CAD/CAM-Komposite bestehen aus einer organischen Polymermatrix, anorganischen Füllern, einem Silan zur Verbindung beider Bestandteile und Nebenbestandteilen. Chemische Zusammensetzung der anorganischen Phase, Füllergröße, Füllerform und Füllerverteilung beeinflussen die Werkstoffeigenschaften und sind bei direkten Kompositen gut untersucht, während die Herstellerangaben über die anorganische Phase der CAD/CAM-Komposite unvollständig erscheinen und nicht zwischen den angebotenen Transluzenzvarianten differenzieren. Im Unterschied zu den langjährig eingesetzten Keramiken sind CAD/CAM-Komposite „junge“ Werkstoffe in der restaurativen Zahnheilkunde und der zahnärztlichen Prothetik, weisen jedoch einige werkstofftechnische Vorteile auf. Sprödigkeit, Härte und E-Modul liegen näher an denen von Dentin und Schmelz. Die Attrition der Antagonisten prothetischer Versorgungen aus CAD/CAM-Kompositen ist gegenüber Keramiken herabgesetzt. Erste klinische Untersuchungen zeigen zufriedenstellende Überlebensraten entsprechender Restaurationen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die anorganische Phase unterschiedlicher CAD/CAM-Komposite hinsichtlich Größe, Morphologie, chemischer Zusammensetzung, Phasenbestand der Füller sowie Homogenität und Fülleranteil unter Berücksichtigung unterschiedlicher Transluzenzvarianten zu charakterisieren. In einem zweiten Teil wurde der Einfluss der Einlagerung von CAD/CAM-Kompositen in demineralisiertem Wasser, 75%iger Ethanol-Lösung und Pepsi-Cola auf die ausgewählte Werkstoffeigenschaft Vickers-Härte untersucht sowie in Bezug auf die Werkstoffzusammensetzung diskutiert. Ferner wurden die Veränderung der Oberflächenrauigkeit nach Einlagerung und die freie Oberflächenenergie der CAD/CAM-Komposite bestimmt. Sieben kommerziell erhältliche CAD/CAM-Komposite (BRILLIANT Crios, CerasmartTM, LavaTM Ultimate, Shofu Block HC, Tetric® CAD, Grandio® blocs, LuxaCAM Composite) wurden in der Farbe A2 und mit Ausnahme von LuxaCam Composite in den zwei jeweils erhältlichen Transluzenzstufen (HT und LT bzw. MT) untersucht. Zur Füllercharakterisierung wurden eine thermogravimetrische Analyse an zylindrischen Proben (d/h = 4/1 mm), Rasterelektronenmikroskopie (REM) mit energiedispersiver Röntgenspektroskopie (EDX) an rechteckigen Proben (Dicke = 3 mm), Röntgendiffraktometrie (XRD) an rechteckigen Proben (Dicke = 3 mm) und Mikro-Röntgen-Computertomographie (µXCT) an zylindrischen Proben (d/h = 1,20/1,77 mm) durchgeführt. Die anorganische Fraktion der CAD/CAM-Komposite zeigte viele voneinander getrennte Füllkörper unterschiedlicher Größe, Form und Sphärizität. Die Füllkörpergröße lag zwischen ~100 nm und 12 µm und war für alle Werkstoffe damit deutlich größer als in den Herstellerspezifikationen angegeben. Nach der Klassifikation von Ferracane handelte es sich somit um „midifill-hybrid“-Komposite. Während in Shofu Block HC die größten und sphärischsten Füllkörper auftraten, waren diejenigen der anderen Komposite kleiner, eher scharfkantig und von geringerer Sphärizität. An den Randbereichen der Füllkörper in LavaTM Ultimate zeigten sich poröse Areale. Diese waren wahrscheinlich durch kleine Nanopartikel, die an der Oberfläche der größeren Partikel anheften, bedingt. Der Füllkörperanteil lag zwischen 37,2 Vol.-% / 61,6 M.-% und 74,4 Vol.-% / 83,1 M.-%., wobei keine eindeutigen Unterschiede zwischen den Transluzenzvarianten eines CAD/CAM-Komposits dokumentiert werden konnten. Auch hier lagen die gemessenen Werte unter den Herstellerspezifikationen, aber über den Werten für direkte Komposite. Chemisch bestanden die untersuchten Füllkörper in allen Kompositen aus Silizium und Sauerstoff, während Aluminium und Barium nur in bestimmten Proben nachgewiesen werden konnten. In LAVATM Ultimate und Shofu Bloc HC trat zusätzlich Zirkonium auf. Die Füller erschienen weitgehend amorph; nur in LAVATM Ultimate konnte eine deutliche kristalline Phase dokumentiert werden. Es ergaben sich keine wesentlichen Unterschiede in der chemischen Zusammensetzung der untersuchten Füllkörper zwischen den Transluzenzvarianten eines CAD/CAM-Komposits. µXCT zeigte in einzelnen CAD/CAM-Kompositen (LavaTM Ultimate, Tetric® CAD, CerasmartTM, BRILLIANT Crios, Grandio® blocs) Inhomogenitäten, die als Fülleragglomerate oder Poren interpretiert werden konnten. Diese Inhomogenitäten traten im Größenbereich von 1,4 x 104 µm3 (Tetric® CAD, HT; Pore) bis 1,6 x 106 µm3 (LAVATM Ultimate, HT; Fülleragglomerat) auf und machten damit gemessen am jeweiligen Gesamtvolumen der untersuchten Proben einen Volumenanteil von unter 0,01 % aus. Für die Untersuchung der Werkstoffeigenschaften wurden 104 rechteckige Probekörper (Dicke = 3 mm) vorbereitet, poliert und in vier Gruppen eingeteilt: trockene Lagerung für 24 Stunden bei Raumtemperatur (Gruppe 1), Lagerung in demineralisiertem Wasser bei 37 °C (Gruppe 2), Lagerung in 75%iger Ethanol-Lösung bei 37 °C (Gruppe 3), Lagerung in Pepsi-Cola bei 37 °C (Gruppe 4). In der ersten Gruppe wurden Vickers-Härte und Oberflächenrauigkeit nach 24 h bestimmt, in den anderen 3 Gruppen erfolgte die Messung der Vickers-Härte nach 7 und 28 Tagen und die Messung der Oberflächenrauigkeit nach 28 Tagen. Für die Messung der Vickers-Härte wurden für jedes Material und für jede Zeit 15 Einzelmessungen durchgeführt. Die Messung der freien Oberflächenenergie erfolgte für alle Werkstoffe über Kontaktwinkelmessungen unter Nutzung von gereinigtem Wasser und Diiodmethan. Dabei wurden jeweils 8 Einzelmessungen für jede Flüssigkeit durchgeführt. Die untersuchten CAD/CAM-Komposite unterschieden sich deutlich in der Vickers-Härte (79,0 (1,9) – 152,2 (4,2) HV) und der freien Oberflächenenergie (dispersiv: 28,3 (3,5) – 37,0 (1,8) mN/m; polar: 13,8 (1,1) – 24,2 (6,4) mN/m). Dabei konnte eine Korrelation zwischen Vickers-Härte und Fülleranteil - nicht jedoch zwischen der freien Oberflächenenergie und Fülleranteil - statistisch nachgewiesen werden. Zwischen den Transluzenzvarianten eines CAD/CAM-Komposits unterschieden sich bis auf die Härtewerte von BRILLIANT Crios die gemessenen Werte nicht signifikant. Durch die Einlagerung in den unterschiedlichen Medien wurde die Vickers-Härte in Abhängigkeit von Einlagerungsmedium, Einlagerungsdauer und Art des CAD/CAM-Komposits unterschiedlich stark reduziert. Grandio® Blocs zeigte die höchste Vickers-Härte von 148,8 (2,9) HV für HT bzw. 152,2 (4,2) HV für LT und wies nur geringe oder keine Härteveränderungen nach Einlagerung in die Flüssigkeiten auf. Die initiale Härte von LavaTM Ultimate betrug 114,3 (2,6) HV für HT und 114,8 (3,4) HV für LT und reduzierte sich um 10 - 20 % nach Einlagerung. Die Härtewerte der anderen Komposite lagen im Bereich von 79 (1,9) HV bis 102,4 (5,2) HV und reduzierten sich um bis zu 35 % nach Einlagerung. Die Härteabnahme der Komposite war bei höherem Fülleranteil geringer. Bei Grandio® Blocs trat die größte Härteabnahme im Unterschied zu allen anderen Kompositen durch die Lagerung in Wasser auf. Bei BRILLIANT Crios, CerasmartTM, Shofu Blocs HC, Tetric® CAD und LuxaCAM Composite führte die Lagerung in der 75%igen Ethanol-Lösung zu einer signifikant größeren Härtereduktion im Vergleich zur Lagerung in Wasser und Pepsi-Cola. Die Lagerung in Pepsi-Cola hatte keine zusätzliche Härteabnahme im Vergleich zur Lagerung in Wasser oder in der 75%igen Ethanol-Lösung zur Folge. Nur bei LAVATM Ultimate und CerasmartTM konnte statistisch die Dauer der Einlagerung als signifikanter Faktor der Härteabnahme nachgewiesen werden. Nach 28 Tagen zeigte sich eine Veränderung in der Oberflächenrauigkeit mit einem maximalen ∆Sa = 0,015 (0,003) µm bei BRILLIANT Crios LT und ∆Sa = 0,010 (0,002) µm bei LavaTM Ultimate HT nach einer Lagerung in Wasser. Bei allen anderen Kompositen trat ein ∆Sa < 0,005 µm auf. Zusammenfassend waren die untersuchten CAD/CAM-Komposite weitgehend homogene Werkstoffe, deren anorganische Phasen sich zwischen den Herstellern, aber nicht zwischen deren Transluzenzstufen unterschieden. Die festgestellten Füllkörpergrößen überstiegen die der Herstellerangaben; sie sind als „midifill-hybrid“-Komposite zu klassifizieren. Mit Ausnahme der in LavaTM Ultimate festgestellten Zirkonium-Kristalle geringer Kristallinität zeigten die untersuchten CAD/CAM-Komposite eine amorphe anorganische Phase. Die Härte und die freie Oberflächenenergie unterschieden sich zwischen den CAD/CAM-Kompositen, mit der Ausnahme der Vickers-Härte von BRILLIANT Crios aber nicht zwischen den Transluzenzvarianten. Infolge der Einlagerung der Materialien in demineralisiertem Wasser, 75%iger Ethanol-Lösung und Pepsi-Cola kam es mit der Ausnahme von Grandio® Blocs zu einer deutlichen Reduktion der Vickers-Härte. Die Lagerung in Pepsi-Cola hatte keine zusätzliche Härtereduktion im Vergleich zur Lagerung in Wasser oder 75%iger Ethanol-Lösung zur Folge. Da die Härteabnahme der Komposite bei höherem Fülleranteil geringer war, scheint der Degradationsprozess primär durch die organische Matrix bedingt zu sein. Es bestand eine Korrelation zwischen Fülleranteil und Härte der Komposite, nicht jedoch zwischen Fülleranteil und der freien Oberflächenenergie. Die Veränderung der Oberflächenrauigkeit nach künstlicher Alterung lag unterhalb von Bereichen klinischer Relevanz bezüglich der Begünstigung einer Biofilmakkumulation auf der Materialoberfläche.:1 Einführung 2 Publikationsmanuskripte 2.1 Publikationsübersicht 2.2 Publikation I 2.3 Publikation II 3 Zusammenfassung der Arbeit 4 Literaturverzeichnis 5 Anlagen

Much progress has been made in recent years in the development of Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) tools for engineering design, analysis, and manufacturing. Unfortunately, most of these CAD/CAM applications were constructed independently and without standardization. In essence, they automate a single aspect of design, analysis, or manufacturing and cannot be combined to form a cohesive environment, since integration among applications was not addressed during the design phase of CAD/CAM application software creation. In view of this problem, a novel approach is suggested for software integration of applications in a network environment. The distributed integration solution described in this dissertation employs a new "integration client/server" relationship, where the integration server is the core of the system, providing functions to translate or transform data between applications. The integration client consists of an interface with the server, a CAD/CAM application, and a user interface with the integrated system called the GRIM (GRaphical Interface Manager). There is only one integration server in the system, but there may be an unlimited number of clients. The solution created for distributed integration is implemented in a Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) workbench, geared specifically toward the generation of integration systems. This workbench is known as the CAD/CAM CASE Workbench, and includes an integration solution as well as standard CASE tools. The integration solution contains several tools which will aid a system designer in generating integration systems for CAD/CAM applications. Included is the distributed integration solution described in this dissertation. The distributed integration solution is designed to facilitate the semi-automatic generation of an integration system. It consists of an integration server at the center of the integration system which manages the exchange of data among the integration clients. The integration clients are the CAD/CAM applications in the context of the integration system. To use the distributed integration solution, the integration system designer will customize portions of the structure charts, data dictionary, and module specifications contained in the workbench according to the needs of the applications programs and generate C-source code defining the integration system. Using the distributed integration solution, the user will be able to effect data requests for applications, using the GRIM to interact with the system. All data exchanges are request driven. In addition to the distributed integration solution, this research includes a prototype integrated system which allows data to be requested from one application, and translated to a second for display and manipulation. The prototype was tested in a distributed environment and the results are described. / Ph. D.

3-D Interactive CADAM allows for easier construction, modification, analysis, and display of 3-D geometry surfaces and wire-frames. This research forms a basis for preliminary aircraft geometric design using the CADAM system. The helicopter design program, HESCOMP, originally a batch mode program, was coupled with CADAM via the CADAM data base such that the analysis, design, and redesign of the helicopter geometry and interior equipment geometry can be accomplished interactively. HESCAD, a program which produces the helicopter preliminary design model and enables the interior equipment design process, is developed. It provides a capability to evolve rapidly and refine helicopter configurations generated automatically using output from HESCOMP or interior equipment design by graphically and numerically defining helicopter components through interactive, on line, computer graphic display devices. Helicopter 3-D wireframes are automatically produced for any HESCOMP helicopter geometry output. A method which directs CADAM to analyze the helicopter components and produce weights, centers of gravity, moments and products of inertia and to review the results of the analyses directly on the screen is provided. This research was sponsored by IBM Corporation Federal Systems Division under contract No. 417503-DE. This thesis describes and illustrates the HESCAD program. Detailed graphical results are also presented. / Master of Science / incomplete_metadata

Robots with vision capability have been taught to recognize unknown objects by comparing their shape features with those of known objects, which are stored in the vision system as a knowledge base. Traditionally, this knowledge base is created by showing the robot the set of objects that it is likely to come across. This is done with the vision system to be used and must be done in an online mode. An approach to teach the robot in an off-line mode by integrating the robot vision system and an off-line graphic system, has been developed in this research. Instead of showing the objects that the robot is likely to come across, graphic models of the objects were created in an off-line graphic system and a FORTRAN program that processes the models to extract their shape parameters was developed. These shape parameters were passed to the vision system. A program to process an unknown object placed in front of the vision system was developed to extract its shape parameters. A program that compares the parameters of the unknown object with those of the known models was also developed. The vision system was calibrated to measure the pixel dimensions in inches. In the vision system, shape parameters of the objects were found to vary with different orientations. The range of variation for each parameter was established and this was taken into consideration in the parameter comparison program. / Master of Science

This thesis introduces a program which serves as a post-processor interface between CAD AM NC and a DYNA milling machine. This program processes the CLDA TA file that is the output of the IBM System/370 APT-AC processor. The input to the APT-AC processor is an APT file, generated by passing CADAM NC data through the CADAM/ APT interface. The CLDA TA file is post-processed and instructions in DYNA language, required to machine the part on the DYNA milling machine, are created. This is achieved through different subroutines that have been written for different types of statements in the CLDA TA file. For each type of statement in the CLDA TA file, a different subroutine is accessed which processes that statement according to the requirements of the DYNA milling machine and writes the corresponding statement in DYNA language to a file. The post-processor then reads the different DYNA statements from different files and creates the complete part program in DYNA language required to machine the part. / M.S.

The purpose of this thesis is to provide a complete package for the design and three dimensional modeling display of cams. The software produced as a part of this work will operate as a module of CADAM to produce cam designs and enter the resulting cam as a CAD model and produce the graphical display of the cam. In addition to the introductory material, this thesis is divided into four sections. The section on the graphics packages used in this thesis includes a brief history and capabilities of each of the packages. The second section details the procedure to be adopted in order to design a cam. The next section details ANICAM, the program that has been developed to incorporate the design and display procedure. The fourth section of this thesis contains recommendations for further work in this area. The theoretical work in this project is a combination of original derivations and applications of the theory in the design literature. / Master of Science

OBJETIVOS: comparar dois sistemas CAD-CAM de diferentes gerações quanto ao grau de adaptação de infraestruturas estéticas de próteses fixas de três elementos para verificar se existe alguma evolução no quesito diminuição do gap marginal e se existe diferença de contração entre blocos de conformações diferentes que podem afetar diretamente a adaptação das mesmas. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: para isso foi confeccionado um preparo de prótese fixa de três elementos em manequim odontológico simulando a ausência do elemento dental 25; posteriormente aos preparos foi reproduzido um modelo mestre em liga metálica Co-Cr para serem realizados os testes. O modelo mestre foi submetido a escaneamento em cada sistema comercial para a infraestrutura ser desenhada e fresada. Para serem confrontados, em cada sistema CAD/CAM foi confeccionado cinco infraestruturas em Y-TZP (n=5), sendo que no grupo CT1 foi utilizado um disco (ronde) com dimensões de 98x20 mm capaz de ser fresada até seis infraestruturas de uma só vez enquanto que no grupo CT2 cada infraestrutura foi confeccionada individualmente em um bloco com dimensões de 40x15x19 mm. Uma vez concluídas as infraestruturas, as mesmas foram submetidas a teste de adaptação com a técnica do dedal de silicone e posteriormente em cada preparo, tanto do molar quanto do pré-molar, foi retirada uma fatia de 2 mm de espessura em cada face (mesial, distal, lingual e vestibular) para se analisar a espessura de desadaptação na região de término através da análise de imagem (fotografia das fatias realizado por estereomicroscópio e medição com o software ImageJ). Os resultados foram submetidos aos testes de Normalidade e Homocedasticidade (p=0,05) e posteriormente analisados por ANOVA e Tukey (p=0,05). RESULTADOS: as medições foram divididas em dois grupos: 1. Adaptação geral ( medidas por face) e 2. Adaptação circunferencial (média das medidas das quatro faces). Em ambas as medições não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes, permanecendo o gap marginal de ambos os materiais com resultados estatisticamente uniformes. CONCLUSÕES: ambos os sistemas CAD/CAM testados apresentaram resultados semelhantes e satisfatórios, dentro dos padrões clínicos aceitáveis e não houve diferença de contração de sinterização entre o disco (ronde) e o bloco. / OBJECTIVES: compare two CAD-CAM systems of different generations according to the adaptation level of three elements aesthetic FPD to discover if there are any changes in the item \"gap marginal decrease\" and if there is contraction differences between blocks of different conformations that may directly affect the adaptation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: it was made a FPD preparation (total crown preparation in each pillar tooth) in a dental mannequin, simulating the absence of the tooth 25; later was made a master template in Co-Cr alloy to be performed the tests, according to the mannequin preparations. The master model was subjected to scanning in each trading system to be designed the infrastructure and posteriorly milled. It was made five infrastructure in Y-TZP (n = 5) to be compared in every CAD / CAM system, and in the CT1 group was used a disc (ronde) with dimensions of 98x20 millimeters, where it can be milled up to six infrastructure of a once, while in the group CT2 each structure was fabricated into a single block with dimensions of 40x15x19 millimeters. After the infrastructure was milled, they were subjected to the adaptive technique of \"silicone replica\" and subsequently in each preparation (molar and premolar) was withdrawn from a 2 mm thickness slice on each side (mesial, distal, lingual and buccal) to analyze the mismatch thickness in the end region via image analysis (slices photography performed by a stereomicroscope and measured by the ImageJ software). The results were submited by Normality and Homoscedasticity test (p=0.05) and subsequently analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test (p=0.05). RESULTS: the measurements were divided into two groups: 1. General adaptation (measures per side) and 2. Circumferential adaptation (average measure of the four faces). In both measurements there were no statistically significant differences, remaining both materials with statistically uniform marginal gap. CONCLUSIONS: both CAD / CAM systems tested showed similar and satisfactory results within the acceptable clinical standards and there was no sintering contraction difference between the disk (ronde) and block.

Considerando a crescente exigência estética, o desenvolvimento da zircônia e o incremento da tecnologia CAD/CAM o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a adaptação marginal e interna, as tensões nos implantes e a resistência à fratura após prensagem da porcelana e termociclagem mecânica em próteses parciais fixas sobre implantes com pilares e infraestrutura em zircônia com dois sistemas CAD/CAM (Neodent digital - Neodent e Lava - 3M ESPE) comparados com o método convencional (n=10). A adaptação marginal e interna foi analisada por meio de um microtomógrafo computadorizado (microCT). Cada prótese foi digitalizada e os arquivos foram processadas utilizando o software NRecon e CTAN. Foi utilizado o programa Dataview para aferição das medidas. Para a realização da ciclagem termomecânica as próteses foram posicionadas na máquina de fadiga mecânica por mastigação e foi aplicada a carga de 120 N com uma ponta que simula a oclusão antagonista simulando 2.000.000 ciclos. Durante o ensaio, as próteses foram mantidas em água destilada e termocicladas com variação de temperatura entre 5º-55º C. Para a verificação das tensões geradas pelas próteses parciais fixas em torno dos implantes foi realizada a análise por correlação de imagens digitais. Foram selecionados cinco modelos de cada um dos sistemas CAD/CAM e um antagonista e aplicada uma carga de 250 N, com velocidade de 0,1 mm/min, em máquina universal de ensaios. Para avaliação da resistência à fratura foi aplicada uma força perpendicular ao longo eixo da peça protética, no pôntico, até que devido à fratura não houvesse mais resistência. Após esse teste foi avaliado o relacionamento entre os componentes da prótese em microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). A análise estatística mostrou que houve diferença significativa na adaptação pilar-implante dos molares entre os grupos Lava e ZirNeo, Lava e Controle (p=0,008). Para a desadaptação vertical e horizontal antes e após a prensagem e ciclagem não houve diferença significante (p>0,005). A desadaptação interna axial mostrou diferença significante antes e após para os molares dos grupos Lava e ZirNeo (p<0,001). A desadaptação interna oclusal mostrou diferença significante para os PM dos grupos TiNeo e Controle e para os molares dos grupos Lava e Zir Neo (p<0,005). Houve diferença significante de tensão na região cervical dos molares dos grupos ZirNeo e Lava (p=0,015) com maiores valores de tensão para o grupo Lava. O grupo TiNeo teve maior resistência à fratura que os demais (p=0,022). O relacionamento entre os componentes da prótese permaneceu favorável para todos os grupos. Os resultados deste trabalho permitem concluir que a prensagem da porcelana e a termociclagem mecânica não influenciou os resultados da desadaptação marginal e melhorou a desadaptação interna. O grupo usinado pelo sistema Neodent digital em zircônia teve maior concentração de tensão na região cervical podendo ter maior perda óssea nessa região. O grupo TiNeo foi o que mais resistiu à fratura. Entre fresar em zircônia pelo sistema Neodent digital ou Lava, o sistema Lava distribui melhor a tensão ao longo do implante, porém teve maiores valores de desadaptação interna. Entre fresar em titânio ou confeccionar a prótese pelo sistema convencional, melhor fresar. / Considering the growing aesthetic requirements, the development of zirconia and the increase of CAD/CAM technology, the aim of this study was to evaluate the marginal and internal fit, tensions in implants and fracture resistance after pressing porcelain and thermomechanical cycling in FPDs on implants with abutments and infrastructure in zirconia with two CAD/CAM systems (Neodent digital -Neodent and Lava - 3M ESPE) compared with the conventional method (n = 10). The marginal and internal fit was analyzed by a computerized microtomograph (microCT). Each prosthesis was scanned and the files were processed using the NRecon and CTAN software. Dataview program was used for the assessment of the measures. To carry out the thermomechanical cycling, prostheses were placed in mechanical fatigue machine for chewing and 120 N load was applied with a tip that simulates the antagonist occlusion simulating 2,000,000 cycles. During the test, the prostheses were kept in distilled water and thermocycled with temperatures between 5°-55° C. Digital image correlation analysis was performed to check the load transfer by implant-supported restoration. Five models were selected from each of the CAD/CAM systems and an antagonist and a load of 250 N was applied, with 0.1 mm/min speed using a universal testing machine. The fracture resistance was verified with force applied perpendicular to the long axis of the prosthesis, at pontic, until there were no more fracture resistance. After this test was evaluated the relationship between the components of the prosthesis in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The statistical analysis showed significant difference in abutment-implant fit of molars between Lava and ZirNeo, Lava and control groups (p=.008). For vertical and horizontal fit there was no significant difference (p>.005) before and after pressing and thermomechanical cycling. The axial internal gap was significantly different before and after for molar ZirNeo groups (p<.001). The occlusal internal fit was significantly different to the PM of TiNeo and Control, and the molars of Lava and ZirNeo (p<.005). There were significant difference for tension in the cervical region of the molars of ZirNeo and Lava (p=.015) with higher values for the Lava group. TiNeo group had higher resistance to fracture than others (p=.022). The relationship between the prosthesis components remained positive for all groups. The results of this study showed that the pressing of porcelain and thermomechanical cycling did not influence the results of marginal gap and improved internal fit. The zirconia group machined by Neodent digital system had higher concentration of tension in the cervical and may have greater bone loss in this region. TiNeo group was the most resistant to fracture. Between the zirconia milling by Neodent digital or Lava system, the Lava system distributes better strain throughout the implant, but had greater internal fit values. Between milling titanium or fabricate the prosthesis by the conventional system, better milling.

Produto de uma pesquisa teórica e empírica, esta dissertação aborda um campo conceitual comum entre a área de projeto pertencente à arquitetura e ao design, a formação escolar básica e as tecnologias digitais de modelagem e fabricação. Tal temática pauta-se na contemporaneidade, na medida em que se inserem novos meios de apoio ao ensino e aprendizado na formação escolar básica. Desse modo, o computador até então utilizado como processador de texto e imagens, alia-se à modelagem, à fabricação digital e à comunicação em rede. Como abordado nessa dissertação, o termo \"design\" é empregado com distintos enfoques no campo da formação escolar básica, o primeiro deles de caráter mais vinculado ao campo das artes, enquanto o segundo insere-se no campo das tecnologias de fabricação e no estudo da cultura material da sociedade contemporânea. Tendo em vista o campo comum dessas ações permeando as áreas de projeto, formação básica escolar e tecnologias digitais, esta investigação considera a partir uma base teórica, um grupo de dezoito pontos de convergência que subsidiou os trabalhos de campo. Esses trabalhos foram estruturados a partir de quatro tipos de oficinas realizadas na periferia da cidade de Guarulhos, região metropolitana de São Paulo, organizadas em um ambiente de livre acesso e que foram detalhadas nesse trabalho. Essa formulação teórico-prática visa traçar considerações acerca do campo comum estudado em que, tecnologias digitais de modelagem e fabricação têm auxiliado no desenvolvimento de linguagens e habilidades mentais em um público inserido na formação escolar básica. Pretende-se assim avançar no debate sobre a formação do indivíduo na atualidade. / The product of a theoretical and empiric research, this paper discusses a common conceptual ground among the project area -which includes the architecture and the design-, basic education, and digital modelling and manufacturing technologies. Its subject is based on the contemporaneity, to the extent that it introduces new means of support for learning and teaching in basic education. In this way, the computer -to that moment used exclusively for text and image processing- allies with modelling, digital manufacturing, and network communication. As herein discussed, the word \"design\" is used with different meanings in the field of basic education, the first of which has a stronger relation with the field of arts, whereas the second one lies within the field of manufacturing technologies and the studies on the material culture of the contemporary society. Considering the common ground of said activities, which permeate the fields of design, basic education and digital technology, this research take into account a group of eighteen common points of agreement from a theoretical basis that subsided the field studies. Those studies were structured from four types of workshop held in the outskirts of Guarulhos, in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, organized in a free-access environment, and which are herein detailed. This theoretical and practical formulation has as purpose to address the considerations resulting from the studied common ground, insofar as digital modelling and manufacturing technologies has helped the development of languages and mental skills of such a young audience still in basic education. The aim is to advance the debate on the formation of the individual nowadays.

O planejamento da fabricação de peças de caldeiraria para hidrelétricas tais como caixa espiral, tubo de sucção e conduto forçado, necessita de bons conhecimentos em caldeiraria e muita experiência na área devido à complexidade dos cálculos, tornando-se uma tarefa trabalhosa e com muitas possibilidades de erros. A seqüência de operações, no entanto, é altamente repetitiva facilitando o desenvolvimento de um sistema computacional de apoio. O trabalho proposto a seguir tem como objetivo apresentar um sistema desenvolvido como um aplicativo em software CAD para auxiliar as tarefas de projetar e fabricar caixa espiral, tubo de sucção e conduto forçado. O sistema colocou o conhecimento técnico da engenharia industrial de hidrogeradores de uma empresa de bens de capital ao alcance de projetistas desta área, de forma a aumentar a produtividade nestas, e em outras atividades similares, minimizando as possibilidades de erro e padronizando os procedimentos de cálculos. Os resultados foram, entre outros, diminuição do tempo de geração das informações para o processo de fabricação, tais como croquis de delineamento e desenhos de montagem, acima de 90% e perda zero de peças na fabricação. / The manufacturing process of hydroelectric weld parts, such as spiral cases, draft tubes and penstocks, demands good knowledge and experience in the area due to the calculations needed, revealing to be a difficult work with a high risk of errors. However, the operation sequence is highly repetitive which enables the development of a computational support system. This thesis has the purpose to present a system developed as an application in CAD software to aid the projecting and manufacturing activities of the spiral boxes, draft tubes and penstocks. Such system was disposed to the technical body of an industrial engineering department maintained by a heavy equipment company which manufactures hydro generators, so professionals were able to increase their productivity, being the system also used in similar areas, minimizing possibilities of mistakes and standardizing calculations procedures. Results were, among others, decrease of time needed to develop process information, such as sketch outlines and assembly drawings, above 90% and zero losses on parts production.