct. Instead of the 2-dimensional [planar] manual technology which drove modernist analysis towards the structural hyper-rationality of the trabeated system, this new process should compile and synthesize computational speed, mathematic principles, mechanical knowledge, and material logics within a digital 3-dimensional [spatial] analytical environment in order to realize a new paradigm of constructible spatialized sensuality. The research will focus on the development of interoperability techniques and protocols between advanced parametric CAD systems and advanced structural analysis systems towards the creation of a fluid design + analysis process of creating and engineering complex forms and dynamic systems. Rapid prototyping will be integrated as a secondary feedback and verification loop, and as a precursor to the production of full scale construction machine readable files. In other words, the research focuses on the development of intricately designed, geometrically complex, and materially sophisticated structural skins that can be produced through advanced CAD/CAM techniques.

Data interoperability between computer-aided design (CAD) systems remains a major obstacle in the information integration and exchange in a collaborative engineering environment. The standards for CAD data exchange have remained largely restricted to geometric representations, causing the design intent portrayed through construction history, features, parameters, and constraints to be discarded in the exchange process. In this thesis, an ontology-based framework is proposed to allow for the full exchange of semantic feature data. A hybrid ontology approach is proposed, where a shared base ontology is used to convey the concepts that are common amongst different CAD systems, while local ontologies are used to represent the feature libraries of individual CAD systems as combinations of these shared concepts. A three-branch CAD feature model is constructed to reduce ambiguity in the construction of local ontology feature data. Boundary representation (B-Rep) data corresponding to the output of the feature operation is incorporated into the feature data to enhance data exchange. The Ontology Web Language (OWL) is used to construct a shared base ontology and a small feature library, which allows the use of existing ontology reasoning tools to infer new relationships and information between heterogeneous data. A combination of OWL and SWRL (Semantic Web Rule Language) rules are developed to allow a feature from an arbitrary source system expressed via the shared base ontology to be automatically classified and translated into the target system. These rules relate input parameters and reference types to expected B-Rep objects, allowing classification even when feature definitions vary or when little is known about the source system. In cases when the source system is well known, this approach also permits direct translation rules to be implemented. With such a flexible framework, a neutral feature exchange format could be developed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T17:38:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nazareno.pdf: 5066639 bytes, checksum: d126b9cbc310906e85db744b2286d806 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / No trabalho desenvolvido foi utilizada a Norma ISO 14649 (STEP-NC) que é o novo pa¬rão para interface de dados de manufatura entre os sistemas CAM/CNC. Atualmente a oca dessas informações é feita usando a linguagem da Norma 1S06983, conhecida como ódigo-G/M. Isto significa que partes das informações geradas no ciclo de Desenvolvimento, notadamente a geometria do produto e dados de ferramentas, são perdidas ao se gerar o programa em codigo G/M Para a prova de conceito da funcionalidade desse novo padrão no controle e acionamento direto de maqumas ferramenta CNC foram projetados construidos software, hardware e uma estrutura mecânica simples de uma fresadora/¬:radeira CNC. A arquitetura de software e hardware é aberta e aderente à STEP-NC. sistema desenvolvido faz uso de arquivos ISO14649 para programação da maquina sem o de linguagens legadas Isto permitiu a validação do uso da norma no acionamento de quinas CNC, provando a flexibilidade e eficacia para a troca de informações e controle maquinas-ferramenta.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Aesthetic and functional excellence in dental prosthetic rehabilitation has been achieved with the increase of advanced ceramics in dentistry. Processing techniques such as heat press injection moulding and CAD/CAM (computer-aided design/computer aided manufacturing) impart decreased porosity to the microstructure, as well as simplicity and automation of the process. In order to examine the machining surface finish of a leucite glass-ceramic produced using Brazilian raw materials, heat-pressed performs were obtained. These preforms had dimensions close to those of the final crown infrastructure in order to allow fast and easy final matching and finish-milling by using a Brazilian milling machine (MTC Robotica), supported by DentMILL (SEACAM) CAM software. As a control and reference manufacturing process, four crown infrastructures were milled by using CEREC®-3 machine. Aimed at achieving a machinable microstruture, two different heating schedule were tested for ceramizing the feldsphatic glass ingots. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), nanoindentation test and fracture toughness measurement by indentation method were used as characterization methods. Comparison of the properties of the experimental material with those published by other investigator on similar commercial materials conducted to the conclusion that it is a machinable glass-ceramic with acceptable features for application in dental prosthetic rehabilitation. Preforms milling simulation using MTC Robotica machine conducted to the prediction of very long milling time (18h), even considering preforms possessing dimensions similar to those of the desired milling end product, a manufacturing time much greater than those found in commercial CAD/CAM dental milling machines. / A reabilitação protética do elemento dentário com excelência estética e funcional tem sido alcançada através do amplo uso de cerâmicas avançadas na odontologia. Técnicas de processamento como moldagem por injeção a quente e usinagem por CAD/CAM (computer-aided design/computer aided manufacturing) conferem ao material uma microestrutura com menor porosidade, além de simplificar e permitir automação de sua execução. Com o objetivo de avaliar a superfície usinada de uma vitrocerâmica feldspática leucítica produzida a partir de matéria prima nacional, foram confeccionadas pré-formas deste material pela técnica de moldagem por injeção sob pressão a quente. Estas pré-formas têm dimensões aproximadas a da peça final com a finalidade de serem usinadas na fresadora CNC nacional de baixa rotação (MTC Robótica), auxiliada pelo software CAM DentMILL (SEACAM). Além disso, foram usinadas peças do mesmo material no sistema CEREC®, como forma de controle. Para a obtenção de uma microestrutura com melhor usinabilidade, foram testadas duas metodologias de ceramização das pastilhas de vidro feldspático. A caracterização do material foi realizada por meio da difração de raios X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), microscopia de força atômica (AFM), ensaios de nanoindentação e de tenacidade à fratura pelo método da indentação. A partir da comparação das propriedades deste material aos dados obtidos na literatura sobre materiais similares existentes no mercado foi possível classificar o material como usinável e indicar sua aplicação na clínica odontológica reabilitadora. A simulação da usinagem das pré-formas na fresadora MTC Robótica, mesmo com dimensões aproximadas a da peça final, apresentou um tempo de usinagem muito longo (18h), o que a tornou inviável comparada aos sistemas CAD/CAM consolidados no mercado.

La thèse concerne l’usinage à 5 axes de formes complexes. Le but est d’estimer le plus précisément possible les efforts induits par la coupe pour ajuster la vitesse d’avance et gagner en performance. Pour cela, il est nécessaire d’estimer les engagements radial et axial de la fraise à chaque instant. Ce calcul est rendu particulièrement complexe à cause de la forme de la pièce, de la forme du brut et de la complexité de la géométrie de l’outil. Les méthodes usuelles par Zbuffer sont particulièrement couteuses en temps de calcul. Dans ces travaux nous proposons une méthode de calcul rapide à partir d’une modélisation du contact dans toutes les situations envisageables. Différentes simulations et expérimentations ont permis de valider la précision expérimentalement. / This study presents a simple method to define the Cutter Workpiece Engagement (CWE) during sculptured surface machining in five-axis milling. The instantaneous CWE was defined by determining two engagement points, lowermost engagement (LE)-point and uppermost engagement (UE)-point. LE-point was calculated using a method called grazing method. Meanwhile the UE-point was calculated using a combination of discretization and analytical method. During rough milling and semi-finish milling, the workpiece surface was represented by vertical vector. The method called Toroidal–boundary was employed to obtain the UE-point when it was located on cutting tool at toroidal side. On the other hand, the method called Cylindrical-boundary was used to calculate the UE-point for flat-end cutter and cylindrical side of toroidal cutter. For a free-form workpiece surface, a hybrid method, which is a combination of analytical method and discrete method, was used. All the CWE models proposed in this study were verified and the results proved that the proposed method were accurate. The efficiency of the proposed model in generating CWE was also compared with Z-mapping method. The result confirmed that the proposed model was more efficient in term of computational time. The CWE model was also applied for supporting the method to predict cutting forces. The test results showed that the predicted cutting force has a good agreement with the cutting force generated from the experimental work.

In the modern era of metal-free minimally-invasive dentistry, there is a growing tendency toward using metal-free restorative alternatives that provide not only excellent aesthetics but also enable superior durability. Fibre-reinforced composite (FRC) is one cost-effective alternative that fulfils the requirements of aesthetics and durability, and offers favourable physico-mechanical properties. Many FRC applications are well-documented in the literature, such as crowns and fixed partial dentures (FPD); however, their clinical implementation is still limited, owing to the lack of significant knowledge about their longevity, deterioration signs, optimum design and overall performance. This in-vitro research aimed to address these uncertainties by investigating the performance of FRC restorations, and the influence of fibre reinforcement on particular physcio-mechanical properties, including surface hardness, edge-strength, shear bond strength, fatigue and wear resistance. Basic testing models were used to investigate the effect of incorporating differently-oriented FRCs on the surface hardness, edge-strength and shear bond strength of particulate-reinforced composite (PRC). The results revealed that the incorporation of FRC significantly enhanced surface hardness (by 12 - 19 %) and edge-strength (by 27 -75 %). However, this incorporation significantly reduced the shear bond strength (SBS) between PRC and other restorative materials, including lithium disilicate ceramic (10.9±3.1 MPa) and Co-Cr metal alloy (12.8±2.3 MPa), compared to the control (15.2±3.6 MPa, 15.0±3.7 MPa). The orientation of FRC was also found to affect the efficiency of reinforcement as bidirectional FRCs exhibited significantly higher hardness (76.8±1.2 VHN), edge-strength (67.7±8.2 N) and SBS (14.1±3.9 MPa) values than unidirectional FRCs (72.4±1.2 VHN, 56.8±5.9 N, 9.8±2.3 MPa).Clinically-relevant testing models, employing accelerated aging techniques, were performed to investigate the fatigue and wear behaviours of anatomically-shaped FRC restorations in-vitro. Direct inlay-retained FRC-FPDs with two framework designs, were tested for their fatigue behaviour and load-bearing capacity. Type-I design (with an additional bidirectional FRC layer incorporated perpendicular to the loading direction) yielded significantly higher fatigue resistance (1144.0±270.9 N) and load-bearing capacity (1598.6±361.8) than Type-II design (with a woven FRC embedded around the pontic core) (716.6±72.1 N, 1125.8±278.2 N, respectively). However, Type-19II design exhibited fewer delamination failures. Both framework design and dynamic fatigue were found to have a significant influence (p < 0.05) on the load-bearing capacity of FRC-FPDs. Additionally, the in-vitro fatigue and wear behaviours of FRC crowns, fabricated conventionally from bidirectional FRC and indirect PRC (Sinfony), were compared with those made of two CAD/CAM alternatives, namely Lava Zirconia (LZ) and Lava Ultimate (LU). A chewing simulator was employed to induce some fatigue wear in crowns, while an intraoral 3D scanner was used to quantify the resultant morphological changes. The results showed that FRC crowns had significantly lower mean cumulative wear (233.9±100.4 μm) than LU crowns (348.2±52.0 μm), but higher than LZ crowns (16.4±1.5 μm). The mean load bearing-capacity after fatigue simulation was also the highest for LZ crowns (1997.8±260.2 N) compared with FRC (1386.5±258.4 N) and LU crowns (756.5±290.9 N).Accordingly, the incorporation of FRC in resin-composite restorations is advocated since it increases surface hardness and marginal integrity, improves fatigue and wear behaviours, and enhances load-bearing capacity and overall performance.