Over the past few years, manufacturing companies have had to deal with an increasing demand for feature-rich products at low costs. The pressures exerted on their existing manufacturing processes have lead manufacturers to investigate internet-based solutions, in order to cope with growing competition. Today, the availability of powerful and low cost 3D tools, along with web-based technologies, provides interesting opportunities to the manufacturing community, with solutions directly implementable at the core of their businesses and organizations. The wooden sign is custom i.e. each sign is completely different from each other. Mass Customization is a paradigm that produces custom products in masses. A wooden sign is custom in nature, and each sign must be completely different from another. Although process planning for mass customized products is same, the tool path required to CNC machine the custom feature varies from part to part. If the tool path is created manually the economics of mass production are challenged. The only viable option is to generate the tool path automatically; furthermore, any time savings in the tool path lead to better profit margins. This thesis presents the automatic web-based tool path planning method for machining sculptured wooden sign on 3 axis Computer Numerical Controlling (CNC) Machines using optimal and cost-effective milling cutters. The web-based tool path planning strategy is integrate with web-based CAD system to automatically generate tool paths for the CAD model using optimal cutter within desired tolerances. The tool path planning method is divided into two parts: foot print (path along which cutter moves) and cutter positioning. The tool path foot print is developed during design stage from the CAD model based on the type of surface to be machined. The foot print varies from part to part which facilitates the mass customization of wooden sign. After designing foot print, the foot print is discretized into points and the gouge-free cutter position at each of these points is found using "Dropping Method". The Dropping Method where cutter is dropped over the work piece surface, and the highest depth at which cutter can go without gouging the surface is calculated. This is repeated for all the position along the foot print. This tool path planning strategy is developed for ball nose, flat-end and radiused end milling cutter for machining wooden sign. The tool path generated using this method is optimized for machining time, tool path generation time and final surface finish. The bucketing technique is developed to optimize tool path generation time, by isolating the triangles which has possibility of intersection at particular position. The bucketing Technique reduced the tool path computation by 75 %, and made tool path generation faster. The optimal cutter selection algorithm is developed which selects best cutter for machining the surface based on the scallop height and volume removal results. The radiused end milling cutter results in highest volume removal which results in lower machining time compared to ball nose end milling cutters, but the scallop heights is higher. However, the scallop height in the radiused end milling cutter is higher only in few regions which reduces the final surface finish. For a sign, it was found around the boundary of logo, outline of lettering, interface of border and background. Thus, in order to achieve higher surface finish and lower machining time, a separate tool path is developed using "Pencil Milling Technique" which will remove the scallops from the regions that was inaccessible by radiused end mills. This tool path with the smaller cutter will move around the boundary of logo and lettering, and clean-up all the scallops left on the surface. The designed tool path for all the three cutters were tested on maple wood and verified against the actual Computer Aided Design model for scallop height and surface finish. The numerical testing of tool path was carried out on a Custom Simulator, ToolSim and was later confirmed by actually machining on a 3 axis CNC machine. The same sign was machined with variety of milling cutters and the best cutter was selected based on the minimum scallop and maximum volume removal. The results of the experimental verification show the method to be accurate for machining sculptured sign. The average scallop height in a machined using 1/8 th inch radiused end milling cuter and using Pencil tool path on the machined surface is found to be 0.03989 mm (1.5708 thou).

Over the past few years, manufacturing companies have had to deal with an increasing demand for feature-rich products at low costs. The pressures exerted on their existing manufacturing processes have lead manufacturers to investigate internet-based solutions, in order to cope with growing competition. Today, the availability of powerful and low cost 3D tools, along with web-based technologies, provides interesting opportunities to the manufacturing community, with solutions directly implementable at the core of their businesses and organizations. The wooden sign is custom i.e. each sign is completely different from each other. Mass Customization is a paradigm that produces custom products in masses. A wooden sign is custom in nature, and each sign must be completely different from another. Although process planning for mass customized products is same, the tool path required to CNC machine the custom feature varies from part to part. If the tool path is created manually the economics of mass production are challenged. The only viable option is to generate the tool path automatically; furthermore, any time savings in the tool path lead to better profit margins. This thesis presents the automatic web-based tool path planning method for machining sculptured wooden sign on 3 axis Computer Numerical Controlling (CNC) Machines using optimal and cost-effective milling cutters. The web-based tool path planning strategy is integrate with web-based CAD system to automatically generate tool paths for the CAD model using optimal cutter within desired tolerances. The tool path planning method is divided into two parts: foot print (path along which cutter moves) and cutter positioning. The tool path foot print is developed during design stage from the CAD model based on the type of surface to be machined. The foot print varies from part to part which facilitates the mass customization of wooden sign. After designing foot print, the foot print is discretized into points and the gouge-free cutter position at each of these points is found using "Dropping Method". The Dropping Method where cutter is dropped over the work piece surface, and the highest depth at which cutter can go without gouging the surface is calculated. This is repeated for all the position along the foot print. This tool path planning strategy is developed for ball nose, flat-end and radiused end milling cutter for machining wooden sign. The tool path generated using this method is optimized for machining time, tool path generation time and final surface finish. The bucketing technique is developed to optimize tool path generation time, by isolating the triangles which has possibility of intersection at particular position. The bucketing Technique reduced the tool path computation by 75 %, and made tool path generation faster. The optimal cutter selection algorithm is developed which selects best cutter for machining the surface based on the scallop height and volume removal results. The radiused end milling cutter results in highest volume removal which results in lower machining time compared to ball nose end milling cutters, but the scallop heights is higher. However, the scallop height in the radiused end milling cutter is higher only in few regions which reduces the final surface finish. For a sign, it was found around the boundary of logo, outline of lettering, interface of border and background. Thus, in order to achieve higher surface finish and lower machining time, a separate tool path is developed using "Pencil Milling Technique" which will remove the scallops from the regions that was inaccessible by radiused end mills. This tool path with the smaller cutter will move around the boundary of logo and lettering, and clean-up all the scallops left on the surface. The designed tool path for all the three cutters were tested on maple wood and verified against the actual Computer Aided Design model for scallop height and surface finish. The numerical testing of tool path was carried out on a Custom Simulator, ToolSim and was later confirmed by actually machining on a 3 axis CNC machine. The same sign was machined with variety of milling cutters and the best cutter was selected based on the minimum scallop and maximum volume removal. The results of the experimental verification show the method to be accurate for machining sculptured sign. The average scallop height in a machined using 1/8 th inch radiused end milling cuter and using Pencil tool path on the machined surface is found to be 0.03989 mm (1.5708 thou).

Diploma thesis deals with the carbon footprint´s enumeration of the town České Budějovice. Based on the evaluation of the its particular segments there are the measures for reduction proposed. Furthermore the amount of the carbon footprint is compared with the value of the carbon footprint of the Czech Republic and five other towns. The compared towns are Chrudim, Jilemnice, Krnov, Svitavy a Semily.

Title: The effect of sensomotoric stimulation on flat foot of children Introduction: Flat foot is a common health problem in childhood. Its development is related to congenital or acquired dysfunction of the plantar vault. There is no single opinion on the criteria for diagnosis and therapy forms. The aftereffects and health risks of flat foot are often neglected. The therapy form of sensomotoric stimulation, including balance exercises and walking barefoot over different surfaces, could be an appropriate part of the physical activities and games for children in kindergarten. Objectives: The main objective of this thesis was to compare foot prints of a group of children from one kindergarten class before and after six months of sensomotoric stimulation by three different methods (the Chippaux-Šmiřák method, the Godunov-Sztriter method and the Mayer method.). The second objective was to determine at what age category will be the highest prevalence of flat feet and also at what age group is the biggest improvement of the foot arch. The third objective was to compare each other method and determine whether the results will match. Hypothesis 1: After six months of sensomotoric stimulation of the feet of children occurs in the majority of feet of probands the improvement of the longitudinal foot arch...

Title: The effect of sensomotoric stimulation on flat foot of children Introduction: Flat foot is a common health problem in childhood. Its development is related to congenital or acquired dysfunction of the plantar vault. There is no single opinion on the criteria for diagnosis and therapy forms. The aftereffects and health risks of flat foot are often neglected. The therapy form of sensomotoric stimulation, including balance exercises and walking barefoot over different surfaces, could be an appropriate part of the physical activities and games for children in kindergarten. Objectives: The main objective of this work is to evaluate the effect of sensomotoric stimulation of flat foot at preschool age. Methods: The research contains 21 children. Forty-two foot prints were taken at the beginning of the therapy. Three methods were used to evaluate the foot prints: the Chippaux-Šmiřák method, the Godunov-Sztriter method and the Mayer method. The therapy form of sensomotoric stimulation included balance exercises and walking barefoot over different surfaces. The duration of therapy was 15 minutes each school day for six months. The control foot prints of 15 children were taken after the therapy and the results were compared with the foot prints before therapy. Results: The research contains twenty-one...

Syfte: För nybyggda hus står den inbyggda koldioxiden för en allt större andel av byggnadens klimatpåverkan under livscykeln. Detta på grund av bättre klimatskal och driftsystem. Forskningsrapporter visar att klimatpåverkan i form av inbyggd koldioxid kan minska om digitala analysverktyg används i projekteringen. Syftet med den här rapporten är att undersöka hur analyserna går till samt hur de kan bli enklare och mer noggranna. Metod: För att uppfylla syftet används en litteraturstudie och semistrukturerade intervjuer för att kartlägga användningen av LCA för att dra lärdomar och se förbättringsmöjligheter. En fallstudie görs på en betong- och stålstomme för att jämföra och dra slutsatser utav två LCA-verktyg; Anavitor och Bidcon. Resultat: Resultatet visar att intresset för LCA i byggbranschen är stigande och att de analyser som utförs i projekteringsskedet oftast baseras på generiska värden. Avseende olika programvaror måste omfattningen av programvaran vara tydligt definierad för att kunna få fram ett jämförbart resultat. För att ge ett resultat som speglar det verkliga utfallet måste man frångå den generiska data som tillhandahålls, och istället mata in materialspecifika värden som kommer direkt från tillverkare. Detta kan redan vid projekteringsskedet vara möjligt om BIM-objekt förses med EPD:er i kompatibla filformat. Konsekvenser: Byggnadens totala klimatpåverkan under livscykeln kan tydliggöras med hjälp av LCA-verktyg. För att det ska bli en naturlig del av projekteringen är det viktigt att LCA-verktyg är kompatibla med den information som finns i en eventuell modell. LCA-verktyg bör innehålla mer information än bara klimatpåverkan, även annan miljödata och eventuell ekonomisk information bör finnas för att ge ett bra beslutsunderlag för beställaren. För att öka användningen av LCA i byggbranschen krävs starkare incitament för att göra analyser till exempel att beställaren måste miljödeklarera byggnaden. I ett längre perspektiv borde krav ställas på en byggnads miljöpåverkan liknande de krav som finns i BBR angående energianvändning. Noggrannheten i programmet beror till största del på den data som användaren matar in. Det vill säga mängder, ofta hämtade från en modell. Det krävs att EPD:er görs tillgängliga i filformat som stöds av digitala programvaror för att enklare kunna nå deninformation som krävs. LCA-verktyg ska kunna användas tidigt i ett projekt för att eventuella val lättare ska kunna göras. Samtidigt så bör programanvändaren kunna använda produktspecifika EPD:er i ett tidigt skede för att kunna jämföra olika leverantörer och konstruktionslösningar. Begränsningar: Detta arbete är begränsat till de två programmen Bidcon och Anavitoroch hur de skiljer sig åt avseende beräkningsmetoder och funktioner. Det är ocksåavgränsat för att endast beröra byggnaders inbyggda material. Nyckelord: "Inbyggd koldioxid", "Inbyggd energi", "koldioxidavtryck", "LCA","Livscykelanalys", "Klimatpåverkan", "Klimatdata", "BIM", ”Anavitor”, ”Bidcon” / Purpose: For newly constructed buildings, embodied carbon dioxide stands for an increasing share of the buildings climate impact, seen from a life cycle perspective. This due to improved building envelopes alongside better building service systems. Research shows climate impact due to embodied carbon dioxide may decrease if digital tools for analysis are used during the design phase. The aim with this report is to examine how these analyses are made and see how they can be simplified as well as more accurate. Method: To fulfil the aim of this report a literature review is used alongside semistructured interviews to map the use of LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) in order to gain knowledge and find opportunities for enhancement. A case study is performed on a building frame of concrete and steel to be able to compare and draw conclusions from two LCA-tools; Anavitor and Bidcon. Findings: The result shows increasing interest for LCA in the building industry and that LCA performed in the design phase often uses generic values. The terms and scope of a LCA needs to be determined distinctly regarding comparison of different software's in order to reach a result that is comparable. There is a need to depart from generic values and replace with climate data from manufactures to reach a result reflecting reality. This would be possible already in the design phase using objects in BIM supplemented with climate data from EPD:s in compatible formats. Implications: The buildings total climate impact during the life cycle are able to be displayed with LCA-tools. Using this as a natural part of the design phase, LCA-tools have to be compatible with the information contained in an eventual model. LCA-tools ought to include more information than just climate impact, other environmental data and economic information ought to be included to provide a better decision ground for the buyer. To increase the use of LCA in the building industry, a stronger incentive is needed. The buyer should be required to perform an environmental declaration of thebuilding. In a further step legislation regarding a building´s environmental impactsimilar to the rules found in the Swedish building code regarding specific energy usewould be fitting. The accuracy of the programs mostly depends on the input data,namely quantities, often retrieved from a model. Requires EPD:s accessible in formatsupported by digital software’s in order to reach that information more easily. LCA tools ought to be used early in a project, facilitate eventual choices. At the same time, the user should be able to use product specific EPD:s in an early stage to compare different manufacturers and solutions. Limitations: This paper is limited to the two software’s Bidcon and Anavitor, and how they differ regarding calculation methods and functions. It's also limited to only take the buildings' embedded materials into account. Keywords: "Embodied carbon dioxide", "Embodied energy", "carbon foot print","LCA", "Life Cycle assessment", "Climate impact", "Climate data", "BIM", “Anavitor,“Bidcon”