Le mésusage des antibiotiques et l’antibio-résistance sont devenus un cheval de bataille des autorités sanitaires internationales. L’objectif de ma thèse est d’analyser et évaluer les différents types d’incitations qui amèneraient les médecins à « mieux » prescrire des antibiotiques. La première partie est une revue de littérature dans laquelle j’analyse les interactions entre les différents acteurs du système de santé français, les incitations monétaires et les incitations non-monétaires. Les seconde et troisième parties illustrent la première par des analyses principalement empiriques, qui ont été publiées ou envoyées à des revues. La deuxième partie étudie l’utilisation et l’impact d’outils diagnostiques comme aide à la prescription d’antibiotiques avec d’une part les tests de diagnostics rapides pour l’angine, et d’autre part les tests microbiologiques point-of-care, faits « au lit du patient ». La troisième partie analyse le paiement à la performance comme incitation monétaire à l’amélioration des prescriptions médicamenteuses et notamment des antibiotiques. / Antibiotic misuse and antibiotic resistance are increasing concern for international health authorities. The goal of my thesis is to assess the different incentives which would lead physicians to optimize their antibiotic prescriptions. The first part is a literature review analysing interactions between the agents of the French health system. I evaluate also financial and non-monetary incentives. The second and third parts illustrates the first one through empiric analyses, which have been published or sent to a review. The second part studies the use and the impact of diagnostic tests as a help for antibiotics prescribing, with on one hand the use of rapid diagnostic tests detecting tonsillitis, and on the other hand microbiological tests called Point-Of-care made at the patient bedside. The third part analyses the pay-for-performance program as a financial incentive for improving drugs prescriptions and notably antibiotics.

Usage of mixed mode is popular among researchers mainly because of its flexibility and possibility of lowered costs, time and response bias. Therefore engagement in analysis of potential differences and problems is necessary mainly in mapping effects of these combinations. My diploma thesis focuses on possibilities of equivalence of mixed mode PAPI and CAPI collection of data. I use Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis (MG CFA) for analysing the equivalence of measurement. This is quite unusual method for analysing a mixed-mode and few researchers used it till now. Most of the studies focused on differences in answers of respondents caused by mode effect or cognitive process of answering the questions. Key words: Mixed mode design, equivalence, confirmatory factor analysis, CAPI and PAPI, mode effect

Redland Shire Council (RSC) has recently completed the preparation of Integrated Local Transport Plan (ILTP) and started its implementation and monitoring program. One of the major thrusts of the ILTP is to reduce the car dependency in the Shire and increase the shares of sustainable environmental-friendly travelling modes, such as walking, cycling and public transport. To achieve these objectives, a mathematical model is needed that is capable of modelling and forecasting the travelling mode choice behaviour in the multi modal environment of Redland Shire. Further, the model can be employed in testing the elasticity of various level-of-service attributes, under a virtual travel environment, as proposed in the ILTP, and estimating the demand for the new travelling alternatives to private car, namely the bus on busway, walking on walkway and cycling on cycleway. The research estimated various nested logit models for different trip lengths and trip purposes, using the data from a stated preference (SP) survey conducted in the Shire. A unique computer assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) instrument was designed, using both the motorised (bus on busway) and non-motorised travelling modes (walking on walkway and cycling on cycleway) in the SP choice set. Additionally, a unique set of access modes for bus on busway was also generated, containing hypothetical modes, such as secure park and ride facilities and kiss and ride drop-off zones at the busway stations, walkway and cycleway facilities to access the busway stations and a frequent and integrated feeder bus network within the Shire. Hence, this study created a totally new virtual travel environment for the population of Redland Shire, in order to record their perceived observations under these scenarios and develop the mode choice models. From the final model estimation results, it was found that the travel behaviour forecasted for regional trip-makers is considerably different from that of local trip-makers. The regional travellers for work, for instance, were found not to perceive the non-motorised modes as valid alternatives to car, possibly due to longer trip lengths. The value of time (VoT) determined for local work trip-makers (16.50 A$/hr) was also found to be higher than that of regional work trip-makers (11.70 A$/hr). From the survey analysis, a big part of the targeted population was found to be car captives, who are not likely to switch from cars to public transport; even if a more efficient transit infrastructure is implemented. In the past, the models have been generally calibrated using the mode choice survey data only, while that of the captive users were ignored. This yields a knowledge gap in capturing the complete travel behaviour of a region, since the question of what particular biases can be involved with each model estimation parameter by the captives remain unresolved. In this research, various statistical analyses were performed on the car captive users' data by categorising them into various trip characteristics and household parameters, in order to infer the relative influence of the car captive population on the travel behaviour of the study area. The outcomes of the research can assist the policy makers in solving the strategic issues of transit planning, including the future development of a busway corridor, with an efficient transit access mode network. The research findings can also be utilised in evaluating the feasibility of developing walkways and cycleways in the Shire, along with appraising the relative influence of car captive users on the travel behaviour forecasts for the study area.

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The research presented in this dissertation touches on all aspects of survey methodology, from questionnaire design to final estimation. We first approach the questionnaire development stage by proposing a method of developing matrix sampling designs, a design where a subset of questions are administered to a respondent in such a way that the administered questions are predictive of the omitted questions. The proposed methodology compares favorably to previous methods when applied to data collected from a household survey conducted in the Nampula province of Mozambique. We approach the data collection stage by proposing a structured procedure of implementing small-scale surveys in such a way that non-sampling error attributed to data collection is minimized. This proposed methodology requires the inclusion of the statistician in the data editing process during data collection. We implemented the structured procedure during the collection of household survey data in the city of Maputo, the capital of Mozambique. We found indications that the data resulting from the structured procedure is of higher quality than the data with no editing. Finally, we approach the estimation phase of sample surveys by proposing a model-based approach to the estimation of the mean squared error associated with synthetic (indirect) estimates. Previous methodology aggregates estimates for stability, while our proposed methodology allows area-specific estimates. We applied the proposed mean squared error estimation methodology and methods found during literature review to simulated data and estimates from 2010 Census Coverage Measurement (CCM). We found that our proposed mean squared error estimation methodology compares favorably to the previous methods, while allowing for area-specific estimates. / Ph. D.

The thesis analyses the differences that result from using of specific data collection method, computer assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) and computer assisted personal interviewing (CAPI). The main findings are based on election model built by research agency TNS Aisa for elections to the Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic in 2013. The aim of the thesis is to determine whether the chosen method of data collection influences the results of the estimated electoral preferences, to determine in which sociodemographic categories it is happening and whether the differences in the obtained data are related to the ideological orientation of the political parties. The dependence of the results on the data collection method is assessed by the chi-quadrate independence test. Further, through personal interviews with researchers, it is determined at what stage of the research process the data may be distorted and what its possible causes are. The benefit of the thesis is the finding that the chosen method of collection influences the established preferences among voters aged 30-44, university graduates and voters living in Prague. In these groups, the left-hand side ČSSD is preferred more by personal interviewing and right-handed TOP 09 through telephone interviewing. The collection of data itself was evaluated by the most risky phase of the research process, in which possible distortion could occur. While the accuracy of personal interviewing depends largely on the interviewer's personality, the sources of distortion of the telephone inquiry result more from the nature of the use of the phone itself.

Private business subjects are characterised by their continuous effort for increasing their market position. Therefore they are permanently monitoring their own sthrengths and weaknesses, and they are also monitoring their competitors´ behaviour and customers´ needs and wishes. Such pieces of information can be received by analysis of business surroundings and from custommers´ opinion. Activities like these are called marketing research. The research should include all aspects that influence the way of perception of the company by any other market subject, or even the atmosphere inside the company. Information received is valuable for managers and their decision-making. Marketing research is a dynamicly developing field where new findings of social sciences are permanently applied. A significant developement in this field was reached mainly in last years. It is a result of the rapid progress of information and communication technologies. Modern forms of marketing research often use the Internet for collecting various information on the market.

La ricerca approfondisce il rapporto tra qualità della sicurezza e qualità della formazione ai fini di realizzare uno spazio di sicurezza libertà e giustizia in Europa. Lo studio rivolge particolare attenzione alla formazione di polizia erogata in Europa dai differenti sistemi organizzativi che determinano l’accesso alla professione sviluppando un’analisi trasversale dei diversi Paesi da cui trarre gli elementi comuni attinenti al profilo di poliziotto. L’organizzazione delle forze di polizia negli Stati dell’Unione è risultata complessa e diversificata si è quindi impostato lo sviluppo della ricerca secondo la metodologia dello studio di caso, riferendosi a Italia Francia, Regno Unito, Polonia, Quattro Paesi significativi e rappresentativi . Obiettivo specifico dell’ analisi è pervenire a un profilo professionale formativo comune che permetta l’elaborazione di un’azione finalizzata alla definizione e alla successiva sperimentazione di un sistema di monitoraggio della qualità della formazione erogata nelle Scuole di polizia europee. / This Research investigates the relationship between security and education to realize an Area of security, freedom and justice in Europe. The focus is on Constable Courses of Police Training Schools within The European Union to find out a competency framework for cope. The Study is fully aware of the fact that different Police Training Systems are used within the Member States. Regarding this aspect the Research proposes study cases about Italy, France, United Kingdom and Poland. Its purpose is to have a vision on the core tasks of police and then to propose quality control standards to be implemented in National Police Courses.