Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The use of computer resources for machinery programming with Computer Numeric Control (CNC) has become increasingly more necessary in manufacturing companies. The objective is to reduce unproductive time, to optimize programming process, to decrease possibility of error caused by manual programming and to decrease the time that the machine is not being used. Softwares employed for the programming of CNC machines, known as CAM, are programs that, among other functions, enable the automatic generation of CNC programs, through the calculus of the tool path, from the geometric representation of the available part in computer systems presented virtually. When their integration occurs, we obtain CAD/CAM systems that currently, due to the great advance of technologies, help the creation of shapes and the handling of dimensions, thus enabling the programming of several kinds of numerically-driven equipment. Due to a great array of resources offered by these programs, its cost is high. Therefore, the purchase of these programs by companies is impracticable. In addition, these companies do not need all the great array of resources to deal with low complexity geometry. By considering these aspects, the objective of this study is to develop a low-cost CAD/CAM integrated methodology to apply in fixed cycles for milling and drilling, existing in the numeric comand of machine tools. In order to analyze the technique, a system using a CAD software was designed. Through its optimization resources, routines for programming fixed cycles of a machine tool (milling) with three-axle programmable CNC were created. The results demonstrated viability of this proposal as it was possible to obtain a CAD/CAM system for specific application. / A utilização de recursos computacionais para a programação de máquinas com Comando Numérico Computadorizado (CNC) tem se tornado cada vez mais necessária nas empresas de manufatura. Esses recursos permitem a redução dos tempos improdutivos, a otimização do processo de programação, a diminuição da possibilidade de erro causado pela programação manual e do tempo de máquina parada. Os softwares utilizados para a programação de máquinas CNCs, conhecidos pela sigla CAM (Manufatura assistida por computador), são programas que, entre outras funções, possibilitam a geração automática de programas CNC através do cálculo do caminho da ferramenta, a partir da representação geométrica da peça disponível na forma virtual em sistemas computacionais de auxilio ao projeto CAD (desenho assistido por computador). Da integração desses sistemas, têm-se os sistemas CAD/CAM, que hoje, devido ao avançado grau de desenvolvimento das tecnologias, auxiliam na criação de formas e manipulação de dimensões possibilitando a programação de diversos tipos de equipamentos comandados numericamente. Devido à gama de recursos oferecida por esses programas, seu custo é elevado, o que torna sua aquisição inviável para pequenas empresas, que, muitas vezes, não necessitam de todos esses recursos por trabalharem com geometria de pouca complexidade. Levando em consideração esses aspectos, o objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver uma metodologia de integração CAD/CAM de baixo custo para aplicação de ciclos fixos para usinagem em fresamento e furação, existentes no comando numérico de máquinas-ferramenta. Para analisar a técnica, foi desenvolvido um sistema utilizando um software de CAD, a partir do qual, através de seus recursos de otimização e automatização, foram criadas rotinas para programação dos ciclos fixos de uma fresadora CNC de 3 eixos programáveis. Os resultados demonstraram a viabilidade dessa proposta, pois foi possível obter um sistema CAD/CAM para aplicação específica.

Orientador: Marco Antonio Alves do Valle / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T05:43:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Coser_ThiagoJose_M.pdf: 5818410 bytes, checksum: 0f24a09de35a58913936bf66980dd539 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta uma pesquisa prática sobre o uso de tecnologias CAD/CAM com foco no uso de prototipagem rápida em Arte. O trabalho está organizado de modo a explicar a tecnologia empregada, apresentando uma seleção de principais artistas que se utilizam de PR para desenvolver suas obras. Por fim há uma produção poética pessoal, com a intenção de situar a relevância deste discurso na história da Arte / Abstract: This work presents a practical research on the use of CAD / CAM technologies focusing on rapid prototyping use in Art. The work is organized to explain the technology used, presenting a selection of main artists who use PR to develop their works. Finally there is a personal poetic production, with the intention to place the relevance of this discourse in the history of Art / Mestrado / Artes / Mestre em Artes

<p>The recent development of Virtual Reality technology, researchers are looking more into changing the way Virtual Reality is used in our daily lives in order to increase our productivity. One such application is the mapping of 3D spatial graphics in Computer Aided Design engineering where practitioners have been historically working on 3D models in a two dimensional environment. Researchers in Computer Graphics have proposed Virtual Reality as a more effective medium for CAD packages. This thesis carries out a user study to test whether or not 3D VR environments are more effective in relaying information to the users as compared to two dimensional displays such as computer screens by conducting a study to determine how users navigate and interact with complex CAD objects in the two different environments. The two environments make use of stereoscopic vision and monoscopic vision in order to compare the efficiency with which volunteers are able to notice subtle differences in objects. The motivation for this study stems from the fact that CAD in VR is largely an underdeveloped topic and the result of such a study could form a baseline and advocate for further research and development in this domain. The research question being addressed is “Does CAD in a three-dimensional Virtual Reality Environment(stereoscopic) allow for better understanding of shapes of complex assemblies as compared to CAD on two-dimensional (monoscopic) computer screens?” The findings of this study suggest that rather than just the display technique the kind of movements which objects undergo also contributes to the way users perceive the objects in 3D vs 2D spaces and uncover a set of directions which would be recommended for similar studies in the future.</p><div><br></div>

A BIM-based tool for formwork management was developed using Dynamo Studio and Revit, based on practitioners preferences regarding LOD and rental option. The BIM tool is a toolset of Dynamo scripts able to create a BIM model for formwork enable with parameters that describes formwork features necessary for formwork management. The BIM model created with this toolset is able to compute quantities, cost analysis, generate a demand profile, and cerate a 4D & 5D simulation automatically.

"This thesis presents an in depth study of Pro/Engineer's manufacturing module and its application into the Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) undergraduate education environment. Mechanical Engineering has a lot to gain by incorporating computers into the undergraduate curriculum in comparison to only the traditional classroom surroundings. Today, complex problems can be solved in mere seconds thanks to the power and speed of current computers. Likewise within today's manufacturing sector, numerical controlled (NC) machines are no longer programmed manually. In today's globally competitive manufacturing environment, integrated systems such as CAD/CAM help reduce the ever-shrinking time to market. This thesis contains the background as well as the curriculum material necessary to teach undergraduate students CAM using Pro/Engineer's manufacturing module. The curriculum material starts with the tutorials to teach and reinforce Pro/Engineer basic sketcher skills, which are necessary background information. Followed with in-depth click tutorials to teach the manufacturing module for 2 axes turning, and 3 axes hole drilling and milling. It also includes the necessary lab manuals that reinforce the class lecture material, an electronic manufacturing exam, and the students' evaluations from 2 terms when the CAM course (ME3820) was offered."

"Fixtures form an important factor in traditional and modern flexible manufacturing systems, since fixture design directly affects manufacturing quality and productivity. Hence, it is necessary to evaluate quality of fixture design. The fixturing accessibility refers to machining feature accessibility and loading /unloading accessibility. The development of Computer Aided Fixture Design (CAFD) has simplified this task. Fixture design activities include setup planning, fixture planning and fixture configuration design. Fixture design verification comes next. Fixturing accessibility using Computer Aided Fixture Design is part of the verification process and has not received much attention till date. Machining feature accessibility analysis involves the evaluation of possible interference between fixture components and the cutting tool, which moves with pre-programmed tool path, while the loading and unloading accessibility relates to the ease with which the operator attaches/detaches the workpiece from the surrounding manufacturing environment. This research has three main focuses. The first focus is to evaluate machining feature accessibility, by integrating fixture designs in SolidWorks and the NC programming in Esprit. The main goals are evaluation of fixture design for any kind of interference between tool/workpiece/fixtures and enable Esprit to indicate interference, if any. The next step is to modify the fixture design accordingly and thus, finally obtain an interference free fixture design by reiteration. The second and third focuses deal with analysis of loading and unloading accessibility. A simulation based approach is applied to evaluate loading/unloading paths for different workpiece-fixture setups and checking interference in a dynamic mode. Then the third focus is to develop analysis method and criteria of comparisons of fixturing accessibility in different fixture designs. Thus, this research establishes methods of analysis for accessibilities in fixture design. Also, the guidelines for good fixture design will prove to be of great use to both, the beginners as well as the experienced fixture designers in this field. "

The ultimate goal of this research is to develop a method, from the designers point of view, for using the embodied specialized knowledge of Finite Element Analysis [FEA] software to study the behavior of materials, geometries, and configurations in order to create an iterative design feedback loop that uses structural performance as a primary evaluation criteria and point of departure for generating and refining complex formo-techtonic configurations while ensuring constructability, improved structural performance, and syntactic consistency. Syntactic consistency meaning that there would not be a loss in translation from concept to construct. Instead of the 2-dimensional [planar] manual technology which drove modernist analysis towards the structural hyper-rationality of the trabeated system, this new process should compile and synthesize computational speed, mathematic principles, mechanical knowledge, and material logics within a digital 3-dimensional [spatial] analytical environment in order to realize a new paradigm of constructible spatialized sensuality. The research will focus on the development of interoperability techniques and protocols between advanced parametric CAD systems and advanced structural analysis systems towards the creation of a fluid design + analysis process of creating and engineering complex forms and dynamic systems. Rapid prototyping will be integrated as a secondary feedback and verification loop, and as a precursor to the production of full scale construction machine readable files. In other words, the research focuses on the development of intricately designed, geometrically complex, and materially sophisticated structural skins that can be produced through advanced CAD/CAM techniques.

Data interoperability between computer-aided design (CAD) systems remains a major obstacle in the information integration and exchange in a collaborative engineering environment. The standards for CAD data exchange have remained largely restricted to geometric representations, causing the design intent portrayed through construction history, features, parameters, and constraints to be discarded in the exchange process. In this thesis, an ontology-based framework is proposed to allow for the full exchange of semantic feature data. A hybrid ontology approach is proposed, where a shared base ontology is used to convey the concepts that are common amongst different CAD systems, while local ontologies are used to represent the feature libraries of individual CAD systems as combinations of these shared concepts. A three-branch CAD feature model is constructed to reduce ambiguity in the construction of local ontology feature data. Boundary representation (B-Rep) data corresponding to the output of the feature operation is incorporated into the feature data to enhance data exchange. The Ontology Web Language (OWL) is used to construct a shared base ontology and a small feature library, which allows the use of existing ontology reasoning tools to infer new relationships and information between heterogeneous data. A combination of OWL and SWRL (Semantic Web Rule Language) rules are developed to allow a feature from an arbitrary source system expressed via the shared base ontology to be automatically classified and translated into the target system. These rules relate input parameters and reference types to expected B-Rep objects, allowing classification even when feature definitions vary or when little is known about the source system. In cases when the source system is well known, this approach also permits direct translation rules to be implemented. With such a flexible framework, a neutral feature exchange format could be developed.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The PCE (Cutting Stock Problem) is to cut a set of objects available in stock to produce a quantity of items with specific sizes in order to optimize the raw material. Such problems have numerous industrial applications and has been widely studied in literature. The PCE's are classified as combinatorial optimization problems, because depending on the amount of requested items can be combined in numerous ways within an object forming an arrangement of cut. The number of possible combinations is, in practice, very high, requiring well-developed techniques are developed to determine an optimum arrangement. In defining the arrangements of cut is needed to graph the components of the problem and in this case, the tools used in the implementation must have the ability to manipulate geometric. In this paper, the combinatorial problem was approached from the GRASP heuristic technique and as a tool of manipulation was employed geometric applications deployed in an environment of Computer Aided Design (CAD). Furthermore, we proposed an integration of arrays of cutting systems with computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). The analysis of performance of the developed algorithm considers data provided by a furniture industry in the region of Santa Maria. The results obtained by the algorithm were compared to results generated by specialized software, consisting that the proposed method presents a similar performance, which demonstrates the feasibility of using CAD tools to implement solutions in the industry of PCE small and medium businesses. / O Problema de Corte de Estoque Bidimensional (PCEB) consiste em cortar um conjunto de objetos disponíveis em estoque para produzir uma quantidade de itens com tamanhos específicos, de modo a otimizar a matéria prima. Tais problemas têm inúmeras aplicações industriais e tem sido amplamente estudados na literatura. Os PCEB são classificados como problemas de otimização combinatória, pois, dependendo da quantidade de itens solicitados, podem ser combinados de inúmeras maneiras dentro de um objeto formando um arranjo de corte. O número de combinações possíveis é, na prática, muito elevado, exigindo que técnicas bem elaboradas sejam desenvolvidas para determinar um arranjo ótimo. Na definição dos arranjos de corte é necessário representar graficamente os componentes do problema e neste caso, as ferramentas empregadas na implementação devem apresentar capacidade de manipulação geométrica. Neste trabalho, o problema combinatório foi abordado a partir da técnica heurística GRASP e como ferramenta de manipulação geométrica empregou-se aplicativos implementados em ambiente de Projetos Auxiliado por Computador (CAD). Além disso, foi proposta uma integração dos arranjos de cortes com sistemas de Manufatura Auxiliador por Computador (CAM). A analise de desempenho do algoritmo desenvolvido considera dados fornecidos por uma indústria moveleira da região de Santa Maria. Os resultados obtidos pelo algoritmo foram comparados aos resultados gerados por software especializado, constando-se que a metodologia proposta apresenta um desempenho semelhante, o que demonstra a viabilidade o uso das ferramentas CAD para implementação de soluções PCE em indústria de pequeno e médio porte.

Atualmente, na indústria automotiva voltada à produção de veículos pesados, se objetiva oferecer produtos de grande valor agregado, cujos clientes buscam um veículo com uma grande disponibilidade de operação e com a capacidade de realizar uma manutenção de forma planejada, rápida e correta. Como a manutenção é uma ação executada em um produto acabado, para que ela seja conduzida com alta qualidade, requisitos devem ser endereçados na etapa de PDP. Baseado na necessidade de explorar novos diferenciais no mercado, desde a venda do produto em si até o suporte de pós-vendas, a presente dissertação tem por objetivo apresentar o desenvolvimento de uma sistemática para acoplar ferramentas CAD, ferramentas de análise de rotas de desmontagem de conjuntos mecânicos e regras chaves de manutenção, para produzir uma análise classificatória que subsidie o engenheiro de serviço, juntamente com os demais membros do time de projeto na avaliação e seleção, durante o PDP, de conceitos que melhor suportem diretrizes de mantenabilidade. A partir de um levantamento bibliográfico, foram exploradas informações disponíveis atualmente no PDP, estudo de rotas para remoção de componentes, requisitos propostos sobre mantenabilidade e, a utilização de uma ferramenta de tomada de decisão utilizando-se multicritérios. Deste modo, determinou-se a estrutura do método, e o processo adotado para o desenvolvimento da análise classificatória de concepções de produto, considerando diretrizes de mantenabilidade adotadas na etapa do projeto conceitual. A partir das informações levantadas na pesquisa bibliográfica e da coleta de dados de campo referentes à manutenção ao longo dos anos, definiram-se as premissas que o método deveria atender. Em uma próxima etapa, o método foi submetido a avaliação, através da aplicação do mesmo em um experimento realizado em ambiente controlado. Neste caso, três alternativas pré-definidas foram escolhidas e submetidas ao mesmo. Assim, foi possível verificar o comportamento do método quando aplicado. Os resultados preliminares indicam que a abordagem utilizada pelo método é satisfatória para avaliar alternativas conceituais com base em critérios de mantenabilidade. Trabalhar a mantenabilidade de modo sistemático nas etapas iniciais de projeto potencializa as chances de sucesso do produto. Assim, o uso desta ferramenta poderá contribuir na maximização dos lucros de pós-vendas, aumento da disponibilidade do produto e redução do custo de manutenção, devido à geração de produtos diferenciados e com valor agregado. / Currently, the automotive industry focused on heavy vehicles production, aim at offering high added value products for customers seeking a vehicle with a high operational availability and the ability to carry out maintenance in a planned, quick and correct approach. As maintenance is an action performed in a finished product, for it to be conducted with high quality, requirements must be addressed in the PDP stage. Based on the need to explore new advantages in the market, from the sales of the product itself to the aftermarket support, this thesis aims at presenting the development of a systematic that engage CAD tools, analysis tool for disassemble routes of mechanical assemblies and maintenance key rules, to produce a classification analysis that assists the service engineer along with the project team in the evaluation and selection, during the PDP, of concepts that best support maintainability guidelines. From a literature review, were explored information available on the PDP, studies related to components removal routes, maintainability requirements and multi criteria decision making tool usage. In this way, it was structured the method and process for the development of classification analysis of product proposals considering maintainability guidelines during the conceptual design stage. From the information collected from literature and field regarding the maintenance over the years, the assumptions that the method should meet were established. In the next step, the method was submitted to evaluation, by its application in an experiment conducted in a controlled environment. In this case, three pre-defined alternatives were selected and submitted to the method. Preliminary results indicate that the approach is satisfactory to assess conceptual alternatives based on maintainability criteria. Working maintainability systematically in the early stages of design enhances the product's chances of success. Thus, this tool can contribute in the aftermarket profits maximization, product availability increasing and maintenance cost reduction, due to the definition of differentiated products with added values.