A ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial (RLCCr) é a principal causa de claudicação em cães, podendo ocorrer devido à causas traumáticas ou degenerativas. Apesar da ampla variedade de técnicas cirúrgicas disponíveis, o tratamento ideal para esta condição ortopédica permanece indeterminado. Nas últimas décadas, foram desenvolvidas técnicas que evitam a movimentação anormal do joelho por conseguir estabilidade dinâmica através da alteração da geometria óssea e, dentre elas, destacam-se as técnicas de osteotomia para nivelamento do platô tibial (TPLO) e a osteotomia para avanço da tuberosidade tibial (TTA). São poucos os estudos clínicos que avaliam o joelho e sua funcionalidade após as cirurgias de TPLO e TTA. O apoio precoce do membro no pós-operatório é uma das principais vantagens da TPLO e TTA, e este apoio pode ser avaliado de forma subjetiva (tabela com graus de claudicação), mas a análise cinética do movimento em plataforma de pressão destaca-se por proporcionar mensuração objetiva do uso do membro durante a deambulação. O objetivo deste trabalho é comparar as técnicas de osteotomia para avanço da tuberosidade tibial (TTA) e osteotomia para nivelamento do platô tibial (TPLO) na estabilização de joelhos de cães com ruptura de ligamento cruzado cranial, por avaliação subjetiva e objetiva através da análise em plataforma de pressão (baropodometria). Foram avaliados 27 cães adultos acima de 20 quilos e com RLCCr unilateral, submetidos aos procedimentos de TTA (12 cães) ou TPLO (15 cães). Estes pacientes foram avaliados no período pré-operatório e aos 14, 30, 60 e 90 dias de pós-operatório com tabela de graduação da claudicação (dois Médicos Veterinários), escala de análise visual (deambulação pelo proprietário), exames radiográficos mensais (consolidação da osteotomia), tabela de graduação da recuperação do uso do membro (proprietário) e apoio em plataforma de pressão (baropodometria). Os animais foram separados nos grupos de acordo com a angulação do platô tibial (APT) e, baseado na recomendação clínica, foi utilizado TPLO para qualquer APT e TTA para APT de até 27°. Em ambos os grupos foi observada recuperação funcional do membro operado estatisticamente significativa, tanto nas avaliações subjetivas, como na avaliação objetiva em plataforma de pressão. Em decorrência da recomendação clínica para TTA, houve diferença significativa entre os grupos com relação ao ângulo do platô tibial (28,13° para TPLO e 22,33° para TTA), porém este foi corrigido com o teste de covariância. Não houve diferença entre os grupos na recuperação do apoio do membro com RLCCr, tanto na avaliação subjetiva como na avaliação objetiva em plataforma de pressão. Concluise que os procedimentos cirúrgicos de TPLO e TTA foram eficientes em promover melhora do apoio em cães com ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial unilateral. / Cranial cruciate ligament rupture is the major cause of lameness in dogs and can occur due to degenerative or traumatic causes. Despite the wide variety of surgical techniques available, the ideal treatment for this orthopedic condition remains undetermined. Currently techniques have been developed to prevent abnormal movement of the stifle. Dynamic stability is achieved by changing the bone geometry by techniques like tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) and osteotomy to tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA). One of the main advantages of TPLO and TTA is the early weight-bearing in postoperative period, which can be evaluated subjectively. But the locomotion kinetic analysis in pressure platform is a more objective measurement in the use of the limb during walking. The objective of this study is to compare the techniques of tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) and tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) in stabilizing dogs stifles with cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in one limb. Evaluation will be done with subjective and objective assessment via analysis in pressure platform (baropodometry). We evaluated 27 adult dogs over 20 Kg with unilateral or bilateral cranial cruciate ligament rupture. They were underwent to TTA (12 dogs) and TPLO (15 dogs). These patients were evaluated in the preoperative period and at 14, 30, 60 and 90 days postoperatively focus on claudication (two veterinarians - grade scale), visual analysis scale (weightbearing - owner), radiographs (osteotomy healing), recovery degree of the function (owner) and on pressure platform (baropodometry). We evaluated 27 adult dogs with 20 kilos at least and unilateral cranial cruciate ligament deficience. They were subjected to procedures TTA (12 dogs) or TPLO (15 dogs). These patients were evaluated in the preoperative period and at 14, 30, 60 and 90 days after surgery, with postoperative lameness grading system (two veterinarians), scale of visual analysis (owner), radiographic exam (osteotomy healing), recovery grading system (owner) and pressure platform (baropodometry). The animals were divided into groups according to the the tibial plateau angle (TPA) and based on clinical recommendation we used TPLO in all patients and TTA in those patients that had TPA less than 27°. In both groups we observed statistically significant recovery, both in subjective evaluations and objective assessment. Due to the clinical recommendation for TTA, there was significant difference among groups in respect to the tibial plateau slope (28.13 for TPLO and 22.33 for TTA), but It was corrected with the covariance test. There was no difference between groups in recovery of the surgery. We conclude that TPLO and TTA were effective in promoting improved support in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament deficience.

Babesiosis is a disease caused by parasites of Babesia species that is spread through ticks. Babesiosis can affect humans and many other mammals all over the world. In the United States, babesiosis is mainly caused by Babesia microti with additional species of Babesia infecting dogs. Dogs have long been known to be a good indicator species for human tick-borne infection due to the shared spaces they have with humans and their tendency to explore and pick up diseases in the environment. This study used a group of hunting dogs to determine the presence of Babesia infection. The goal was to determine a predictive model for human infection. Infection was defined as having a positive antibody test or molecular test for Babesia species in blood samples. Blood samples were taken at two time points, tested, and compared. Statistical methods were used to analyze the results of the tests and compare them with variables such as region, gender, age, and other diseases the dogs were exposed to. Of 214 dogs, 56 had Babesia infections, with a prevalence rate of 26.2%. At the first time point the model showed age and infection with Anaplasma platys as being significant. At the 2nd time point, 29 dogs were lost to follow up, leaving a total of 185 dogs sampled with 63 testing positive for Babesia spp. The rate for the 2nd time point was 34.1%. No variables were found to be significant in the model for the 2nd time point. Despite differences in Babesia that infect humans and dogs, the hunting dog cohort reflects a model that validates the environmental exposures, coinfections, and demographic variables that affect transmission of the pathogen. Furthermore, findings of this study cast doubt on the ability of Ixodes scapularis to act as capable vector for canine-infecting Babesia species.

The bond between animals and humans is one that has been consistent and unyielding since the beginning of time. Although animals have a long working history in assisting on battlefields and working for the police, it is only within recent decades that they have started expanding their job duties to include disaster relief, educational supports, and trauma care. This movement of training canines for specialty fields to work alongside their human companions comes at a time when the field of social work is also diversifying to a more expansive and accessible profession. This study will use interview style questions to assess the beliefs, experience and attitudes of canine assistance of eight current MSW students throughout Southern California. The research was conducted in face to face interviews which were audio recorded and transcribed word for word to examine common themes. The findings of the study may help to encourage further integration of social work and canine assisted therapies.

The bond between pet and owner has been shown to decrease stress-related physical, mental, and emotional disorders by lowering blood pressure and heart rate. The purpose of this study was to examine whether a nonpet canine would have the same effect in reducing physical symptoms of stress as a known dog. Human-animal bond theory, Human pressor test. Data were analyzed using repeated measures, analyses of variance, and t tests. Results indicated that interaction with a strange dog lowered heart rate and blood pressure significantly faster in the experimental group than in the control group. The positive social change implications of this research include policy and procedural accommodations for the use of canines as comfort animals for individuals in stressful conditions.

Magister Chirurgiae Dentium (MChD) / There is a paucity of studies that make use of the alpha angle as a diagnostic tool to assist with the interceptive treatment, prognosis, treatment duration and surgical outcome of possible maxillary canine impaction in orthodontics. While the literature is replete with studies that utilise the sector method, the alpha angle is an alternative approach to assess the possible eruptive outcome of the unerupted canine. It has been reported that if the alpha angle is greater than 25°, there is the possibility of external root resorption. However, if the alpha angle is more than 31°, the prospect of canine eruption decreases even if the deciduous canine is extracted as an interceptive measure. The dental pantomograph has historically been used to predict canine eruption or possible impaction. The use of this method, however, is wrought with limitations. These limitations include magnification, distortion and blurred images. The use of cone-beam computed tomography has been advocated as a means to overcome these limitations.

Features of the infraorbital region, such as infraorbital surface topography, infraorbital surface orientation, and curvature of the zygomaticoalveolar crest, have long played a prominent role in phylogenetic analyses of Homo. However, there is currently considerable debate regarding the phylogenetic reliability of infraorbital characters, as numerous researchers have questioned the degree to which these features are morphologically independent of one another and facial size. These questions largely stem from methodological limitations for accurately quantifying the curvilinear morphology of the infraorbital surface and zygomaticoalveolar crest, which have significantly impeded the ability to discern patterns of infraorbital integration and allometry. In this study, infraorbital surface and zygomaticoalveolar crest morphology are precisely assessed, through geometric morphometric methodologies well-suited for quantifying complex curvilinear structures, in a large sample of fossil (n = 71) and recent Homo (n = 303). Once quantified, measures of infraorbital surface topography, infraorbital surface orientation and zygomaticoalveolar crest curvature are further evaluated for intercorrelation and allometry in order to more fully evaluate the morphological independence of commonly cited infraorbital characters. The results of this study indicate that most aspects of infraorbital surface topography, infraorbital surface orientation and zygomaticoalveolar crest curvature are significantly correlated with facial size across Homo. Moreover, certain aspects of infraorbital shape, such the degree of infraorbital surface depression and the overall curvature of the zygomaticoalveolar crest, appear to show additional, size-independent, intercorrelations, suggesting they form a singular "infraorbital complex." In light of these results, the use of infraorbital characters as separate independent characters in phylogenetic assessments of Homo is called into question, while the importance of facial size in human craniofacial evolution is further highlighted.

The domestic dog, Canis lupus familiaris, plays many roles in the lives of humans. Additionally, the dog is recognized for its potential as a model for many human hereditary diseases. Thus, the genetics and genomics of the dog are being studied extensively in order to facilitate its use as a model, as well as to help the dog for its own sake. As part of this research effort, our laboratory has added type I markers (i.e., the acidic and basic keratins, c-kit, type I and IV collagens, and the gene encoding uromodulin) to the emerging map of the canine genome. The mapping of genes, particularly those in large gene families such as the collagens, is valuable because it rapidly increases the density of gene loci on the map and provides insight regarding conservation of synteny between the dog and other mammals. The major focus of work reported here is the genetics of X-linked Alport syndrome (XLAS), a terminal renal disease that affects the human and the dog. The disease results from mutations in COL4A5, a type IV collagen gene. Reported here are the 1) sequencing and mapping of the canine cDNA encoding uromodulin, 2) mapping of the type I and type IV collagen genes, 3) sequencing of the full-length cDNA of canine COL4A5, 4) identification of a 10 bp deletion in COL4A5, causative for XLAS in our colony of mixed breed dogs, 5) development of a genetic test for identification of affected and carrier dogs in the colony and 6) assessment of gene expression in the kidneys of normal and XLAS-dogs. This assessment was performed using a canine-specific oligonucleotide microarray. XLAS dogs demonstrated up-regulation of many genes involved in extracellular matrix reorganization, cell structure, and immune response, as expected in a glomerulopathy with tubulointerstitial nephritis. Trends were verified by quantitative RT-PCR. A review of the current status of canine genetics research, and current understanding of hereditary diseases in the dog, concludes this dissertation.

The domestic dog, Canis lupus familiaris, has emerged as a model system for the study of human hereditary diseases. Of the approximately 450 hereditary diseases described in the dog, half have clinical presentations that are quite similar to specific human diseases. Understanding the genetic bases of canine hereditary diseases will not only complement comparative genetics studies but also facilitate selective breeding practices to reduce incidences in the dog. Whole genome screens have great potential to identify the marker(s) that segregate with canine hereditary diseases for which no reasonable candidate genes exist. The Minimal Screening Set-1 (MSS-1) was the first set of microsatellite markers described for linkage analysis in the dog and was, until recently, the best tool for genome screens. The MSS-2 is the most recently described screening set and offers increased density and more polymorphic markers. The first objective of this work was to develop tools to streamline genomic analyses in the study of canine hereditary diseases. This was achieved through the development of 1) multiplexing strategies for the MSS-1, 2) a multiplex of microsatellite markers for use in canine forensics and parentage assays and 3) chromosome-specific multiplex panels for the MSS-2. Multiplexing is the simultaneous amplification and analysis of markers and significantly reduces the expense and time required to collect genotype information. Pancreatic acinar atrophy (PAA) is a disease characterized by the degeneration of acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas and is the most important cause of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) in the German Shepherd Dog (GSD). Although the prognosis for dogs having EPI is typically good with treatment, many dogs are euthanized because the owners are unable to afford the expensive enzyme supplements. The second objective of this work was to determine the mode of transmission of EPI in the GSD and conduct a whole genome screen for linkage. Two extended families of GSDs having PAA were assembled and used to determine the pattern of transmission. The results of this indicate that PAA is an autosomal recessive disease. The multiplexed MSS-1 was used to conduct an initial whole genome screen, although no markers were suggestive of linkage.

A major challenge in medical genetics is to identify the mutations underlying heritable diseases. Dogs are excellent genetic models in the search for causative mutations, as they constitute a large library of naturally occurring heritable diseases many of which are analogous to those suffered by man. In addition, these animals have a genome structure well suited to gene mapping. The Shar-Pei dog has two breed-specific features; a strongly selected for wrinkled skin and a high predisposition to an autoinflammatory disease (AID). Abnormalities in the innate immune system cause this type of disease, presenting as spontaneous attacks of inflammation. Persistent inflammation puts an affected Shar-Pei at risk of amyloidosis, organ failure and premature death. In humans, similar AIDs occur and for a majority of cases, no underlying genetic cause has yet been identified. The aim of this thesis was to use the Shar-Pei as a genetic model for autoinflammation in order to find new genes and signalling pathways involved in disease. In paper I, a pleiotropic mutation was identified that could explain both the wrinkled skin and autoinflammation in Shar-Pei. The mutation is associated with an up-regulation of Hyaluronic Acid Synthase 2 (HAS2). Increased expression of HAS2 leads to abnormal depositions of hyaluronic acid (HA) in the skin, resulting in the wrinkled appearance. When fragmented, HA also function as a damage signal sensed by the innate immune system which then responds with inflammation. By selecting for the wrinkled skin, the autoinflammatory disease has inadvertently been enriched in the breed. In paper II, five different inflammatory signs could be associated with the same genetic risk factor, allowing the introduction of a new terminology: Shar-Pei autoinflammatory disease (SPAID) to describe the whole disease complex. In addition, a modifying locus containing several biologically attractive genes was suggested to contribute to varying incidence of amyloidosis in Shar-Pei. In paper III, signs of pathological changes in HA metabolism were investigated in human AID. HA concentration was found to be both higher in subjects with no molecular diagnosis and also associated to disease activity and severity. Taken together, this suggests HA is also involved in human AID.

名古屋大学博士学位論文 学位の種類 : 博士(医学)(論文) 学位授与年月日:平成5年9月14日 家田信人氏の博士論文として提出された