Актуальность темы магистерской диссертации обусловлена возможностью практического применения методики внедрения CAD / CAM систем в стоматологические клиники. Научная новизна исследования состоит в том, проанализировано развитие ИТ в различных отраслях, определены преимущественные направления и инновационные эффекты от применения ИТ в отраслях промышленности. Результаты работы: разработан готовый проект внедрения CAD/CAM системы в стоматологическую клинику «Жемчуг» с учетом особенностей предприятия. Практическая значимость: разработанный план может быть внедрен в любую стоматологическую клинику при учете особенностей предприятия. Экономическая эффективность предлагаемых в диссертации мер обусловлена тем, что внедряемая CAD/CAM система окупится на двадцать четвертом месяце после начала ее опытной эксплуатации и в последующем будет приносить стабильный доход. / The relevance of the topic of the master's thesis is due to the possibility of practical application of the methodology for the implementation of CAD / CAM systems in dental clinics. The scientific novelty of the research consists in analyzing the development of IT in various industries, identifying the preferential directions and innovative effects from the use of IT in industries. Results of work: a ready-made project for the implementation of a CAD / CAM system in the dental clinic "Pearl" was developed, taking into account the characteristics of the enterprise. Practical significance: the developed plan can be implemented in any dental clinic, taking into account the characteristics of the enterprise. The economic efficiency of the measures proposed in the dissertation is due to the fact that the implemented CAD / CAM system will pay off in the twenty-fourth month after the start of its trial operation and subsequently will bring a stable income.

Background 3D manufacturing is a newer technology that shows potential and has gained interest in the world of medical devices. It has been used to produce custom made foot orthotics (CFO)s, but little evidence on the biomechanical effects is available. The literature suggests that the 3D manufactured CFOs (3DMCFO) have comparable outcomes as conventional manufactured CFOs (CMCFO). Purpose The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate biomechanics and comfort in the 3D manufacturing method, because of the lack of biomechanical evidence in literature, and because comfortable orthotics are a prerequisite for an optimal foot orthosis. Methods This pilot project uses a randomized crossover study design to test if there is a difference in plantar pressure distribution and comfort between 3DMCFOs and CMCFOs on two participants (n=2). To investigate the plantar pressure distribution the F-scan® in-shoe sensors was used to measure peak plantar pressures. To evaluate comfort the Orthosis Comfort Score (OCS) was used. Result For both participants similar results of mean peak pressures could be seen in some areas in the two CFOs, where in other areas contradictory results were seen. The comfort in the two CFOs was similar. Conclusion Similarities was seen in plantar pressure distribution and comfort in the two CFOs in both participants. However, the validity and reliability are low because of the low number of participants. / Baggrund 3D print er en nyere produktionsmetode som viser potentiale og har vækket interesse inden for medicinske hjælpemidler. 3D printning er blevet brugt til at producere specialfremstillede fod ortoser (SFO), men der er lav evidens for dens biomekaniske effekt. Litteraturen viser at 3D printede SFOer har sammenlignelige resultater som konventionel produceret SFOer. Formål Formålet med dette projekt var at undersøge biomekanik og komfort for 3D- produktionsmetoden. Dette blev undersøgt fordi der er lidt evidens inden for området, og fordi komfort er en forudsætning for en optimal fod ortose. Metode Dette pilotstudie bruger et randomiseret kontrolleret studie design for at teste om der er en forskel imellem 3D produktionsmetoden og den konventionelle produktionsmetode når der kigges på trykfordeling og komfort i to deltagere (n=2). For at undersøge trykfordeling under foden bruges F- scan® indlæg-sensor, for komfort bruges The Orthosis Comfort Score. Resultat For begge deltagere var der overensstemmelser i de gennemsnitlige høje tryk og i komfort for begge SFOer, hvor der i nogen områder var uoverensstemmelser. Konklusion For de to SFOer, overensstemmelser kunne ses i trykfordelingen under foden og i komfort. Validiteten og pålideligheden for dette projekt er dog ikke højt på grund af det lave deltagerantal.

<p>Piping is an essential component in buildings, and its as-built information is critical to facility management tasks. Manually extracting piping information from legacy drawings that are in paper, PDF, or image format is mentally exerting, time-consuming, and error-prone. Symbol recognition and detection are core problems in the computer-based interpretation of piping drawings, and the main technical challenge is to determine robust features that are invariant to scaling, rotation, and translation. This thesis aims to use convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to automatically extract features from raw images, and consequently, to locate and recognize symbols in piping drawings.</p> <p>In this thesis, the Spatial Transformer Network (STN) is applied to improve the performance of a standard CNN model for recognizing piping symbols, and the Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Faster RCNN) is adopted to exploit its capacity in symbol detection. For experimentation, the synthetic data are generated as follows. Two datasets are generated for symbol recognition and detection, respectively. For recognition, eight types of symbols are synthesized based on the geometric constraints between the primitives. The drawing samples for detection are manually sketched using AutoCAD MEP software and its piping component library, and seven types of symbols are selected from the piping component library. Both sets of samples are augmented with various scales, rotations, and random noises.</p> <p>The experiment for symbol recognition is conducted and the accuracies of the recognition accuracy of the CNN + STN model and the standard CNN model are compared. It is observed that the spatial transformer layer improves the accuracy in classifying piping symbols from 95.39% to 98.26%. For the symbol detection task, the experiment is conducted using a public implementation of Faster RCNN. The mean Average Precision (mAP) is 82.8% when Intersection over Union (IoU) threshold equals to 0.5. Imbalanced data (i.e., imbalanced samples in each class) led to a decrease in the Average Precision in the minority class. Also, the symbol library, the small dataset, and the complex backbone network limit the generality of the model. Future work will focus on the collection of larger set of drawings and the improvement of the network’s geometric invariance.</p>

Quality control (QC) plan is an important component of manufacturing planning for mass customization. QC planning is to determine the operational tolerances and the way to control process variation for assuring the production quality against design tolerances. It includes four phases, i.e., tolerance stack-up analysis, tolerance assignment, in-process inspection design, and the procedure of error source diagnosis & process control. Previous work has been done for tolerance stack-up modeling based on the datum-machining surface relationship graph (DMG), machining error analysis, and worst-case/statistical method. In this research, the tolerance stack-up analysis is expanded with a Monte-Carlo simulation for solving the tolerance stack-up problem within multi-setups. Based on the tolerance stack-up model and process capability analysis, a tolerance assignment method is developed to determine the operation tolerance specifications in each setup. Optimal result is achieved by using tolerance grade representation and generic algorithm. Then based on a process variation analysis, a platform is established to identify the necessity of in-process inspection and design/select the inspection methods in quality control planning. Finally a general procedure is developed to diagnose the error sources and control the process variation based on the measurements.

Fixtures accurately locate and secure a part during machining operations such that the part can be manufactured to design specifications. To reduce the design costs associated with fixturing, various computer-aided fixture design (CAFD) methods have been developed through the years to assist the fixture designer. Much research has been directed towards developing systems that determine an optimal fixture plan layout, but there is still a need to develop a CAFD method that can continue to assist designers at the unit level where the key task is identifying the appropriate structure that the individual units comprising a fixture should take. This research work details the development of a CAFD methodology (called CAFixD) that seeks to fill this hole in the CAFD field. The approach taken is to consider all operational requirements of a fixture problem, and use them to guide the design of a fixture at the unit level. Based upon a case-based reasoning (CBR) methodology where relevant design experience is retrieved and adapted to provide a new fixture design solution, the CAFixD methodology adopts a rigorous approach to indexing design cases in which axiomatic design functional requirement decomposition is adopted. Thus, the design requirement is decomposed in terms of functional requirements, physical solutions are retrieved and adapted for each individual requirement, and the design re-constituted to form a complete fixture design. Case adaptation knowledge is used to guide the retrieval process. Possible adaptation strategies for modifying candidate cases are identified and then evaluated. Case and adaptation strategy combinations that result in adapted designs that best satisfy the preferences of the designer are used as the final design solutions. Possible means of refining the effectiveness of the method include combining adaptation strategies and considering the order in which design decisions are taken.

A two-dimensional structural analysis design approach has been the universally accepted method for a small structural engineering design firm. The tools to perform the analysis have been paper and pencil, calculators and more recently personal computers with two-dimensional software. With the introduction of three-dimensional software, a major shift is occurring on how small structural engineering firms approach analysis and design. This thesis research reviews the analysis of an existing building utilizing the standard two-dimensional approach, including horizontal diaphragm-action within wood floors. This study also reviews the research performed on horizontal diaphragms and investigates the use of three-dimensional, finite element modeling (RISA-3D) for the analysis of horizontal diaphragms. It is shown that the three-dimensional model can provide results similar to the two-dimensional hand calculations. However, the thickness of the diaphragm elements has to be significantly modified for flexible diaphragm action. The experience described herein is useful for structural engineer interfacing within three-dimensional CAD systems. The thesis concludes with a discussion on the challenges facing small structural engineering firms, including computer based technologies, engineering expertise to develop contract documents and review shop drawings, and outsourcing of design services.

Submitted by Setor de Tratamento da Informa??o - BC/PUCRS (tede2@pucrs.br) on 2016-04-07T18:31:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_DUZIENE_DENARDINI_PEREIRA_PARCIAL.pdf: 178405 bytes, checksum: 1340e6f3be408e953dc85ca505edf030 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-07T18:31:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_DUZIENE_DENARDINI_PEREIRA_PARCIAL.pdf: 178405 bytes, checksum: 1340e6f3be408e953dc85ca505edf030 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-25 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The Computer-aided design/Computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) system has been widely used for the production of prosthetic restorations. The objective of this study was to analyze the marginal adaptation of veneers made by this technology using different restorative materials. To this they are milled 25 samples of laminates and divided into each following materials tested. Group 1: E-max (lithium disilicate); Group 2: Empress (leucite); Group 3: Lava Ultimate (ceromer); Group 4: Suprinity (lithium disilicate reinforced with zirconium oxide); and Group 5: Vita Mark II (feldspatic). The veneers were cemented in their respective preparations and then we obtained imagens in digital microscopy (Caltex Systems VZM-2003D Digital ? Video Mensurement Inspection) with 7.5X increase. They have been transferred to the software ImageTool for the analysis of marginal gap (mesial and distal; and the third cervical, middle and incisal). It was observed that the largest gap value found in the cervical region of the restoration was made with the Vita Mark II ceramic, and even though there was no statistically significant difference between the ceramic studied (p=0,2 mesial and p=0,4 distal), the incisal third had higher mismatches. It can be concluded that all the ceramics showed good marginal adaptation in the cervical region. / O sistema Computer-aided design/Computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) tem sido amplamente utilizado para a produ??o de restaura??es prot?ticas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a adapta??o marginal de facetas laminadas confeccionadas por esta tecnologia utilizando diferentes materiais restauradores. Para tal, foram fresadas 25 amostras de laminados e divididas em cada um dos seguintes materiais testados: Grupo 1: E-max (Dissilicato de l?tio); Grupo 2: Empress (Leucita); Grupo 3: Lava Ultimate (Cer?mero); Grupo 4: Suprinity (Dissilicato de l?tio refor?ado com ?xido de zirc?nio) e Grupo 5: Vita Mark II (Feldsp?tica). As facetas laminadas foram cimentadas nos seus respectivos preparos e, ent?o, foram obtidas imagens em microscopia digital (Caltex Systems VZM-2003D Digital ? Video Mensurement Inspection) com 7.5X de aumento. As mesmas foram transferidas para o programa ImageTool para a an?lise do gap marginal (faces mesial e distal; nos ter?os cervical, m?dio e incisal). Observou-se que o maior valor de gap encontrado na regi?o cervical foi da restaura??o confeccionada com a cer?mica Vita Mark II e, mesmo n?o havendo diferen?a estatisticamente significante entre as cer?micas estudadas (p=0,2 mesial e p=0,4 distal), o ter?o incisal obteve maiores desadapta??es. Pode-se concluir que todas as cer?micas apresentaram boa adapta??o marginal na regi?o cervical.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:29:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 408028.pdf: 4863155 bytes, checksum: 1ba85f4de0b0a48ac9f7e911d06bf512 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-09 / A cirurgia guiada em Implantodontia consta de etapas que integram diagn?stico por imagem, planejamento virtual, bioprototipagem e aplica??o cir?rgica. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar as varia??es na transfer?ncia do planejamento virtual e sobre prot?tipos biom?dicos para o procedimento de instala??o de implantes dent?rios por meio desta t?cnica. O experimento foi realizado em 11 r?plicas id?nticas de mand?bula humana ed?ntula. A defini??o do posicionamento dos implantes foi padronizada e realizada em software espec?fico, a partir de imagens de tomografias computadorizadas cone-beam pr?-operat?rias. Para cada uma das mand?bulas, foram confeccionados biomodelos e guias cir?rgicos pelo m?todo de estereolitografia. Inicialmente, foram realizadas cirurgias simuladas com a coloca??o e remo??o dos implantes nos prot?tipos. Em seguida, os implantes foram instalados nas r?plicas de mand?bula. Para an?lise dos resultados, foram realizadas tomografias p?s-operat?rias e obtidos cortes padronizados nos prot?tipos e nas r?plicas, que possibilitaram a visualiza??o dos leitos dos implantes. A sobreposi??o dos modelos tridimensionais pr? e p?s-operat?rios permitiu a avalia??o da dist?ncia linear e do ?ngulo formado pelos longo-eixos dos implantes planejados e executados. Medidas lineares realizadas diretamente sobre os modelos foram utilizadas para avaliar a validade de procedimentos simulados em prot?tipos na fase de planejamento em Implantodontia. As varia??es das dist?ncias entre as regi?es coronais, centrais e apicais dos 22 implantes avaliados nesta pesquisa apresentaram valores m?dios inferiores ? 0,41 mm. Quanto ? angula??o, os implantes instalados no lado direito das r?plicas apresentaram varia??es de 1,45 ? 0,89 graus e os do lado esquerdo, de 0,70 ? 0,30 graus. A aplica??o do teste t de Student, para comparar as amostras com um valor de refer?ncia zero, indicou diferen?a estatisticamente significativa para todas as medidas analisadas (p<0,05). A correla??o entre o posicionamento dos leitos dos implantes, em cada mand?bula, apresentou valores considerados razo?veis a muito bons, de acordo com a dist?ncia analisada e o m?todo de interpreta??o utilizado. De acordo com os resultados desta pesquisa, as varia??es observadas na transfer?ncia para o campo operat?rio do posicionamento de implantes dent?rios, determinado durante o planejamento virtual e obtido em cirurgia simulada sobre prot?tipo biom?dico, indicam a confiabilidade da utiliza??o da t?cnica de cirurgia guiada em Implantodontia. A margem de seguran?a do m?todo, considerando a varia??o na posi??o dos implantes e a superestima??o ou subestima??o de medidas em procedimentos simulados em biomodelos, deve ser melhor avaliada em estudos cl?nicos.

A ceramic systems ability to provide a restoration well adapted and fulfilling the patients clinical and esthetic requirements is its most important technical feature. A CAD / CAM machine unit must be able of designing and milling different restorative materials, such as: resin-matrix ceramics, polycrystalline ceramics and glass-matrix ceramics. The purpose of this study was to present two articles that evaluated weather or not the milling strategy of different all-ceramic crown materials has an influence on the final cementation space. Specifically, the two articles evaluated: article I - The cementation space assessed by the most commonly used method- silicone replica technique- correlating stereomicroscope analysis with micromotomography (-CT); article II: The two-dimensional measures of cementation space were correlated with volume values by using -CT analysis, to better understand the behavior of 2D values in a tridimensional view. In both articles, single crowns were milled in lithium-disilicate, resin nanoceramic and zirconia. In article I, one hundred twenty measurements of each material were used to correlate the methodologies: stereomiscrocope and -CT. The Pearson correlation coefficient test showed a correlation between the methods (p= 0.000, r=+0.455). A similarity in the pattern of statistically significant differences among the regions evaluated (axial, occlusal, marginal) for both methodologies seems to exist. The positive correlation between the methods of measurements of cement space suggests that the internal dimensions of the materials varied because the different strategies after milled of them. In article II, twenty-eight slices were evaluated in three regions: marginal, axial and occlusal, totaling eighty-four measurements for each specimen. Axial and Marginal region showed positive correlation (p=0.000, r=+0.656; p=0.000, r=+0.677, respectively), while occlusal space presented negative correlation (p=0.003, r=0.526). The correlation between 2D and volumetric analysis allow to achieving as more information as possible to improve CAD/CAM systems. / As principais características dos sistemas cerâmicos é a capacidade de abranger estética e boa adaptação clínica. A tecnologia CAD/CAM é capaz de projetar e fresar diferentes materiais, como: cerâmicas de matriz resinosa, policristalinas, e ainda, cerâmicas de matriz vítrea. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar dois artigos que avaliam se a estratégia de fresagem de diferentes materiais cerâmicos influenciam no espaço final de cimentação. No primeiro artigo, especificamente, o espaço de cimentação foi avaliado pela metodologia mais utilizada, réplica de silicona. A película de silicona foi mensurada através da estereomicroscopia e microtomografia computadorizada (-CT) e as metodologias foram correlacionadas. No segundo artigo, através da metodologia de -CT, as medidas bidimensionais do espaço de cimentação foram correlacionadas com o volume obtido, a fim de compreender melhor o comportamento dos valores 2D numa visão tridimensional. Em ambos artigos, coroas unitárias foram fresadas em dissilicato de lítio, resina nanocerâmica e zircônia. No artigo I, cento e vinte medidas foram utilizadas para correlacionar as metodologias empregadas, estereomicroscopia e -CT. O teste de correlação de Pearson apresentou correlação entre os métodos (p= 0.000, r=+0.455). Uma similaridade no padrão de diferenças estatisticamente significantes nas regiões avaliadas (axial, oclusal, marginal) parece existir entre as metodologias. A correlação positiva entre os métodos de mensuração do espaço de cimentação sugerem que as dimensões internas variam por conta dos diferentes processos que as coroas são submetidas após a fresagem. No artigo II, oitenta e oito fatias obtidas pelo -CT foram avaliadas em três regiões: marginal, axial e oclusal, totalizando oitenta e quatro medidas por espécime. A correlação positiva entre os métodos de mensuração do espaço de cimentação sugerem que as dimensões internas variam por conta dos diferentes processos que as coroas são submetidas após a fresagem. Artigo II, oitenta e oito fatias foram avaliadas em três regiões: marginal, axial e oclusal, totalizando oitenta e quatro medidas por espécime. Houve correlação positiva entre as regiões axial e marginal (p=0.000, r=+0.656; p=0.000, r=+0.677, respectivamente) e negativa na oclusal (p=0.003, r= -0.526). A correlação entre as avaliações bi e tridimensionais permitem obter mais informações possíveis para aprimorar o sistema CAD/CAM.

Over the past few years, manufacturing companies have had to deal with an increasing demand for feature-rich products at low costs. The pressures exerted on their existing manufacturing processes have lead manufacturers to investigate internet-based solutions, in order to cope with growing competition. Today, the availability of powerful and low cost 3D tools, along with web-based technologies, provides interesting opportunities to the manufacturing community, with solutions directly implementable at the core of their businesses and organizations. The wooden sign is custom i.e. each sign is completely different from each other. Mass Customization is a paradigm that produces custom products in masses. A wooden sign is custom in nature, and each sign must be completely different from another. Although process planning for mass customized products is same, the tool path required to CNC machine the custom feature varies from part to part. If the tool path is created manually the economics of mass production are challenged. The only viable option is to generate the tool path automatically; furthermore, any time savings in the tool path lead to better profit margins. This thesis presents the automatic web-based tool path planning method for machining sculptured wooden sign on 3 axis Computer Numerical Controlling (CNC) Machines using optimal and cost-effective milling cutters. The web-based tool path planning strategy is integrate with web-based CAD system to automatically generate tool paths for the CAD model using optimal cutter within desired tolerances. The tool path planning method is divided into two parts: foot print (path along which cutter moves) and cutter positioning. The tool path foot print is developed during design stage from the CAD model based on the type of surface to be machined. The foot print varies from part to part which facilitates the mass customization of wooden sign. After designing foot print, the foot print is discretized into points and the gouge-free cutter position at each of these points is found using "Dropping Method". The Dropping Method where cutter is dropped over the work piece surface, and the highest depth at which cutter can go without gouging the surface is calculated. This is repeated for all the position along the foot print. This tool path planning strategy is developed for ball nose, flat-end and radiused end milling cutter for machining wooden sign. The tool path generated using this method is optimized for machining time, tool path generation time and final surface finish. The bucketing technique is developed to optimize tool path generation time, by isolating the triangles which has possibility of intersection at particular position. The bucketing Technique reduced the tool path computation by 75 %, and made tool path generation faster. The optimal cutter selection algorithm is developed which selects best cutter for machining the surface based on the scallop height and volume removal results. The radiused end milling cutter results in highest volume removal which results in lower machining time compared to ball nose end milling cutters, but the scallop heights is higher. However, the scallop height in the radiused end milling cutter is higher only in few regions which reduces the final surface finish. For a sign, it was found around the boundary of logo, outline of lettering, interface of border and background. Thus, in order to achieve higher surface finish and lower machining time, a separate tool path is developed using "Pencil Milling Technique" which will remove the scallops from the regions that was inaccessible by radiused end mills. This tool path with the smaller cutter will move around the boundary of logo and lettering, and clean-up all the scallops left on the surface. The designed tool path for all the three cutters were tested on maple wood and verified against the actual Computer Aided Design model for scallop height and surface finish. The numerical testing of tool path was carried out on a Custom Simulator, ToolSim and was later confirmed by actually machining on a 3 axis CNC machine. The same sign was machined with variety of milling cutters and the best cutter was selected based on the minimum scallop and maximum volume removal. The results of the experimental verification show the method to be accurate for machining sculptured sign. The average scallop height in a machined using 1/8 th inch radiused end milling cuter and using Pencil tool path on the machined surface is found to be 0.03989 mm (1.5708 thou).