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This paper puts forward the hypothesis that the characteristics of followers of the pecking order theory of capital structure are explicitly distinct from those of non-followers. The factors determining financing behavior are far beyond the conventional perception of asymmetric information. Sampling from the IT industry in Taiwan, we observe that pecking order followers are associated with higher profitability, adequate cash, and other broadly recognized variables.

We use an information asymmetry index , which is based on measures of adverse selection developed by market microstructure literature rather than on ex-ante firm characteristics, to measure the level of information asymmetry . Then we want to test how the information asymmetry, the sole and principal determinant of the pecking order theory, basically affects capital structure decision. During the period 1995-2005, We find that information asymmetry does affect firm¡¦s debt issuance positively and significantly, especially when firms¡¦ size are large and when firm¡¦s financing needs are high. Furthermore, we find there are some other determinants have important influence on firms¡¦ financing decision. This result can explain why the literatures are always only partially successful in interpreting firms¡¦ financing decisions. It also suggests that if we test models under basic assumptions, we can find some support in any theory.

Abstract The finance literature offers two major models about the capital structure of a firm. In the tradeoff model, firms tradeoff the costs and benefits of borrowing to identify their optimal capital structure and gradually move towards it. On the contrast, firms do not have an optimal capital structure in the pecking order model. The moving of the capital structure is simply the result of the financing hierarchy: retained earnings, safe debt, risky debt, and finally equity. The purpose of this study is to test whether the public firms in Taiwan have optimal capital structure. We address the question with cross-section regressions. If the tradeoff exists, moving towards the optimal capital structure will explain the change of capital structure. On the other hand ,the deficit-in funds¡]DEF¡^will explain the change of capital structure when the pecking order model exists. The empirical result shows that the public firms in Taiwan have optimal capital structure, and their realized capital structures are moving towards it, but the speed of adjustment is quite slow.

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¡@The decision of company¡¦s capital structure should depend on each company¡¦s characteristic and environment for determining the proper debt level. Nowadays, in the global environment, corporation has been affected by the global variables. In addition to the involvement of international activity for corporation, the factor of global environment will also strike the corporation¡¦s characteristic and operating. ¡@This study uses the electronics industry as sample, and the sample period is from 2000 to 2006. This study will be divided into three parts. First, separate global activity into two dimensions: operating and finance, and to build respective measurement indicator of the internationalization. Second, discuss how these two dimensions influencing on the financial characteristic and capital structure for company. Finally, explore whether the international factors of exchange rate risk and political risk will affect the corporation capital structure. ¡@As a result, this study discovers three main conclusions. First, the international activity variables such as operating and financial characteristics actually exist in the electronics industry. Corporation can diversify the operating risk and reduce the cost of bankruptcy through the international activity of operating, however, that also restricts the investment opportunity and reduces the debt¡¦s agency cost at the same time. In addition, we find that the international level of operating will affect corporation¡¦s capital structure significantly. But if we control the variables of capital structure theory such as size, bankruptcy cost, debt¡¦s agency cost and the earning ability, it will become insignificant. However, the international level of finance always has significant and positive effect on corporation¡¦s capital structure no matter do we control the variables of capital structure theory or not. Third, as for the international environment factors, exchange rate risk is significant and positive factor for capital structure, conversely, political risk is significant and negative factor. Finally, this study exhibits that the decision of company¡¦s capital structure should consider the international environment for each company.

Most firms are using optimal combination of equity and debt so as to maximize firms value and the wealth of the shareholders. To achieve all these, firms should be aware of the factors that influence the capital structure decisions. Previous empirical studies attempted to explain what determines the choice of capital structure in firms. The focus was on firms in general without categorizing family firms and non-family firms. The primary objective of this study is to examine what determines the capital structure of family firms in OECD countries. Amadeus database was used to obtain the data needed for the statistical analysis. Measures for firm-specific characteristics were calculated based on the previous stud-ies. The study was conducted over a period of 9 years from 2005-2013. Dataset com-prised of 95 family firms resulting in 850 observations. The results from the study indicate that the capital structure for family firms in OECD countries is influenced by profitability, asset tangibility, growth, size, debt tax shield , non-debt tax shield and liquidity. Both pecking-order theory and trade-off theory explain the capital structure of family firms.

The first essay tests whether Chapter 11 restructuring outcomes are affected by time constraints in busy bankruptcy courts. Using the passage of the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act in 2005 as an exogenous shock to court caseloads, I estimate the impact of bankruptcy caseload changes on the outcomes of firms in Chapter 11. I find that as bankruptcy judges become busier they tend to allow more firms to reorganize. Firms that reorganize in busy courts spend longer in bankruptcy, while firms that are dismissed from busy courts are more likely to re-file for bankruptcy within three years of their original filing. In addition, busy courts impose costs on local banks, which report higher charge-offs on business lending when caseload increases. Using novel data that has complete coverage of claims for 136 Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection filings and that includes detailed information on claims transfers, in the second essay we provide the first empirical insight on how a firm's ownership changes during the bankruptcy process and how these changes impact bankruptcy outcomes. Pre-bankruptcy ownership concentration is important for the coordination of a prearranged bankruptcy filing and is associated with a faster bankruptcy resolution and a higher likelihood of a successful reorganization. However, as the trading of claims in bankruptcy concentrates ownership further, the probability of liquidation increases and recovery rates decrease. The third essay studies whether prize-linked savings (PLS) accounts, which offer random, lottery-like payouts to account holders in lieu of risk-free interest, can aid individuals in increasing savings levels by adding the chance to "win big." Using micro-level data, we show that PLS is attractive to a broad group of individuals across all age, race, and income levels. We find that financially constrained individuals and those with no other deposit accounts are particularly likely to open a PLS account. Participants in the PLS program increased their total savings on average by 1.1% of annual income, a 31% increase form the mean level of savings. Deposits in PLS do not cannibalize savings in standard savings products. Instead, PLS appears to act as a substitute for lottery gambling.

I explore the passage of wrongful discharge laws by U.S. state courts that allow workers to sue employers for unjust dismissal as an exogenous increase in employee firing costs. I find that firms reduce debt ratios following the adoption of these laws, and this result is strongest for subsamples of firms that experience larger increases in expected firing costs. Following the passage of these laws, firms also increase cash holdings, firms save more cash out of cash flows, and investors place a higher value on each additional dollar of cash holdings. Overall, my results indicate that employee firing costs can have an important impact on corporate financial policy decisions.

Šio darbo tikslas įvertinti didelės, vidutinės, mažos kapitalizacijos listinguojamų įmonių kapitalo struktūros sprendimams įtaką darančių veiksnių poveikį. Vertinamas išorinių (akcijų rinkos kapitalizacija nuo BVP, parduotų akcijų vertės rodiklis, akcijų apyvartumo rodiklis) ir vidinių (įmonės dydis, turto grąža, likvidumas, augimo galimybės) veiksnių poveikis kapitalo struktūrai. Darbą sudaro trys dalys. Pirmoje darbo dalyje aptariam teoriniai įmonių kapitalo struktūros aspektai, taip pat apžvelgiami empiriniai tyrimai, kuriuose tiriama įvairių veiksnių įtaka kapitalo struktūrai. Antroje darbo dalyje pristatoma empirinio tyrimo metodologija. Trečioje darbo dalyje pristatomi atlikto skirtingos kapitalizacijos įmonių kapitalo struktūros veiksnių įtakos vertinimo tyrimo rezultatai. Tyrimas atskleidė, kad tarp didelės, vidutinės, mažos kapitalizacijos įmonių kapitalo struktūros ir išorinių bei vidinių veiksnių egzistuoja reikšminga tarpusavio priklausomybė. Nustatyta, kad didelės ir vidutinės kapitalizacijos įmonių kapitalo struktūros kintamumui didesnę įtaką daro vidiniai veiksniai. Taip pat pastebėta, kad iš tirtų vidinių veiksnių didžiausią įtaką turi likvidumas ir turto grąža. Tačiau, mažos kapitalizacijos įmonių kapitalo struktūrai didesnę įtaką daro išoriniai veiksniai. / Many research studies try to evaluate capital structure determinants influence on firm’s financial decisions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of capital structure determinants on large, mid and small capitalization firm’s capital structure. The valuation includes both external and internal factors of the capital structure. This paper consists of three parts. The first part discusses the theoretical aspects of corporate capital structure, provides an overview of conducted empirical studies on the capital structure determinants. The second part presents this paper’s research empirical methodology. The third part of the paper presents empirical results of this research. Large and mid-capitalization firm’s capital structure is more influenced by internal factors. From all internal factors, ROA and liquidity are the factors that do the bigger impact on capital structure. However, small-cap firms are more influenced by external factors.