CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / The magnetic nanomaterials have attracted interest in many areas due to their unique properties and a wide range of applications. One of the most used nanoparticles is magnetite, formed of an oxide of Fe +2 and Fe +3 which has a high saturation magnetization and high surface area. These properties allow the immobilization of various molecules , such as surfactants , co - polymers , drugs and enzymes for application in biomedicine , food engineering , nanochips and biocatalysts . In the present work nanobiocatalysts were produced by immobilization of CALB (Lipase B) in superparamagnetic nanoparticles functionalized with different concentrations of APTES. The structural, morphological and magnetic properties of the samples were investigated by X- ray diffraction (XRD), Spectroscopy with Fourier Transform Infrared in Region (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), adsorption/desorption of nitrogen (BET), Magnetometer Sample Vibrant (VSM), and Analysis of Catalytic Activity (Activity derivative). The XRD showed peaks crystallographic structure of spinel for magnetite in the sample. The average particle size obtained by XRD and VSM was 10nm for magnetite and 13nm for NP/ APTES. The magnetic parameters of the samples were observed by VSM and all showed superparamagnetic behavior with a decrease in the saturation magnetization of 69 emu / g of magnetite to about 35 emu / g for the complete system . TG analyzes and FTIR revealed the presence of molecules of APTES on the surface of the nanoparticle in which were found the best values of adsorption for sample NP / APTES (1:3) and this used for the immobilization of the enzyme. Was performed analysis of the hydrolytic activity of the immobilized enzyme prepared in different media concentrations of APTES. Which showed a maximum activity of 47 U / g for NP/APTES (1:3)/CALB(200). Therefore, the potential presented nanobiocatalysts formed in reactions of industrial interest. / Os nanomateriais magnÃticos tÃm atraÃdo o interesse em muitas Ãreas, devido Ãs suas propriedades Ãnicas e uma vasta gama de aplicaÃÃes. Uma das nanopartÃculas mais utilizadas à a magnetita, formada por um Ãxido de Fe+2 e Fe+3 que tem uma alta magnetizaÃÃo de saturaÃÃo e elevada Ãrea superficial. Tais propriedades permitem a imobilizaÃÃo de vÃrias molÃculas, tais como surfactantes, co-polÃmeros, drogas e enzimas para a aplicaÃÃo no campo da biomedicina, engenharia de alimentos, nanochips e biocatalizadores. No presente trabalho foram produzidos nanobiocatalisadores atravÃs da imobilizaÃÃo de CALB(Lipase B) em nanopartÃculas superparamagnÃticas funcionalizadas com diferentes concetraÃÃes de APTES. As propriedades estruturais, magnÃticas e morfologicas das amostras foram investigadas por DifraÃÃo de Raios-X (DRX), Espectroscopia na RegiÃo do Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), AnÃlise TermogravimÃtrica (TGA), AdsorÃÃo/DessorÃÃo de NitrogÃnio (BET), MagnetÃmetro de Amostra Vibrante (VSM) e AnÃlise da Atividade CatalÃtica (Atividade do Derivado). O DRX mostrou picos cristalogrÃficos da estrutura de espinÃlio para a amostra de magnetita. O tamanho mÃdio das partÃculas obtidas atravÃs de DRX e VSM foi de 10nm para magnetita, 13nm para NP/APTES/CALB. Os parÃmetros magnÃticos das amostras foram observados por VSM e todos apresentaram comportamentos superparamagnÃticos com uma diminuiÃÃo na magnetizaÃÃo de saturaÃÃo de 69 emu/g da magnetita para aproximadamente 35 emu/g para o sistema completo. As anÃlises de TG e FTIR evidenciaram a presenÃa de molÃculas de APTES na superfÃcie da nanopartÃcula na qual foram encontrados melhores valores de adsorÃÃo para a amostra NP/APTES (1:3), sendo essa utilizada para a imobilizaÃÃo da enzima. Foi realizada a anÃlise de atividade hidrolÃtica da enzima imobilizada nos diferentes suportes preparados com concentraÃÃes de APTES. A qual demonstrou uma mÃxima atividade de 47 U/g para NP/APTES(1:3)/CALB(200). Por isso, o nanobiocatalisador formado apresenta potencial em reaÃÃes de interesse industrial.

Neste trabalho foram realizadas reações de resolução enzimática de ciano-hidrinas [(±)-mandelonitrila 1a, (±)-2-(4-clorofenil)-2-hidroxiacetonitrila 2a, (±)-2-hidroxi-2-(4- hidroxifenil)acetonitrila 3a, (±)-2-hidroxibutanonitrila 4a, (±)-2-(4- fluorofenil)acetonitrila 5a, (±)-2-hidroxi-2-(4-metoxifenil)acetonitrila 6a, (±)-2-hidroxi- 2-(3-fenoxifenil)acetonitrila 7a e (±)-(E)-2-hidroxi-4-fenilbut-3-enonitrila 8a] e de álcoois organofluorados [(±)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-feniletanol ±9a, ±±)-1-(2,4,5- trifluorofenil)etanol 10a, (±)-1-(3-bromofenil)-2,2,2-trifluoroetanol 11a, (±)-1-(4- bromofenil)-2,2,2-trifluoroetanol 12a e (±)-1-(2-trifluorometil)feniletanol 13a] utilizando a lipase imobilizada de Candida antarctica (CALB). As reações foram realizadas em agitador orbital por um período de tempo que variou entre 24-168 h de reação apresentando diferentes conversões e excessos enantioméricos: [(R)-álcool 1a (c = 51%, ee = 51%), (S)-acetato 1b (c = 49%, ee = 98%); (R)-álcool 2a (c = 42%, ee > 99%), (S)-acetato 2b (c = 58%, ee = 94%); (R)-álcool 3a (c = 34%), (S)-acetato 3b (c = 32%, ee = 28%); (R)-álcool 4a (c = 82%), (S)-acetato 4b (c = 18%, ee = 25%); (R)-álcool 5a (c = 5%), (S)-acetato 5b (c = 55%, ee = 97%); (R)-álcool 6a (c = 44%), (S)-acetato 6b (c = 56%, ee = 99%); (R)-álcool 7a (c = 53%), (S)-acetato 7b (c = 47%, ee = 92%); (R)-álcool 8a (c = 40%), (S)-acetato 8b (c = 60%, ee = 80%); (R)-álcool 9a (c = 51%, ee = 62%), (S)- acetato 9b (c = 49%, ee > 99%); (S)-álcool 10a (c = 50%, ee > 99%), (R)-acetato 10b (c = 50%, ee > 99%); (R)-álcool 11a (c = 49%, ee = 61%), (S)-acetato 11b (c = 51%, ee = 82%); (R)-álcool 12a (c = 51%, ee = 72%), (S)-acetato 12b (c = 49%, ee > 99%); (S)-álcool 13a (c = 88%), (R)-acetato 13b (c = 12%, ee > 99). Os resultados por irradiação micro-ondas para os compostos obtidos apresentaram menores tempos de reação (1-14 h) comprovando a sua eficiência na resolução quimio-enzimática de compostos organofluorados e ciano-hidrinas: [(R)-álcool 1a (c = 60%, ee = 89%), (S)-acetato 1b (c = 40%, ee = 92%); (R)-álcool 2a (c = 47%, ee = 82%), (S)-acetato 2b (c = 53%, ee = 90%); (R)-álcool 3a (c = 34%), (S)-acetato 3b (c = 17%, ee = 59%); (R)-álcool 5a (c = 4%, ee = 88%), (S)-acetato 5b (c = 50%, ee = 92%); (R)-álcool 6a (c = 44%, ee = 73%), (S)-acetato 6b (c = 56%, ee = 90%); (R)-álcool 7a (c = 50%, ee = 84%), (S)-acetato 7b (c = 50%, ee = 84%); (R)-álcool 8a (c = 41%, ee = 91%), (S)-acetato 8b (c = 59%, ee = 74%); (S)-álcool 9a (c = 95%), (R)-acetato 9b (c = 5%, ee > 99%); (R)-álcool 10a (c = 50%, ee >99%), (S)- acetato 10b (c = 50%, ee >99%); (R)-álcool 11a (c = 58%, ee = 43%), (S)-acetato 11b (c = 42%, ee = 78%); (S)-álcool 12a (c = 51%, ee = 70%), (R)-acetato 12b (c = 49%, ee = 98%); (S)-álcool 13a (c = 85%), (R)-acetato 13b (c = 15%, ee > 99)]. Em especial destaca-se, neste trabalho o uso de células microbianas utilizando a irradiação micro-ondas na redução de fluorocetonas. Sendo assim, foi realizada reações de biorredução da (±)- 2,2,2-trifluoroacetofenona 3 em agitador orbital e irradiação micro-ondas pelo fungo marinho Mucor racemosus CBMAI 847 nas concentrações de (2,9; 5,7; 8,5 e 14 mmol/L) em pH 8 e na concentração de 14 mmol/L em pH 5. Após 6 h de reação obtiveram-se conversões entre 39-100% e excessos enantioméricos entre 74-96% em agitador orbital e por irradiação micro-ondas obteve-se uma variação de 28-64% de conversão e excesso enantiomérico entre 73-96%. Também foram realizadas reações de biorredução com as bactérias termofílicas SPZSP005, SPZSP088, SPZSP051 e SPZSP055 para cetonas organofluoradas obtendo-se elevadas enantiosseletividades (>99%) e conversões (>99%). Esse estudo relata a primeira investigação da literatura frente ao uso de fungo e bactérias termofílicas por irradiação micro-ondas aplicada em biocatálise. Foram também realizadas reações de adição de aza-Michael entre a benzilamina e cetonas ?,β-insaturadas (ciclo-hexenona, 3-metil-2-ciclo-hexen-1-ona e a 2,5-dimetil-para-benzoquinona) utilizando a CALB em diferentes solventes orgânicos (EtOAc, CH2Cl2, n-hexano, MeOH, tolueno, éter etílico e THF) em agitador orbital e por irradiação micro-ondas. Através das reações de adição de aza-Michael foi obtido por adição-1,2 e adição-1,4 como adutos iminas, os quais foram caracterizadas por espectrometria de massas. Finalmente neste trabalho aplicou a irradiação micro-ondas em biocatálise via resolução cinética, redução de cetonas e adição de Michael. / In this study, enzymatic kinetic resolutions of cyanohydrins [(±)-mandelonitrile 1a, (±)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyacetonitrile 2a, (±)-2-hydroxy-2-(4- hydroxyphenyl)acetonitrile 3a, (±)-2-hydroxybutanenitrile 4a, (±)-2-(4- fluorophenyl)acetonitrile 5a, (±)-2-hydroxy-2-(4-metoxiphenyl)acetonitrile 6a, (±)-2- hydroxy-2-(3-fenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile 7a and (±)-(E)-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbut-3- enonitrile 8a], and organofluorine alcohols [(±)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-phenylethanol 9a, (±)-1-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)ethanol 10a, (±)-1-(3-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanol 11a, (±)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanol 12a and (±)-1-(2- trifluoromethyl)phenylethanol 13a] were performed using immobilized lipase from Candida Antarctica (CALB). The reactions were performed on an orbital shaking for a period ranging from 24 to 168 h with different conversions and enantiomeric excesses. [(R)- alcohol 1a (c = 51%, ee = 51%), (S)-acetate 1b (c = 49%, ee = 98%); (R)- alcohol 2a (c = 42%, ee > 99%), (S)-acetate 2b (c = 58%, ee = 94%); (R)-alcohol 3a (c = 34%), (S)-acetate 3b (c = 32%, ee = 28%); (R)-alcohol 4a (c = 82%), (S)-acetate 4b (c = 18%, ee = 25%); R)-alcohol 5a (c = 5%), (S)-acetate 5b (c = 55%, ee = 97%); (R)-alcohol 6a (c = 44%), (S)-acetate 6b (c = 56%, ee = 99%); (R)-alcohol 7a (c = 53%), (S)-acetate 7b (c = 47%, ee = 92%); (R)-alcohol 8a (c = 40%), (S)-acetate 8b (c = 60%, ee = 80%); (R)- alcohol 9a (c = 51%, ee = 62%), (S)-acetate 9b (c = 49%, ee > 99%); (S)-alcohol 10a (c = 50%, ee > 99%), (R)-acetate 10b (c = 50%, ee > 99%); (R)-alcohol 11a (c = 49%, ee = 61%), (S)-acetate 11b (c = 51%, ee = 82%); (R)-alcohol 12a (c = 51%, ee = 72%), (S)- acetate 12b (c = 49%, ee > 99%); (S)-alcohol 13a (c = 88%), (R)-acetate 13b (c = 12%, ee > 99). The results obtained by microwave irradiation for the substrates showed shorter reaction times (1 to 14 h) demonstrating its efficiency in chemoenzymatic esterifications of organofluorine compounds and cyanohydrins [(R)-alcohol 1a (c = 60%, ee = 89%), (S)-acetate 1b (c = 40%, ee = 92%); (R)-alcohol 2a (c = 47%, ee = 82%), (S)-acetate 2b (c = 53%, ee = 90%); (R)-alcohol 3a (c = 34%), (S)-acetate 3b (c = 17%, ee = 59%); (R)-alcohol 5a (c = 4%, ee = 88%), (S)-acetate 5b (c = 50%, ee = 92%); (R)-alcohol 6a (c = 44%, ee = 73%), (S)-acetate 6b (c = 56%, ee = 90%); (R)-alcohol 7a (c = 50%, ee = 84%), (S)-acetate 7b (c = 50%, ee = 84%); (R)-alcohol 8a (c = 41%, ee = 91%), (S)-acetate 8b (c = 59%, ee = 74%); (S)-alcohol 9a (c = 95%), (R)-acetate 9b (c = 5%, ee > 99%); (R)- alcohol 10a (c = 50%, ee >99%), (S)-acetate 10b (c = 50%, ee >99%); (R)-alcohol 11a (c = 58%, ee = 43%), (S)-acetate 11b (c = 42%, ee= 78%); (S)-alcohol 12a (c = 51%, ee = 70%), (R)-acetate 12b (c = 49%, ee = 98%); (S)-alcohol 13a (c = 85%), (R)-acetate 13b (c = 15%, ee > 99)]. In particular, this thesis show the use of microbial cells in reduction of fluoroketones by microwave irradiation. Thus, bioreduction reactions of (±)-2,2,2- trifluoroacetophenone 3 was performed in orbital shaking and microwave irradiation by marine fungus Mucor racemosus CBMAI 847 in different concentrations (2.9, 5.7, 8.5 and 14 mmol/L) at pH 8 and in the concentration of 14 mmol/L at pH 5. In the reactions after 6 h were obtained a conversion of 39 to 100% and enantiomeric excess of 74-96%, in orbital shaking. The reaction on microwave irradiation gave an increase conversion of 28-64% and enantiomeric excess of 73-96%. Bioreduction reactions were also performed with the thermophilic bacteria SPZSP005, SPZSP088, SPZSP051 and SPZSP055 for organofluorine ketones obtaining high enantioselectivities (> 99%) and conversions (> 99%). This study describes the first investigation on the literature regarding the use of thermophilic bacteria and fungus by microwave irradiation applied to biocatalysis. Were also carried out reactions of aza-Michael addition of benzylamine and ?, β-unsaturated cyclohexenones (cyclo- hexenone, 3-methyl-2-cyclo-hexen-1-one and 2,5-dimethyl-para-benzoquinone) were investigated, using CALB in different organic solvents (EtOAc, CH2Cl2, n-hexane, MeOH, toluene, ethylic ether and THF) in orbital shaking and microwave irradiation. From aza-Michael addition reactions was possible to obtain by 1,2- and 1,4-adition the adduct imines, which were characterized by mass spectrometry. Finally this thesis applied the microwave irradiation in biocatalysis via kinetic resolution, reduction of ketones and aza-Michael addition.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a preparaÃÃo de biocatalisadores utilizando lipase de Candida antarctica tipo B (CALB) imobilizada covalentemente em quitosana, uma matÃria-prima abundante e de baixo custo no CearÃ, em quitosana-alginato e em agarose, com o intuito de utilizÃ-los na sÃntese de Ãsteres de vitamina A. Diversas estratÃgias de imobilizaÃÃo foram realizadas com o intuito de obter um derivado com elevada atividade enzimÃtica e com alta estabilidade tÃrmica e operacional. TrÃs tipos de suportes (agarose, quitosana e quitosana-alginato) foram preparados a partir de tais estratÃgias, sendo que um estudo aprofundado foi realizado com dois desses suportes (quitosana e quitosana-alginato). Apenas uma estratÃgia de imobilizaÃÃo foi realizada com agarose para testÃ-lo na sÃntese de palmitato de retinila, juntamente com dois derivados comerciais (lipase imobilizada de Thermomyces lanuginosus (Lipozyme TL IM) e lipase imobilizada de Mucor miehei (Lipozyme RM IM)), com o objetive de definir algumas condiÃÃes operacionais. Uma condiÃÃo avaliada que apresentou bons resultados na sÃntese foi o uso de peneira molecular para a retirada de Ãgua no meio reacional, sendo, portanto, utilizada nos estudos posteriores. ApÃs os estudos de imobilizaÃÃo e estabilidade tÃrmica a 60 ÂC, dois derivados (J8: quitosana ativada com glicidol seguido de etilenodiamina (EDA) e glutaraldeÃdo, e G10: quitosana-alginato ativada com glutaraldeÃdo) foram escolhidos, por apresentarem maiores atividades especÃficas (422,44 Â 50,4 U/g e 378,30 Â 34,7 U/g, respectivamente) e melhores estabilidades tÃrmicas (fatores de estabilizaÃÃo de 10,25 e 29,00, respectivamente), para estudos de estabilidade operacional de hidrÃlise e para sÃntese de palmitato de retinila. O derivado que apresentou melhor estabilidade tÃrmica a 60ÂC foi o G10, CALB imobilizada em quitosana-alginato, sendo aproximadamente 29 vezes mais estÃvel que a enzima solÃvel, e mais de 2 vezes mais estÃvel do que a enzima comercial Novozyme 435. PorÃm, o derivado J8 apresentou melhor estabilidade operacional de hidrÃlise, semelhante ao derivado comercial Novozyme 435. Um planejamento experimental 22 foi realizado para se avaliar a sÃntese de palmitato de retinila. Avaliou-se a influÃncia da temperatura (37 ÂC e 45 ÂC) e da razÃo entre os substratos, retinol:Ãcido palmÃtico (1:3 e 1:5), no rendimento de sÃntese, catalisada pelo derivado J8. Uma reaÃÃo utilizando o derivado G10 utilizando a melhor condiÃÃo do planejamento experimental foi realizada para ver o comportamento desse derivado. Com uma anÃlise estatÃstica dos resultados, pÃde-se observar que a razÃo entre os substratos teve efeito significativo no rendimento de sÃntese. Maiores foram obtidos quando a razÃo entre substratos foi igual a 1:5. Como os resultados nas temperaturas de 37 ÂC e 45 ÂC foram semelhantes, selecionou-se a temperatura de 37 ÂC para reaÃÃes posteriores, por necessitar de um menor gasto de energia para atingi-la / The objective of this work was to study the preparation of biocatalysts using lipase of Candida antarctica type B (CALB) covalently immobilized in agarose, chitosan, an abundant and low cost raw material, to be used in the synthesis of ester of Vitamin A. Several strategies of immobilization were studied in order to obtain a biocatalyst with good enzymatic activity and high thermal and operational stabilities. Three types of supports (agarose, chitosan and chitosanalginate) were activated by different strategies, but most of attention was given to the supports chitosan and chitosan-alginate. Only one derivative was prepared by immobilizing CALB in agarose and results of synthesis were compared to commercial derivatives (immobilized lipase of Thermomyces lanuginosus - Lipozyme TL IM - and immobilized lipase of Mucor miehei - Lipozyme RM IM), for the definition of some operational conditions. The operational condition that presented good results in the synthesis was used in further studies, such as removal of water from the reacional media by molecular sieves. After immobilization and thermal stabilities at 60 ÂC tests, two derivatives (J8: chitosan actived with glicidol follow by EDA and glutaraldehyde; G10: chitosan-alginate actived with glutaraldehyde) were selected: the ones that presented higher specific activities (422.44 Â 50.4 U/g and 378.30 Â 34.7 U/g, respectively) and best thermal stabilities (factors of stabilization of 10.25 and 29.0, respectively). Operational hydrolytic stabilities and the performance of these biocatalysts on the synthesis of retinyl palmitate were evaluated. One factorial design 22 was carried out to evaluate the synthesis of retinyl palmitate. The influence of the temperature (37 ÂC and 45 ÂC) and ratio between substrates concentration, retinol: palmitic acid (1:3 and 1:5), in the yield of synthesis, catalyzed for the J8 derivative, were evaluated. A statistical analysis of the results showed that the the most significant effect was the rate of substrates concentration. Higher yields of synthesis were obtained when the ratio of substrates concentration was equal to 1:5. Results of reaction yields at 37ÂC and 45 ÂC were very similar. Therefore, 37 ÂC was selected for further studies. Best results for thermal stability at 60ÂC were obtained for G10, CALB immobilized in chitosan-alginate, being approximately 29-fold more stable than soluble enzyme, and 2-fold more stable than the commercial enzyme (Novozyme 435). On the other hand, J8, CALB immobilized in chitosan, presented higher operational hydrolysis stability, with a similar deactivation profile to Novozyme 435

Neste trabalho foram realizadas reações de resolução enzimática de ciano-hidrinas [(±)-mandelonitrila 1a, (±)-2-(4-clorofenil)-2-hidroxiacetonitrila 2a, (±)-2-hidroxi-2-(4- hidroxifenil)acetonitrila 3a, (±)-2-hidroxibutanonitrila 4a, (±)-2-(4- fluorofenil)acetonitrila 5a, (±)-2-hidroxi-2-(4-metoxifenil)acetonitrila 6a, (±)-2-hidroxi- 2-(3-fenoxifenil)acetonitrila 7a e (±)-(E)-2-hidroxi-4-fenilbut-3-enonitrila 8a] e de álcoois organofluorados [(±)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-feniletanol ±9a, ±±)-1-(2,4,5- trifluorofenil)etanol 10a, (±)-1-(3-bromofenil)-2,2,2-trifluoroetanol 11a, (±)-1-(4- bromofenil)-2,2,2-trifluoroetanol 12a e (±)-1-(2-trifluorometil)feniletanol 13a] utilizando a lipase imobilizada de Candida antarctica (CALB). As reações foram realizadas em agitador orbital por um período de tempo que variou entre 24-168 h de reação apresentando diferentes conversões e excessos enantioméricos: [(R)-álcool 1a (c = 51%, ee = 51%), (S)-acetato 1b (c = 49%, ee = 98%); (R)-álcool 2a (c = 42%, ee > 99%), (S)-acetato 2b (c = 58%, ee = 94%); (R)-álcool 3a (c = 34%), (S)-acetato 3b (c = 32%, ee = 28%); (R)-álcool 4a (c = 82%), (S)-acetato 4b (c = 18%, ee = 25%); (R)-álcool 5a (c = 5%), (S)-acetato 5b (c = 55%, ee = 97%); (R)-álcool 6a (c = 44%), (S)-acetato 6b (c = 56%, ee = 99%); (R)-álcool 7a (c = 53%), (S)-acetato 7b (c = 47%, ee = 92%); (R)-álcool 8a (c = 40%), (S)-acetato 8b (c = 60%, ee = 80%); (R)-álcool 9a (c = 51%, ee = 62%), (S)- acetato 9b (c = 49%, ee > 99%); (S)-álcool 10a (c = 50%, ee > 99%), (R)-acetato 10b (c = 50%, ee > 99%); (R)-álcool 11a (c = 49%, ee = 61%), (S)-acetato 11b (c = 51%, ee = 82%); (R)-álcool 12a (c = 51%, ee = 72%), (S)-acetato 12b (c = 49%, ee > 99%); (S)-álcool 13a (c = 88%), (R)-acetato 13b (c = 12%, ee > 99). Os resultados por irradiação micro-ondas para os compostos obtidos apresentaram menores tempos de reação (1-14 h) comprovando a sua eficiência na resolução quimio-enzimática de compostos organofluorados e ciano-hidrinas: [(R)-álcool 1a (c = 60%, ee = 89%), (S)-acetato 1b (c = 40%, ee = 92%); (R)-álcool 2a (c = 47%, ee = 82%), (S)-acetato 2b (c = 53%, ee = 90%); (R)-álcool 3a (c = 34%), (S)-acetato 3b (c = 17%, ee = 59%); (R)-álcool 5a (c = 4%, ee = 88%), (S)-acetato 5b (c = 50%, ee = 92%); (R)-álcool 6a (c = 44%, ee = 73%), (S)-acetato 6b (c = 56%, ee = 90%); (R)-álcool 7a (c = 50%, ee = 84%), (S)-acetato 7b (c = 50%, ee = 84%); (R)-álcool 8a (c = 41%, ee = 91%), (S)-acetato 8b (c = 59%, ee = 74%); (S)-álcool 9a (c = 95%), (R)-acetato 9b (c = 5%, ee > 99%); (R)-álcool 10a (c = 50%, ee >99%), (S)- acetato 10b (c = 50%, ee >99%); (R)-álcool 11a (c = 58%, ee = 43%), (S)-acetato 11b (c = 42%, ee = 78%); (S)-álcool 12a (c = 51%, ee = 70%), (R)-acetato 12b (c = 49%, ee = 98%); (S)-álcool 13a (c = 85%), (R)-acetato 13b (c = 15%, ee > 99)]. Em especial destaca-se, neste trabalho o uso de células microbianas utilizando a irradiação micro-ondas na redução de fluorocetonas. Sendo assim, foi realizada reações de biorredução da (±)- 2,2,2-trifluoroacetofenona 3 em agitador orbital e irradiação micro-ondas pelo fungo marinho Mucor racemosus CBMAI 847 nas concentrações de (2,9; 5,7; 8,5 e 14 mmol/L) em pH 8 e na concentração de 14 mmol/L em pH 5. Após 6 h de reação obtiveram-se conversões entre 39-100% e excessos enantioméricos entre 74-96% em agitador orbital e por irradiação micro-ondas obteve-se uma variação de 28-64% de conversão e excesso enantiomérico entre 73-96%. Também foram realizadas reações de biorredução com as bactérias termofílicas SPZSP005, SPZSP088, SPZSP051 e SPZSP055 para cetonas organofluoradas obtendo-se elevadas enantiosseletividades (>99%) e conversões (>99%). Esse estudo relata a primeira investigação da literatura frente ao uso de fungo e bactérias termofílicas por irradiação micro-ondas aplicada em biocatálise. Foram também realizadas reações de adição de aza-Michael entre a benzilamina e cetonas ?,β-insaturadas (ciclo-hexenona, 3-metil-2-ciclo-hexen-1-ona e a 2,5-dimetil-para-benzoquinona) utilizando a CALB em diferentes solventes orgânicos (EtOAc, CH2Cl2, n-hexano, MeOH, tolueno, éter etílico e THF) em agitador orbital e por irradiação micro-ondas. Através das reações de adição de aza-Michael foi obtido por adição-1,2 e adição-1,4 como adutos iminas, os quais foram caracterizadas por espectrometria de massas. Finalmente neste trabalho aplicou a irradiação micro-ondas em biocatálise via resolução cinética, redução de cetonas e adição de Michael. / In this study, enzymatic kinetic resolutions of cyanohydrins [(±)-mandelonitrile 1a, (±)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyacetonitrile 2a, (±)-2-hydroxy-2-(4- hydroxyphenyl)acetonitrile 3a, (±)-2-hydroxybutanenitrile 4a, (±)-2-(4- fluorophenyl)acetonitrile 5a, (±)-2-hydroxy-2-(4-metoxiphenyl)acetonitrile 6a, (±)-2- hydroxy-2-(3-fenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile 7a and (±)-(E)-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbut-3- enonitrile 8a], and organofluorine alcohols [(±)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-phenylethanol 9a, (±)-1-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)ethanol 10a, (±)-1-(3-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanol 11a, (±)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethanol 12a and (±)-1-(2- trifluoromethyl)phenylethanol 13a] were performed using immobilized lipase from Candida Antarctica (CALB). The reactions were performed on an orbital shaking for a period ranging from 24 to 168 h with different conversions and enantiomeric excesses. [(R)- alcohol 1a (c = 51%, ee = 51%), (S)-acetate 1b (c = 49%, ee = 98%); (R)- alcohol 2a (c = 42%, ee > 99%), (S)-acetate 2b (c = 58%, ee = 94%); (R)-alcohol 3a (c = 34%), (S)-acetate 3b (c = 32%, ee = 28%); (R)-alcohol 4a (c = 82%), (S)-acetate 4b (c = 18%, ee = 25%); R)-alcohol 5a (c = 5%), (S)-acetate 5b (c = 55%, ee = 97%); (R)-alcohol 6a (c = 44%), (S)-acetate 6b (c = 56%, ee = 99%); (R)-alcohol 7a (c = 53%), (S)-acetate 7b (c = 47%, ee = 92%); (R)-alcohol 8a (c = 40%), (S)-acetate 8b (c = 60%, ee = 80%); (R)- alcohol 9a (c = 51%, ee = 62%), (S)-acetate 9b (c = 49%, ee > 99%); (S)-alcohol 10a (c = 50%, ee > 99%), (R)-acetate 10b (c = 50%, ee > 99%); (R)-alcohol 11a (c = 49%, ee = 61%), (S)-acetate 11b (c = 51%, ee = 82%); (R)-alcohol 12a (c = 51%, ee = 72%), (S)- acetate 12b (c = 49%, ee > 99%); (S)-alcohol 13a (c = 88%), (R)-acetate 13b (c = 12%, ee > 99). The results obtained by microwave irradiation for the substrates showed shorter reaction times (1 to 14 h) demonstrating its efficiency in chemoenzymatic esterifications of organofluorine compounds and cyanohydrins [(R)-alcohol 1a (c = 60%, ee = 89%), (S)-acetate 1b (c = 40%, ee = 92%); (R)-alcohol 2a (c = 47%, ee = 82%), (S)-acetate 2b (c = 53%, ee = 90%); (R)-alcohol 3a (c = 34%), (S)-acetate 3b (c = 17%, ee = 59%); (R)-alcohol 5a (c = 4%, ee = 88%), (S)-acetate 5b (c = 50%, ee = 92%); (R)-alcohol 6a (c = 44%, ee = 73%), (S)-acetate 6b (c = 56%, ee = 90%); (R)-alcohol 7a (c = 50%, ee = 84%), (S)-acetate 7b (c = 50%, ee = 84%); (R)-alcohol 8a (c = 41%, ee = 91%), (S)-acetate 8b (c = 59%, ee = 74%); (S)-alcohol 9a (c = 95%), (R)-acetate 9b (c = 5%, ee > 99%); (R)- alcohol 10a (c = 50%, ee >99%), (S)-acetate 10b (c = 50%, ee >99%); (R)-alcohol 11a (c = 58%, ee = 43%), (S)-acetate 11b (c = 42%, ee= 78%); (S)-alcohol 12a (c = 51%, ee = 70%), (R)-acetate 12b (c = 49%, ee = 98%); (S)-alcohol 13a (c = 85%), (R)-acetate 13b (c = 15%, ee > 99)]. In particular, this thesis show the use of microbial cells in reduction of fluoroketones by microwave irradiation. Thus, bioreduction reactions of (±)-2,2,2- trifluoroacetophenone 3 was performed in orbital shaking and microwave irradiation by marine fungus Mucor racemosus CBMAI 847 in different concentrations (2.9, 5.7, 8.5 and 14 mmol/L) at pH 8 and in the concentration of 14 mmol/L at pH 5. In the reactions after 6 h were obtained a conversion of 39 to 100% and enantiomeric excess of 74-96%, in orbital shaking. The reaction on microwave irradiation gave an increase conversion of 28-64% and enantiomeric excess of 73-96%. Bioreduction reactions were also performed with the thermophilic bacteria SPZSP005, SPZSP088, SPZSP051 and SPZSP055 for organofluorine ketones obtaining high enantioselectivities (> 99%) and conversions (> 99%). This study describes the first investigation on the literature regarding the use of thermophilic bacteria and fungus by microwave irradiation applied to biocatalysis. Were also carried out reactions of aza-Michael addition of benzylamine and ?, β-unsaturated cyclohexenones (cyclo- hexenone, 3-methyl-2-cyclo-hexen-1-one and 2,5-dimethyl-para-benzoquinone) were investigated, using CALB in different organic solvents (EtOAc, CH2Cl2, n-hexane, MeOH, toluene, ethylic ether and THF) in orbital shaking and microwave irradiation. From aza-Michael addition reactions was possible to obtain by 1,2- and 1,4-adition the adduct imines, which were characterized by mass spectrometry. Finally this thesis applied the microwave irradiation in biocatalysis via kinetic resolution, reduction of ketones and aza-Michael addition.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotal.pdf: 3274931 bytes, checksum: fad3ac5b146d775c69dcf930c8894e4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work aimed to perform the kinetic bioresolution of Morita Baylis Hillman adducts (MBHA) using CALB lipase derived from Candida Antarctica fungus. Initially three MBHA we synthesized using acrylonitrile and m e p nitro benzaldehyde. Subsequently the respective acetates from MBHA were prepared in high yields using acetyl chloride and TEA. Methodologies for bioresolution of AMBH (obtained from nitro aldehydes m e p) were successfully developed producing the R enantiomers with 99.9% of enantiomeric excess determined by gas chromatography (using the beta cyclodextrin chiral column). However, using the same methodology it was not possible performed the bioresolution of AMBH derived from the o-benzaldehyde. To obtain the S enantiomers, the hydrolysis reactions of esters obtained from biocatalysis were made and separated by liquid chromatography. These hydrolysis reactions were carried out using K2CO3 and methanol, yielding the S enantiomers with 100% and 10% of chemical yields and 86.8% and 97.48% of enantiomeric excesses respectively. Using the method of Mosher through double derivatization chemical shift values obtained from 1H NMR spectra generated a NORS> and NORS 0 <0, which indicates that the absolute configuration of the asymmetric carbon of AMBH hydrolyzed by enzyme is R. The values of [S] D derived from m and p nitro aldehydes (S configuration) are +37 and +30 degrees. The values of [S] D of S corresponding acetates are -7 and -9 degrees respectively. The AMBH obtained from the m nitro aldehyde were bioavaliados in vitro in a R/S, R and S forms. The racemate was the most effective on L. braziliensis promastigotes and the S enantiomer was the lowest active. In the cell cytotoxicity analysis which were evaluated in the safe murine macrophages, the racemate was the most cytotoxic and the S enantiomer the less cytotoxic (some cytotoxicity were only observed at concentrations over 40 mg/mL) concluding that all evaluated compounds were more cytotoxic for L. braziliensis parasite that the safe macrophage. / Nesse trabalho visou-se a bio-resolução cinética dos Adutos de Morita Baylis Hillman (AMBH) utilizando a Lipase CALB derivada do fungo Candida Antarctica. Inicialmente foram sintetizados três AMBH usando acrilonitrila e os respectivos o, m e p nitrobenzaldeídos. Subsequentemente os seus respectivos acetatos foram preparados em altos rendimentos, usando cloreto de acetila e TEA. Foram desenvolvidas com êxito, metodologias para a bio-resolução dos AMBH oriundos dos nitroaldeídos m e p, obtendo os enantiômeros R com excessos enantioméricos de 99,9%, determinados pela técnica de cromatografia gasosa, usando à coluna quiral beta ciclodextrina e fase móvel (N2). Porém usando as metodologias acima não foi possível a bio-resolução do AMBH derivado do o-benzaldeído. Para obter os enantiômeros S, foram feitas as reações de hidrólise dos respectivos ésteres devidamente separados por cromatografia líquida das reações de biocatálise. As reações de hidrólise foram feitas usando K2CO3 e metanol, obtendo-se os enantiômeros S com rendimentos químicos de 100% e 10% e excessos enantioméricos de 86,8% e 97,48% respectivamente. Usando o método de Mosher através da dupla derivatização os valores de deslocamentos químicos obtidos dos espectros de RMN1H geraram um NORS>0 e NORS<0, o que demonstra que a configuração absoluta do carbono assimétrico dos AMBH os quais a enzima hidrolisou é R. Os valores de [S]D oriundos dos AMBH nitroaldeídos m e p (configuração R) são +37 e +30. Os valores de [S]D dos correspondentes acetatos S são -7 e -9 respectivamente. O AMBH oriundo do m-nitroaldeído nas formas R/S, R e S foram bioavaliados in vitro. A mistura racêmica foi a que se apresentou mais efetiva sobre promastigotas de L. braziliensis, e a substância S foi a que apresentou a menor atividade. Na análise de citotoxicidade celular no macrófago sadio de murinos observou-se que a mistura racêmica foi a mais citotóxica e o S o menos citotóxico (citotoxidade apenas a partir da concentração de 40 Xg/mL) constatando que todas as substâncias avaliadas foram mais citotóxicas para o parasita do que para macrófagos.

A range of mesoporous materials based on SBA-15 have been prepared and characterised. The materials were templated by neutral block copolymer P123, and typically have a hexagonal (p6mm) pore structure, with high surface areas and narrow pore size distributions. The removal of the surfactant template by calcination and solvent extraction has been investigated. The aqueous stability of this material, and the hydrolysis of the surface was studied. Organic functional groups were incorporated into the silica surface by co-condensation, or by post synthesis grafting. A range of functional groups were incorporated, including amine, carboxy, allyl and thiol groups. The pore size of the materials was controlled by the addition of trimethoxybenzene during synthesis, which significantly increased the pore size and uptake capacity of the materials. The adsorption of CALB by SBA-15 was investigated, with support materials extracted by calcination or solvent extraction. Rapid uptake at high loading was observed, with a maximum loading of 450 mg g-1 measured. The leaching of the enzyme from the support was investigated, and found to be high with unfunctionalised supports. The leaching from functionalised supports incorporating sulfur groups was significantly reduced. The activity of the immobilised CALB was measured by tributyrin hydrolysis in aqueous media, and by enantioselective transesterification of (R)-1-phenylethanol in organic media. The effect of surface functionalisation for reusability and thermal stability in aqueous systems was investigated. Preliminary studies of supported CALB for dynamic kinetic resolution were carried out, with an investigation of acidic zeolites and a mesoporous supported catalyst for 1-phenylethanol racemisation. The encapsulation of immobilised CALB was investigated, and the activity and reusability of these systems studied.

Biocatalysis has become a popular technique in organic synthesis due to high activity and selectivity of enzyme catalyzed reactions. Enantioselectivity is a particularly attractive enzyme property, which is utilized for the production of enantiopure substances. Determination of the temperature dependence of enzyme enantioselectivity allows for thermodynamic analyses that reveal the contribution of differential activation enthalpy, ΔR-SΔH‡, and entropy, ΔR-SΔS‡. In the present investigation the influence of substrate structure, variations on enzyme structure and of reaction media on the enantioselectivity of Candida Antarctica lipase B has been studied. The contribution of enthalpy, ΔR-SΔH‡, and entropy, TΔR-SΔS‡, to the differential free energy, ΔR-SΔG‡, of kinetic resolutions of sec-alcohols were of similar magnitude. Generally the two terms were counteracting, meaning that the enantiomer favored by enthalpy was disfavored by entropy. 3-Hexanol was an exception where the preferred enantiomer was favored both by enthalpy and by entropy. Resolution of 1-bromo-2-butanol revealed non-steric interactions to influence both ΔR-SΔH‡ and ΔR-SΔS‡. Molecular modeling of the spatial freedom of the enzyme-substrate transition state indicated correlation tothe transition state entropy. The acyl chain length was shown to affect enantioselectivity in transesterifications of a sec-alcohol. Point mutations in the active site were found to decrease or increase enantioselectivity. The changes were caused by partly compensatory changes in both ΔR-SΔH‡ and ΔR-SΔS‡. Studies on single and double mutation variants showed that the observed changes were not additive. Enantioselectivity was strongly affected by the reaction media. Transesterifications of a sec-alcohol catalyzed by Candida Antarctica lipase B was studied in eight liquidorganic solvents and supercritical carbon dioxide. A correlation of enantioselectivity and the molecular volume of the solvent was found. Differential activation enthalpy, ΔR-SΔH‡, and entropy, ΔR-SΔS‡, display a compensatory nature. However this compensation is not perfect, which allows for modifications of enantioselectivity. The components of the thermodynamic parameters are highly complex and interdependent but if their roles are elucidated rational design of enantioselective enzymatic processes may be possible. / QC 20100616

Naturen är en källa till en mängd komplexa molekyler som har potential att användas inom industrin. En del av dessa molekyler kan utvinnas från suberin som bland annat finns i träd och i särskilt hög grad i björknäver. Genom att lösa upp näver i natriumhydroxid kan suberin sönderdelas i mindre beståndsdelar vilka sedan kan extraheras.  En av dessa beståndsdelar är 9,10-epoxi-18-hydroxioktadekansyra (EFA), vilken har tre olika funktionella grupper: en epoxid-, en hydroxid- och en karboxylgrupp.  De tre omnämnda funktionella grupperna påvisar det breda potentiella användningsområdet för denna molekyl.  EFA skulle därmed kunna vara intressant att utnyttja i utvecklingen av nya, gröna material. Målet med detta projekt är att extrahera EFA från näver för att sedan via enzymkatalys syntetisera oligomerer med dimetyladipat (DA). Under projektet utfördes ett flertal extraktioner med varierande resultat vilket visar på metodens känslighet. Troligen har pH samt den använda näverns individuella egenskaper stor inverkan på extraktionen och dess utbyte. Den fjärde extraktionen gav 0,44 g EFA vilket innebar ett utbyte på 12%. EFA polymeriserades via enzymatisk katalys med CalB (Lipas B från Candida Antarctica) vilket gav en polymer som efter 1H-NMR-analys kunde konstateras ha en bibehållen epoxidgrupp. Genom att använda DA som ändgrupp och samtidigt reglera det stökiometriska förhållandet mellan reaktanterna, kunde polymerisationsgraden kontrolleras.  Genom MALDI-ToF-analys kunde det fastslås att det fanns en trend typisk för enzymkatalyserade polymerer i det erhållna spektrumet. Denna trend indikerade att monomeren EFA fanns kvar men även att en polymerisation ägt rum och oligomerer med polymerisationsgrader ett och två hade bildats.

La presente tesis estudia dos líneas de investigación paralelas y complementarias: por un lado, la síntesis de partículas de magnetita mediante el método de co-precipitación en presencia de surfactantes; por otro lado el diseño de biocatalizadores a base de la lipasa B de Candida Antarctica (CALB) y soportes magnéticos. La CALB ha sido estudiada en profundidad por el grupo de biocatálisis del instituto PLAPIQUI a lo largo de varios años. La performance de los biocatalizadores obtenidos fue testeada en la reacción de esterificación de ácido oleico con etanol sin solvente. El capítulo I introduce los conceptos básicos sobre catálisis en general y, con un nivel mayor de detalle, los relacionados con la catálisis enzimática resaltando su importancia en relación a múltiples aspectos biotecnológicos, ambientales y económicos. Se resumen los distintos métodos de inmovilización estudiados en la literatura a lo largo de la historia de esta disciplina, señalando las ventajas y desventajas de cada uno. También se hace una revisión de la variedad de materiales utilizados como soportes sólidos. Se puntualiza en soportes magnéticos, en particular a base de nanopartículas del óxido de hierro Fe3O4, magnetita (MAG). Se explicitan las características de la MAG, seleccionada para este trabajo. Las estrategias de síntesis de este óxido de hierro son brevemente reseñadas, profundizando en el método de co-precipitación. Finalmente se enumeran los objetivos puntuales de las tesis. En el capítulo II se detalla el procedimiento experimental para la inmovilización de CALB. Se establecen las condiciones de reacción en las que se medirá la actividad catalítica (reacción test) y un protocolo de muestreo adecuado para la determinación de conversión. Por último, se describen las técnicas de caracterización aplicadas a los catalizadores y materiales precursores junto con el tratamiento necesario de las muestras para cada una. El capítulo III incluye el estudio de la síntesis de los soportes nanoparticulados a base de magnetita. Se analizan la influencia del tipo y concentración de estabilizante empleado en el medio de coprecipitación de MAG sobre las propiedades fisicoquímicas de las partículas formadas. Los modificantes explorados fueron ácido oleico, dodecilsulfato de sodio, polietilénglicol de alto peso molecular (35000) y hexametiléntetramina. Además, se estudia la funcionalización de las partículas magnéticas con grupos amino (NH2) empleando quitosano (QUIT) o lisina. Las muestras fueron caracterizadas por SEM-EDX, TEM, DRIFTS y DLS. Se establecen las formas en que cada sustancia orgánica participa en el mecanismo de cristalización y mediante éste se logra explicar las diferencias observadas en el tamaño, forma y funcionalidad superficial de las partículas. En el capítulo IV se estudia la inmovilización covalente de CALB sobre partículas magnéticas modificadas con ácido oleico, quitosano (QUIT) y glutaraldehído (GLUT). Las interacciones QUIT-GLUT, GLUT-CALB y CALB-CALB son estudiadas en profundidad. Se propone una relación entre las propiedades del soporte y el biocatalizador con la actividad catalítica. En base a esta relación, se sugiere un mecanismo de inmovilización que explica el comportamiento del sistema y se determinan cuáles son las variables críticas a ajustar para mejorar el protocolo de inmovilización. En el capítulo V constituye un trabajo de optimización del catalizador preparado en el capítulo IV. Para ello, se investiga la inmovilización de CALB sobre el mismo soporte estudiado en el capítulo IV, previa modificación de la superficie con cantidades variables de 3-aminopropiltrietoxisilano (APTS) y de más GLUT. La influencia de la cantidad nominal de CALB ofrecida también fue evaluada. Un programa computacional se empleó para diseñar los experimentos y analizar estadísticamente los resultados. Se obtuvieron modelos matemáticos que permitieron identificar las variables significativas para cada respuesta evaluada: conversión, carga enzimática y actividad específica. Se seleccionaron los mejores catalizadores para comprobar su estabilidad operacional y retención de actividad en almacenamiento. Los mecanismos de inmovilización sobre las distintas superficies que explican estas propiedades son propuestos. Los diferentes catalizadores y materiales precursores fueron caracterizados ampliamente por varias técnicas. En el capítulo VI se exploran distintos métodos de cuantificación de proteínas en vista de los errores encontrados en los más comunes (Bradford, Lowry) y que se implementan en forma rutinaria para el cálculo de la carga enzimática en los biocatalizadores preparados. CALB fue determinada en el caldo comercial, los sobrenadantes de inmovilización y aguas de lavado de varias muestras mediante 4 protocolos distintos, combinando el clásico ensayo de Bradford con la determinación de azufre por emisión atómica. Se analizó la influencia del patrón de concentración elegido para el método colorimétrico y se identificaron las interferencias presentes en ambas técnicas. Fue posible establecer un protocolo de cuantificación de esta lipasa que, a diferencia de otros, arrojó valores de carga enzimática concordantes con la actividad de los catalizadores. La demostración de los errores sistemáticos cometidos a través del ensayo de Bradford sugiere que este método sea recon siderado – e incluso descartado- para cuantificar cualquier proteína, ya sea en un medio de inmovilización o no. En el capítulo VII se investiga la inmovilización de CALB un nuevo soporte: magnetita funcionalizada con el aminoácido lisina (LIS). Este material posee propiedades diferentes a MAG-QUIT en cuanto a tamaño de partícula y estabilidad en suspensión acuosa. El acoplamiento de la lipasa se realizó mediante dos técnicas: A- adsorción simple sobre MAG-LIS seguida de entrecruzamiento con GLUT de concentración variable, y B-activación de MAG-LIS con GLUT de una concentración específica (determinada según los resultados del método A) y posterior inmovilización covalente. Se logró diseñar un protocolo que permite obtener un biocatalizador activo, fácilmente separable del medio de reacción, reutilizable, resistente a los reusos y total preservación de actividad durante largos períodos de almacenamiento. En capítulo VIII se enumeran las conclusiones globales de todo la investigación realizada y se establecen los lineamientos considerados pertinentes para el trabajo a futuro. / The present thesis follows two parallel and complementary lines of research: on the one hand, the synthesis of magnetite particles by the co-precipitation method in the presence of surfactants; and on the other, the use of different materials prepared as new supports for the immobilization of Candida Antarctica lipase B (CALB), an enzyme in depth studied by the biocatalysis group of the PLAPIQUI institute over several years. The performance of the obtained biocatalysts was tested in the solvent-free esterification reaction of oleic acid with ethanol. Chapter I introduces general concepts of catalysis and, with a greater level of detail, those related to enzymatic catalysis. The importance was highlighted in relation to multiple aspects such as biotechnology, environment and economy. Different methods of immobilization studied in the literature throughout the history of this discipline are summarized, pointing out the advantages and disadvantages of each one. There is also an extensive review of the variety of materials used as solid supports. Magnetic supports are well described, particularly those based on magnetite nanoparticles. The characteristics of the magnetite as the one chosen for this work are explained. The synthesis strategies of nanoparticulated iron oxide are briefly reviewed, deepening in the co-precipitation method. Finally the specific objectives of the theses are listed. Chapter II details the experimental procedure for CALB immobilization. The reaction conditions in which the catalytic activity (test reaction) and a suitable sampling protocol for conversion determination are measured are set forth. Finally, the characterization techniques applied to the catalysts and precursor materials are described together with the necessary treatment of the samples for each one. Chapter III includes the study of the synthesis of nanoparticulated supports based on magnetite. The influence of the type and concentration of stabilizer used for MAG coprecipitation medium on the physicochemical properties of the formed particles is analyzed. The modifiers screened were oleic acid, sodium dodecylsulfate, high molecular weight polyethylene glycol (35,000) and hexamethylenetetramine. In addition, the functionalization of the magnetic particles with amino groups (NH2) using chitosan (QUIT) or lysine was studied. Samples were characterized by SEM-EDX, TEM, DRIFTS and DLS. The rol of each organic substance in the mechanism of crystallization are established. This analysis allows to explain the differences observed in the size, shape and surface functionality of the particles. Chapter IV studies the covalent immobilization of CALB on magnetic particles modified with oleic acid, chitosan (QUIT) and glutaraldehyde (GLUT). The QUIT-GLUT, GLUT-CALB and CALB-CALB interactions are studied in depth. A relation between the properties of the support and the biocatalyst with the catalytic activity is proposed. Based on this relationship, an immobilization mechanism is suggested that explains the behavior of the system and determines which are the critical variables to be adjusted to improve the immobilization protocol. Chapter V is an optimization work for catalyst prepared in Chapter IV. For this purpose, CALB was immobilized on the same support studied in Chapter IV, after modification of the surface with varying amounts of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) and more GLUT. The influence of the nominal amount of CALB offered was also evaluated. A computer program was used to design the experiments and statistically analyze the results. Mathematical models were obtained to identify the significant variables for each evaluated response: conversion, enzymatic loading and specific activity. The best catalysts were selected to check their operational stability and activity retention after storage. The mechanisms of immobilization on the different surfaces that explain these properties are proposed. The prepared catalysts and precursor materials were widely characterized by various techniques. In Chapter VI, different methods of protein quantification are explored considering the errors found in the most common ones (Bradford, Lowry) , routinely implemented for the calculation of the enzymatic loading in biocatalysts. CALB was determined in the commercial broth, the immobilization supernatants and washing waters of several samples by 4 different protocols, combining the classic Bradford test with the determination of sulfur by atomic emission. The influence of the concentration standard chosen for the colorimetric method were studied and the interferences present in both techniques were identified. It was possible to establish a protocol for quantification of this lipase which, unlike others, yielded values of enzymatic loading consistent with the activity of the catalysts. The demonstration of the systematic errors made through the Bradford test suggests that this method be considered - and even ruled out - to quantify any protein, whether in immobilization medium or not. Chapter VII investigates the immobilization of CALB on a new support: magnetite functionalized with the amino acid lysine (LIS). This material has different properties from MAG-QUIT in terms of particle size and stability in aqueous suspension. Lipase coupling was performed by two techniques: A- simple adsorption on MAG-LIS followed by cross-linking with GLUT of variable concentration, and B- activation of MAG-LIS with GLUT of a specific concentration (determined according to the results of method A) and subsequent covalent immobilization. It was possible to design a protocol that allows to obtain an active biocatalyst, easily removable from the reaction medium, reusable, resistant to reuse and with total preservation of activity during long periods of storage. Chapter VIII lists the overall conclusions of the research carried out and establishes the guidelines considered relevant for future work.

The search for alternatives to oil-based monomers has sparked interest for scientists to focus on the use of renewable resources for energy production, for the synthesis of polymeric materials and in other areas. With the use of renewable resources, scientists face new challenges to first isolate interesting molecules and then to process them. Enzymes are nature’s own powerful catalysts and display a variety of activities. They regulate important functions in life. They can also be used for chemical synthesis due to their efficiency, selectivity and mild reaction conditions. The selectivity of the enzyme allows specific reactions enabling the design of building blocks for polymers. In the work presented here, a lipase (Candida antarctica lipase B (CalB)) was used to produce building blocks for polymers. An efficient route was developed to selectively process epoxy-functional fatty acids into resins with a variety of functional groups (maleimide, oxetane, thiol, methacrylate). These oligoester structures, based on epoxy fatty acids from birch bark and vegetable oils, could be selectively cured to form thermosets with tailored properties. The specificity of an esterase with acyl transfer activity from Mycobacterium smegmatis (MsAcT) was altered by rational design. The produced variants increased the substrate scope and were then used to synthesize amides in water, where the wild type showed no conversion. A synthetic procedure was developed to form mixed dicarboxylic esters by selectively reacting only one side of divinyl adipate in order to introduce additional functional groups. / <p>QC 20170823</p>