Submitted by Cláudia Luisa Mendes null (claudiamendes@outlook.com) on 2018-03-13T13:20:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia Final.pdf: 2801387 bytes, checksum: 138d1c19b49e86cfef45a94a9840b6aa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Marlene Zaniboni null (zaniboni@bauru.unesp.br) on 2018-03-14T13:43:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mendes_cl_me_bauru.pdf: 2801387 bytes, checksum: 138d1c19b49e86cfef45a94a9840b6aa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-14T13:43:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mendes_cl_me_bauru.pdf: 2801387 bytes, checksum: 138d1c19b49e86cfef45a94a9840b6aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-22 / A exigência dos requisitos de desempenho em estruturas aeroespaciais, navais e automobilísticas vem proporcionando o desenvolvimento de novos materiais, bem como de novas técnicas de fabricação. Normalmente, elevados valores de resistência e rigidez específicas aliados ao baixo peso específico são procurados em projetos estruturais, obtendo-se soluções por meio da utilização de materiais compósitos, particularmente polímeros termo fixos dotados de reforços fibrosos. O entendimento do que é um material composto é necessário, pois trata-se da combinação de no mínimo dois materiais com fase heterogênea, que separados possuem propriedades e características distintas e sua combinação é desejada para a confecção de um material único, com a conformidade das propriedades de ambos os materiais, tornando atrativa sua aplicação. Para otimizar a confecção do laminado em cada projeto, é imprescindível a utilização do modelo em elementos finitos para a obtenção da faixa de tensões, pelo método do critério de falha, sofrida pela amostra e assim obter-se a melhor propriedade mecânica para o seu uso. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo elaborar um estudo comparativo entre os resultados obtidos experimentalmente e os obtidos virtualmente, para validar o uso do software de elementos finitos na execução de um projeto utilizando como material principal o compósito estrutural de fibra de carbono com resina epóxi. Para isso, foram realizados ensaios para obter as propriedades mecânicas, e a melhor temperatura de cura da resina SQ 2004. Posteriormente foram feitos laminados de fibra de carbono com esta resina e extraído suas propriedades mecânicas. Por fim, utilizou-se as propriedades obtidas como entrada do software de elementos finitos e comparou-se o resultado através de três critérios de falha: Hill, Hoffman e Tsai-Wu. Como resultado, constata-se que o critério de falha de Tsai-Wu é o mais indicado para o cálculo da integridade estrutural de um componente de compósito que utiliza fibra de carbono. / The demand of requirements in performance of aerospace, naval and automotive structures has been providing the development of new materials as well as new manufacturing techniques. High values of specific strength and stiffness combined with low specific gravity are usually sought in blade designs for wind generators and other components of these systems, obtaining solutions using composite materials, particularly thermoset polymers endowed with fibrous reinforcements. The understanding of what is a composite material is necessary because it is a combination of at least two materials with heterogeneous phase, which have different properties and characteristics and their combination is desired for the manufacture of a single material with conformity of the properties of both materials, making its application attractive. To optimize the preparation of the laminate in each project, it is essential to use the finite element model to obtain the stress range, by the failure criterion method, and to obtain the best mechanical property for its use. The present work has the objective of elaborating a comparative study between the results obtained experimentally and those obtained virtually to validate the use of finite element software in the execution of a project using the structural material of carbon fiber with epoxy resin as its main material. For this, tests were carried out to obtain the mechanical properties and the best curing temperature of the SQ 2004 resin. Later, carbon fiber laminates were made with this resin and extracted its mechanical properties. Finally, the obtained properties were used as inputs to the finite element software and the result was compared through three failure criteria: Hill, Hoffman and Tsai-Wu. It is concluded that the Tsai-Wu failure criterion is the most suitable for calculating the structural integrity of a composite component using carbon fiber.

A necessidade de recuperação e reforço em estruturas de madeira, concreto e aço exigiu da construção civil uma procura por métodos mais eficientes que pudessem cumprir esse papel. Com este objetivo vários estudos estão sendo realizados utilizando fibras reforçadas com polímeros (FRP). Dentre estas fibras, as que vêm apresentando melhores resultados como reforço para peças estruturais de madeiras são as fibras de carbono e as fibras de vidro. Dentro deste escopo, este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o comportamento estrutural de vigas de madeira de espécies nacionais reforçadas com fibras de carbono e com fibras de vidro, verificando a eficiência deste reforço e adequando modelos de cálculo para avaliação da resistência e da rigidez das vigas reforçadas, e também verificar a eficiência de uma formulação de adesivos à base de mamona e do adesivo Cascophen, para fixação das respectivas fibras na madeira, em substituição ao adesivo epóxi, normalmente utilizado. Foram efetuados ensaios de vigas de madeira reforçadas com polímeros, em modelo reduzido, e em protótipos, para diversas configurações de geometria e quantidade de fibras utilizadas. Os resultados obtidos indicam uma boa concordância entre os modelos teóricos para avaliar a resistência e a rigidez das vigas reforçadas, e os resultados experimentais, e a eficiência do reforço. Também foram conduzidos ensaios de tração em corpos-de-prova de fibras laminado com os adesivos, caracterizando a sua resistência e elasticidade e comparando o comportamento dos adesivos estudados. Os resultados indicaram o melhor comportamento do adesivo epóxi. / The necessity of rehabilitation and reinforcement in wood structures, concrete and steel demanded a search for more efficient methods that could to carry this paper. With this objectives several studies are using fibers reinforced polymers (FRP). These fibers which presenting better results in structural reinforcement for structural pieces of wood are the fibers of carbon and the glass fibers. This work has as objective studies the structural behavior of wood beams of national species reinforced with carbon fibers and with glass fibers, verifying the efficiency of this reinforcement and adapting calculation models for evaluation of the strength and stiffness of the reinforced beams, and also to verify the efficiency of a formulation of adhesives to the castor oil and of the adhesive Cascophen, for fixation of the respective fibers in the wood, in substitution the adhesive epoxy, usually used. Experimental work was made with wood beams reinforced with polymeric, in reduced model, and in prototypes, for several geometry configurations and amount of used fibers. The obtained results indicate a good agreement among the theoretical models to evaluate the strength and stiffness of the reinforced beams, and the experimental results, and the efficiency of the reinforcement. Traction rehearsals were also led in body-of-proof of fibers laminated with the adhesives, characterizing your strength and elasticity and comparing the behavior of the studied adhesives. The results indicated the best behavior of the adhesive epoxy.

Postes tubulares pré-moldados de concreto armado foram instalados no Brasil pelas empresas de telefonia móvel ao implantar ou ampliar áreas de cobertura do sistema a partir de 1996. A grande maioria desses postes, da ordem de duas mil unidades, foi fabricada por uma mesma empresa, pelo processo de centrifugação. As alturas desses postes variam de 20 a 60 m. Alguns desses postes colapsaram depois de três ou quatro anos de utilização, tendose conhecimento de quatro deles, nos estados de São Paulo, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro e Rio Grande do Sul. Todos os colapsos conhecidos desses postes, ocorreram com ruptura na emenda entre o módulo tubular 1, engastado ao solo, e o seguinte módulo. Após extenso trabalho de investigação e diagnóstico do problema, levado a cabo em 40 postes demolidos e estocados na cidade de Santana do Parnaíba/SP, ficou demonstrado que o problema patológico mais relevante encontrado era a emenda entre módulos. O diagnóstico apontou fadiga da emenda por traspasse devido ao excesso de armadura, com taxas variando de 8,5% a 18,2%. Essas taxas efetivas de armadura superaram em muito o limite máximo permitido por norma e recomendável do ponto de vista de transmissão de esforços nessa região. O objetivo principal desta tese é demonstrar que é possível aproveitar esses postes, sem necessidade de sua substituição, através de um procedimento de reforço, original e seguro, que corrija as deficiências iniciais do projeto. Várias alternativas foram propostas pelo meio técnico aos proprietários desses postes para solução do problema, mas nenhuma conseguiu satisfazer às necessidades operacionais, econômicas e técnicas requeridas. A solução estudada minuciosamente nesta tese, consiste, sucintamente, em preencher o fuste do poste na região do traspasse com graute de elevada resistência mecânica e realizar confinamento passivo com uma camada de fibra de carbono, reduzindo as taxas de armadura a níveis adequados e assegurando confinamento da emenda. Essa solução foi ensaiada em laboratório, utilizando-se postes já removidos, ou seja, em escala real, de forma a comprovar a eficiência do reforço proposto. Todos os ensaios com módulos de postes não reforçados mostraram ruptura por falha na transferência de esforços na região do traspasse de armaduras, apresentando mecanismo de ruptura muito próximo ao encontrado na prática, em postes que colapsaram. Todas as rupturas ocorridas em postes reforçados na região do traspasse com a solução proposta ocorreu por flexão no domínio III, sem nenhuma deterioração por fadiga da região do traspasse de armaduras, comprovando a eficiência do reforço proposto. O custo da reabilitação desenvolvida nesta tese é, em média, de um terço à metade do valor da substituição do poste por uma torre metálica , o que a torna uma alternativa altamente atrativa para as empresas do setor, contribuindo para a solução de um grave problema nacional de engenharia (ciência aplicada). / Precast reinforced concrete posts were installed in Brazil by mobile telephone companies when implanting and enlarging service areas of the system starting in 1996. The great majority of these posts were manufactured by a single company, using a centrifugal process. Approximately two thousand units of posts were produced of heights ranging between 20m [60 ft] and 60 m [197 ft]. Some of those posts collapsed after three or four years of use, reportedly being known of four cases, located in the states of São Paulo, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul. All of the known collapses happened with rupture in the reinforcement development length between the first module (the one fixed to the ground) and the second module. After an extensive investigation work and diagnosis of the problem, carried out in 40 dismounted posts that had been previously stocked in the city of Santana do Parnaíba/SP, it was demonstrated that the most relevant problem found was in the development length of the reinforcement between the modules. The diagnosis pointed the fatigue due to the elevated reinforcement area at the joint area, which ranged between 8,5% to 18,2%. Those rates exceed considerably the maximum limit allowed by standards in order to guarantee adequate conditions for stress transfer in that area. The main objective of this dissertation is to demonstrate that it is possible to use the posts without need of their substitution, through a reinforcement procedure, original and safe, that corrects the initial deficiencies of the project. Several alternatives were proposed by the technical community for the solution of the problem, but none of them could satisfy the operational, economical and technical needs requested by the owners of the posts. The proposed solution consists in filling the section of the posts in the joint area with a high mechanical strength grout and a layer of carbon fiber reinforcement in order to accomplish passive confinement, therefore reducing the reinforcement rates to appropriate levels. This solution was tested in laboratory, using real scale posts already removed in order to confirm the efficiency of the proposed reinforcement procedure. All of the tests with non reinforced posts showed rupture due to failure of stress transfer in the joint area, presenting a very close rupture mechanism to the one found in practice in the posts that collapsed. All of the ruptures occurred in the reinforced posts were due to flexure in the Section III domain without any deterioration of the joint area, proving so the efficiency of the proposed reinforcement. The rehabilitation cost of the solution developed on this dissertation varies, on average, between a third and a half of the cost of replacing the structure for a metallic tower, thus providing an attractive alternative for the companies in this business, contributing to the solution of a serious national problem of engineering (applied science).

Orientador: Nivaldo Lemos Coppini / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T08:53:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martins_FranciscoRomeo_D.pdf: 4084610 bytes, checksum: 81ef4e100b6b8932d54977aa580c82cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar o material composto PRFC (Polímero Reforçado com Fibras de Carbono) em relação ao seu comportamento durante o processo de fresamento cilíndrico tangencial simétrico. Foi usado um método experimental. Uma fresa com oito milímetros de diâmetro e com seis arestas de corte de metal duro ISO K10 foi usada para usinagem placas (PRFC) com 4 mm de espessura. Todo o limite da máquina foi explorado em termos de velocidade de corte que variou entre de 100 em 100 m/min na faixa de 100 a 600 m/min. A profundidade de usinagem (espessura da chapa) foi de 4 mm. Dois avanços por dente da fresa foram utilizados em parte das experiências nos valores de 0,075 e 0,1 mm/rot. Este trabalho se justifica pelo fato de que a utilização de materiais compósitos tem crescido substancialmente e os seus métodos de produção se tornaram mais populares. Estes materiais vêm sendo cada vez mais utilizados em aplicações das mais diversas áreas industriais, tais como: aeroespacial, aviação comercial, indústria naval, automobilística, indústrias de máquinas ferramentas e equipamentos desportivos. Os materiais compósitos (PRFC) são importantes materiais de componentes estruturais, devido às suas propriedades de alta resistência, elevada rigidez, elevado grau de amortecimento, baixa expansão térmica e boa estabilidade dimensional. Entretanto, devido à sua anisotropia, este material pode apresentar problemas durante a usinagem. Pode ocorrer ruptura de fibra, trincas, descolamento fibra, degradação térmica e delaminação. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o mecanismo de desgaste ocorreu principal seguido por aderência cuja influência foi desprezível. Os valores dos coeficientes de vida de Taylor permitiram verificar que o material compósito é fácil de fresar. Os resultados das forças e potências de corte, instantâneas e médias também mostram ser um material fácil de cortar, principalmente quando comparado com um ferro fundido de baixa resistência. Os desgastes apresentaram comportamento não convencional e este fato foi evidenciado após a comparação feita com resultados obtidos para os mesmos tipos de materiais compósito disponíveis na literatura. Não foi observada a presença de delaminação ou qualquer tipo de dano, pois, foi observada uma boa rugosidade da superfície fresada / Abstract: The purpose of this work is to characterize the composite Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) with respect to its behavior during symmetric cylindrical milling process. It was used an experimental method. Eight millimeters milling cutter diameter with six cutting edge of cemented carbide ISO K10 was used to mill (CFRP) plates with 4 mm thick. The entire Machine limit was explored in terms of cutting speed from 100 to 600 m/min, 100 by 100 m/min steps. Other parameters were depth of cut 4 mm (plate width), feed rate per tooth 0,075 and 0,1 mm/rot. The focus of the present work is justified by the fact that the use of composite materials has been growing substantially and their manufacturing methods have become more popular and they are now being increasingly used in industrial applications such as aerospace, commercial aircrafts, ships, automobiles, machine tool and sports equipments. Composite materials such as carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) are important materials for structural components owing to their excellent properties such as high specific strength, high specific stiffness, high damping, low thermal expansion and good dimensional stability. However, due to its anisotropy, (CFRP) poses problems in machining such as fiber breakage, matrix cracking, fiber/matrix debonding, fiber pullout, thermal degradation, and delamination. The results showed that the main wear mechanism was abrasion followed by attrition that showed to be absolutely not important. The Taylor¿s tool life coefficients showed that to cut the composite material was very easy. Instantaneous and medium cutting power and cutting forces determined during the tests showed that the composite material is easier to cut when compared, for instance, with a low resistance casting iron. The wear evolution showed not conventional behavior and this fact was evidenced after comparison made with similar results from the literature. It was not observed delamination or any kind of damage and it was observed a good surface roughness / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Les matériaux composites à matrice polymères renforcés aux fibres de carbone (PRFC) sont de plus en plus utilisés dans les avions, en raison de leur faible densité et de leurs propriétés mécaniques comparables aux alliages généralement utilisés. Ils sont cependant sensibles aux impacts répétés des particules solides et liquides intervenant au cours du cycle de vol d’un avion, et nécessitent d’être protégés. Cette thèse est inscrite dans ce contexte de protection des PRFC, plus particulièrement ceux à matrice époxy, par le biais de dépôts anti-usure réalisés par projection plasma sous air. De tels recherche ont été menées auparavant avec pour résultats des dépôts céramique et métallique peu adhérents, sur des composites fortement endommagés par le procédé. Les travaux de cette thèse ont donc été organisés autour de deux objectifs :- Objectif fondamental : comprendre les interactions entre les particules fondues et le composite. Grâce à une étude multiéchelles d’impacts de gouttes sur le composite, la résine époxy et sa dégradation thermique ont été identifiés comme responsable de la mauvaise adhérence des dépôts projetés par plasma sur les PRFC.- Objectif expérimental. Déterminer la faisabilité de réaliser un revêtement anti-usure par projection plasma sur PRFC. Deux traitements de surface avant dépôt ont été choisis puis testés, en conditions d’impacts de particules isolées et de formation de dépôts. Des dépôts d’alumine ont pu être obtenus, sans dégradation thermique ou mécanique du composite. / Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) are increasingly used in aircraft structures, due to their good strength to weight ratio. However, they are more sensitive to the impacts of solid and liquid particles, occurring during the aircraft flight cycle, and thus need to be protected. This work focuses on the protection of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy by air plasma spraying (APS). Numerous studies have been conducted on applying such coatings, but the obtained metallic and ceramic coatings show poor adhesion strength, and the underlying composite material is damaged by the APS process. This PhD is organized around two objectives:- Fundamental objective: understand the interactions between molten particles and the composite. A multi-scale study of droplets impacts on the composite led to identify the epoxy resin as responsible for the poor adhesion strength of air plasma sprayed coatings on CFRPs.- Experimental objective: determine the feasibility of producing an anti-wear coating by plasma spraying on CFRP. Two surface treatments prior to APS were chosen and tested in single particles impacts and coating formation. Alumina coatings have been obtained, without thermal or mechanical degradation of the underlying composite.

External prestressed carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) straps can be used to strengthen shear deficient reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The strengthening system is associated with a number of parameters including the number of straps, strap locations, strap stiffness, and strap prestress. The initial goal of this research was to identify the optimum values for these parameters in order to design an efficient and effective shear retrofitting system. The shear friction theory (SFT) and modified compression field theory (MCFT) were identified as potential predictive theories to model the shear behaviour of RC beams retrofitted with CFRP straps. Possible modifications to the theories to reflect CFRP prestressed straps were investigated. Two popular optimisation algorithms namely the genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimisation (PSO) were coded and tested with six test functions. These algorithms were used to find the optimum shear retrofitting configurations and also to reduce the computational cost associated with the SFT and MCFT evaluations. An experimental investigation was carried out to validate the SFT and MCFT predictions for various CFRP strap configurations. The investigation consisted of an unstrengthened control beam and five CFRP strengthened beams. The shear behaviour of the beams was significantly influenced by the CFRP strap configurations. A critical load level where the beam stiffness started to deteriorate significantly was identified. It was found that there was a correlation between this load level and the yielding of the internal shear links and a rapid increase in crack openmg. The SFT and MCFT were validated using the experimental results. The peak shear capacities predicted using the SFT were more consistent with the stiffness deteriorating loads identified in the experimental investigation than with the ultimate loads of the beams. The reinforcement forces and crack opening values found from the SFT were consistent with the experimental results. The MCFT predicted the total shear response, ultimate shear capacity, crack opening, and internal and external reinforcement forces in the beams. The accuracy of the MCFT predictions reduced slightly when either the strap configuration was highly nonuniforrn or the initial prestress level in the straps was relatively low. The shear link yielding load levels predicted by the MCFT were found to be similar to the SFT predictions. By using the coded optimisation algorithms in combination with the SFT or MCFT, the optimum CFRP strap configurations were found for a selected case study. Both theories predicted an offset for the optimum strap locations from the locations associated with equal spacings along the shear span. A reasonable agreement between the SFT and MCFT predictions for the optimum shear strengths and strap locations was observed. A parametric study demonstrated that the concrete strength, internal shear link locations, beam depth, and shear span to depth ratio of the beam do not significantly influence the optimum strengthening configurations for the CFRP strap system. External prestressed carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) straps can be used to strengthen shear deficient reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The strengthening system is associated with a number of parameters including the number of straps, strap locations, strap stiffness, and strap prestress. The initial goal of this research was to identify the optimum values for these parameters in order to design an efficient and effective shear retrofitting system. The shear friction theory (SFT) and modified compression field theory (MCFT) were identified as potential predictive theories to model the shear behaviour ofRC beams retrofitted with CFRP straps. Possible modifications to the theories to reflect CFRP prestressed straps were investigated. Two popular optimisation algorithms namely the genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimisation (PSO) were coded and tested with six test functions. These algorithms were used to find the optimum shear retrofitting configurations and also to reduce the computational cost associated with the SFT and MCFT evaluations. An experimental investigation was ca1Tied out to validate the SFT and MCFT predictions for various CFRP strap configurations. The investigation consisted of an unstrengthened control beam and five CFRP strengthened beams. The shear behaviour of the beams was significantly influenced by the CFRP strap configurations. A critical load level where the beam stiffness started to deteriorate significantly was identified. It was found that there was a correlation between this load level and the yielding of the internal shear links and a rapid increase in crack opening. The SFT and MCFT were validated using the experimental results. The peak shear capacities predicted using the SFT were more consistent with the stiffness deteriorating loads identified in the experimental investigation than with the ultimate loads of the beams. The reinforcement forces and crack opening values found from the SFT were consistent with the experimental results. The MCFT predicted the total shear response, ultimate shear capacity, crack opening, and internal and external reinforcement forces in the beams. The accuracy of the MCFT predictions reduced slightly when either the strap configuration was highly nonuniform or the initial prestress level in the straps was relatively low. The shear link yielding load levels predicted by the MCFT were found to be similar to the SFT predictions. By using the coded optimisation algorithms in combination with the SFT or MCFT, the optimum CFRP strap configurations were found for a selected case study. Both theories predicted an offset for the optimum strap locations from the locations associated with equal spacings along the shear span. A reasonable agreement between the SFT and MCFT predictions for the optimum shear strengths and strap locations was observed. A parametric study demonstrated that the concrete strength, internal shear link locations, beam depth, and shear span to depth ratio of the beam do not significantly influence the optimum strengthening configurations for the CFRP strap system.

Composites have been developed with great success by the use of fiber reinforcements in metallic materials. Fiber reinforced metal matrices possess great potential to be the next generation of advanced composites offering many advantages compared to fiber reinforced polymers. Specific advantages include high temperature capability, superior environmental stability, better transverse modulus, shear and fatigue properties. Although many Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) are attractive for use in different industrial applications, Aluminium Matrix Composites (AMCs) are the most used in advanced applications because they combine acceptable strength, low density, durability, machinability, availability, effectiveness and cost. The present study focuses on the fabrication of aluminium matrix composite plates by squeeze casting using plain weave carbon fiber preform (AS4 Hexcel) as reinforcement and a matrix of wrought aluminium alloy 1235-H19. The objective is to investigate the process feasibility and resulting materials properties such as hardness at macro- and micro-scale, impact and bend strength. The properties obtained are compared with those of 6061/1235-H19 aluminium plates that were manufactured under the same fabrication conditions. The effect of fiber volume fraction on the properties is also investigated. Furthermore, the characterization of the microstructure is done using Optical Microscopy (OM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in order to establish relationships between the quality of the fiber/aluminium interface bond and mechanical properties of the composites. In conclusion, aluminium matrix composite laminate plates were successfully produced. The composites show a good chemical bond between the fiber and the aluminium matrix. This bond resulted from heterogeneous precipitation of aluminium carbides (Al4C3) at the interface between aluminium matrix and carbon fiber. The hardness at macro- and micro-scale of the composites increases by over 50% and the flexural modulus increases by about 55%. The toughness of the composite decreases due to the presence of brittle phases which can be improved by better oxidation prevention. Also, an optimal carbon volume fraction was observed that provides optimal properties including peak hardness, peak stiffness and peak toughness.

Aeronautical industry is interested in using damage tolerant, high strength and lightweight materials in the manufacture of some structural components that must attend tight requirements. Carbon nanotubes doped multiscale composites are good new generation material candidates to improve aeronautical grade composites. This project includes comprehensive characterization studies of electrophoretic deposition treated carbon nanotubes doped carbon fiber polymer composites with different stacking sequences. For comparison purposes, spray-on treated carbon nanotubes doped carbon fiber composites and non-doped reference composites with different stacking sequence are also studied. The goal of the project is to verify the link between the effects of carbon nanotubes addition, micro-nanostructure and macro material properties. To achieve this goal, several thermal loading damage analyses and investigations on micron and sub-micron scale were performed. In this thesis, the readers will be able to find the necessary theoretical background information, experimental procedure, results and conclusions gained throughout this project. / <p>Validerat; 20120621 (anonymous)</p>

[pt] No Brasil, o dimensionamento de estruturas de concreto armado segue as recomendações da norma brasileira NBR 6118-2003. A norma brasileira, usa a metodologia de dimensionamento semi-probabilístico que não quantifica a probabilidade de falha de um elemento estrutural. A análise de confiabilidade de estruturas é uma ferramenta que possibilita o cálculo da probabilidade de falha associada a um estado limite e também um dimensionamento para uma determinada probabilidade de falha denominada probabilidade de falha alvo. Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver uma metodologia que possibilite o dimensionamento baseado em confiabilidade de seções de vigas de concreto armado sem e com reforço com compósitos de fibras de carbono. Na análise de confiabilidade desenvolvida foram consideradas como variáveis aleatórias o carregamento, as resistências do aço e do concreto, e a resistência à tração dos compósitos de fibras de carbono com propriedades estatísticas determinadas com base nos resultados dos ensaios realizados no laboratório de Estruturas e Materiais do Departamento de Engenharia Civil da PUC-Rio (LEM-DEC). Exemplos de dimensionamento de seções de vigas de concreto armado submetidas à força cortante e à flexão foram realizados inicialmente por métodos semi-probabilísticos e depois utilizando a metodologia proposta baseada em confiabilidade. A análise dos resultados mostra a viabilidade de um projeto baseado em confiabilidade usando um índice de probabilidade de falha determinado para cada tipo de projeto aliando economia e segurança. / [en] In Brazil, the design of reinforced concrete structures follows the recommendations of Brazilian standard NBR 6118-2003. The Brazilian standard uses the methodology of semi-probabilistic design that does not quantify the probability of failure of a structural element. The reliability analysis of structures is a tool that allows the calculation of probability of failure associated with a limit state and also the design for a given probability of failure. This work aims to develop a methodology that enables the Reliability-based-design of concrete beams sections with and without strengthening with carbon fiber composites. In the reliability analysis were considered as random variables the loads, the compression concrete strenght, yield strenght, and tensile strength of carbon fiber composites with certain statistical properties based on the results of tests performed in the Structures and Materials laboratory at PUC-Rio (LEM-DEC). Examples of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with CFC were performed initially by semi-probabilistic methods and then using the proposed methodology based on reliability. The analysis shows the feasibility of a Reliability-baseddesign using a reliability index of failure probability determined for each type of project combining economy and safety.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This study proposes and evaluates a multi-functional carbon fiber reinforced composite with embedded Lithium-ion battery for its structural integrity concept. The comparison of versatile composite structures manufactured conventionally, air-sprayed and electrospun multi walled carbon nano tubes in order to discover a better packaging method for incorporating lithium-ion batteries at its core is determined. In the electrospinning process recognized globally as a flexible and cost-effective method for generating continuous Nano filaments. It was incorporated exactly on the prepreg surface to obtain effective inter-facial bonding and adhesion between the layers. The mechanical and physical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) with electrospun multi walled carbon nano tubes (CNTs) have evidenced to possess higher mechanical strength incorporated between the layers of the composite prepreg than the traditional CFRP prepreg composite, At the same time the air sprayed CFRP with CNTs offers mechanical strength more than the traditional CFRP prepreg but lesser than the electrospun. This can be a design consideration from the economic feasibility viewpoint. They also contribute to efficient load transfer and structural load bearing implementation without compromising the chemistry of battery. The design validation, manufacture methods, and experimental characterization (mechano-electrical) of Multi-functional energy storage composites (MESCs) are examined. Experimental results on the electrochemical characterization reveal that the MESCs show comparable performance to the standard lithium-ion pouch cells without any external packaging and not under any loading requirements. The mechanical performance of the MESC cells especially electrospun CFRP is evaluated from three-point bending tests with the results demonstrating significant mechanical strength and stiffness compared to traditional pouch cells and conventional, air-sprayed CFRP and at lowered packaging weight and thickness. This mechanical robustness of the MESCs enable them to be manufactured as energy-storage devices for electric vehicles.