Thesis (Ed. D.)--Temple University, 1983. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-136).

Tesis (licenciatura en filosofia y letras--Universidad de Sevilla. / Includes bibliographical references.

Tesis (licenciatura en filosofia y letras--Universidad de Sevilla. / Includes bibliographical references.

La dernière génération de cartes à puce permet le téléchargement d'applications après leur mise en circulation. Outre les problèmes de sécurité que cela implique, cette capacité d'extension applicative reste encore aujourd'hui bridée par un espace de stockage adressable restreint. La thèse défendue dans ce mémoire est qu'il est possible d'exécuter efficacement des applications stockées dans la mémoire non-adressable des cartes à puce, disponible en plus grande quantité, et ce, malgré ses temps de latences très longs, donc peu favorables a priori à l'exécution de code. Notre travail consiste d'abord à étudier les forces et faiblesses de la principale réponse proposée par l'état de l'art qu'est un cache. Cependant, dans notre contexte, il ne peut être implémenté qu'en logiciel, avec alors une latence supplémentaire. De plus, ce cache doit respecter les contraintes mémoires des cartes à puce et doit donc avoir une empreinte mémoire faible. Nous montrons comment et pourquoi ces deux contraintes réduisent fortement les performances d'un cache, qui devient alors une réponse insuffisante pour la résolution de notre challenge. Nous appliquons notre démonstration aux caches de code natif, puis de code et méta-données Java et JavaCard2. Fort de ces constats, nous proposons puis validons une solution reposant sur une pré-interprétation de code, dont le but est à la fois de détecter précocement les données manquantes en cache pour les charger à l'avance et en parallèle, mais aussi grouper des accès au cache et réduire ainsi l'impact de son temps de latence logiciel, démontré comme son principal coût. Le tout produit alors une solution efficace, passant l'échelle des cartes à puce. / The latest generation of smart cards allows to download applications after they are released. In addition to new security issues, this ability still remains constrained by a limited addressable storage space. The claim of our thesis is that it is possible to efficiently execute applications stored in the non-addressable memory of smart cards, available in larger quantities, and, despite its very long latency. Our work is first a study of the strengths and weaknesses of the main solution provided by the state of the art : caching. However, in our context, it can be implemented only in software,then with an additional latency. In addition, the cache must comply with memory constraints of smart cards and must then have on a low memory footprint. We show how and why these two constraints greatly reduce the performance of a cache, that finally becomes inadequate to fully tackle our challenge. We apply our demonstration to native instructions caches, then to Java/JavaCard2 instructions and metadata caches. Based on our observations, we propose and validate a solution based on a code pre-interpretation, whose purpose is to early detect of missing data in the cache to fetch them in advance, then to group accesses to the cache in order to reduce the impact of its software latency, that we demonstrate to be its main cost. Our result is an effective solution, that fits smart cards size and constraints.

This study focus on the card slave problem, using Professor J.W.Forrest ¡¥s System Dynamic model to simulate the relationship between Card Holder and Banks, hoping to find a solution to help the slave problem. This study has the following conclusions. 1. Most Card Slave are made of their own consumption behavior, but this is only half the reason whey they ended up in debts. During the Credit Card promotion war, banks failed their responsibility and provided these card holder enough limit and not enough credit checks, which is another half reason why the problem occurred. 2. In general, Bank wants to maximum their profit by leaving their customers to pay as much revolving interest , for as long as possible. However, they failed to realize that as the time and debt goes by, card holder starts to lose their repaying ability, and this seriously effects the banks revenues when one day they just cant afford to pay anymore, the repaying ability is never consider in the banks credit limit policy, but it is in fact the most significant fact of them all. 3. Therefore it is best for Bank to use System dynamic method to monitor the repaying ability and dynamically adjust the credit limit and other factors to control the customers¡¦ wiliness to use their card.

published_or_final_version / Criminology / Master / Master of Social Sciences

Orientador: Antonio Carlos de Moraes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T03:56:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Belissimo_Vanessa_M.pdf: 884513 bytes, checksum: f097145f311f4ca6c203451d16898fe6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O número de variáveis que podem determinar o alto ou o baixo rendimento de uma equipe de futebol abrange aspectos de difícil controle. Uma variável interessante e de polêmica discussão diz respeito à arbitragem no jogo de futebol que em geral permeia a intervenção dos árbitros no resultado final de uma partida. Nesse contexto, é possível a hipótese de que os árbitros tomem decisões dentro de uma partida, influenciados pela torcida, pelo mandante do jogo ou por ¿valores agregados¿ (tradição da camisa, histórico de vitórias e etc.) deste ou daquele time. OBS.: O resumo na integra poderá ser visualizado no link ou texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The number of variables that can determine the high or low performance of a football team covers aspects difficult to control. A variable interesting discussion and controversy relates to arbitration in the soccer game that generally permeates the intervention of the referees in the final outcome of a match. It is possible the chance that the referees decide within a match, influenced by the crowd, the principal of the game or by "aggregates" (tradition of the team, history of victories and so on.) of this or that time. Note: the complete abstract is avaiable with the link or full eletronic digital theses or dissertations / Mestrado / Ciencia do Desporto / Mestre em Educação Física

從經濟學觀點來看，由中華民國臺灣地區國民經濟動向統計季報(行政院主計處，民87，頁18)得知，臺灣國內生產毛額等於民間消費加政府消費加固定資本形成毛額加存貨增加再加上出口與進口之差額，其公式如右：Y= C+I+G+(X-M)。由此公式中的民間消費額(C)部份是與信用卡之消費金額息息相關，並從民國五十六年來臺灣國內生產毛額至逾百分之七以上年增率持續成長，民間消費額歷年則逾百分之六年增率在持續增加中(行政院主計處，民87，頁18)。而金融自動化服務機器歷年交易金額激增，其金額幾乎與民間消費金額有愈明顯接近之趨勢，如此顯示臺灣目前主要仍以現金為主要交易方式。所以，就信用卡業務而言，卻是一項業務推展的利基所在。 　　隨著資訊科技軟、硬體的進步，消費金融服務業所能提供服務商品與工具亦跟著改變，而信用卡在消費金融服務業內逐漸展露其頭角，扮演著舉足輕重角色。信用卡不但帶來消費之便利，更使金錢調度更為靈活，並由於國際通訊的普及，使信用卡可跨越國界，其不但取代現金，且比現金與其他任何支付工具，具備更多的功能。又消費金融服務業赋予信用卡有信用之功能，提供持卡人一種身分地位之表徵，促使信用卡躍身而成消費金融服務業的新寵兒。自民國七十九年，由於民營銀行及外國銀行逐漸開放設立，且國民生活水準不斷地提昇，促使信用卡漸漸成為人人必備的支付工具之一，在商業及服務性事業中金流部份扮演著極為重要角色。 　　近年來隨著臺灣金融政策的改變，自民國八十年起開始設立的商業銀行並陸續開放外國機構及銀行在本國進行信用卡業務，促使臺灣目前已有五十三家信用卡發卡機構，且進入信用卡高度競爭階段，外國發卡機構尤以新進入市場者有限公司、英商渣打銀行、香港上海滙豐銀行、美國商業銀行、美國運通國際股份有限公司到去年底才加入的荷商荷蘭銀行、馬來西亞商全球信用卡公司與已核准正在籌備階段的美商奇異信用卡公司，其中非銀行體系專業發卡機構增加，從其間更值得研究與進一步了解其如何掌握優勢進入市場。 　　從金融局統計提要 (財政部金融局統計室，民87，頁84-87)顯示，國際性五大品牌VISA CARD、MASTER CARD、JCB CARD、DINERS CARD and AMERICAN EXPRESS CARD，於民國八十三年起已齊聚臺灣。再加上臺灣自行研發之聯合信用卡與IC金融卡，共計臺灣信用卡業務，根據該統計目前已發行七大品牌，臺灣信用卡總發卡量截至民國八十六年底，已過一千三百一十三萬一千張；流通卡量已逾七百七十九萬七千張；而且簽帳金額超過37,069百萬元，歷年來成長快速，其中花旗銀行發行威士、萬事達卡與大來卡簽帳金額超過六十四億元，居臺灣之冠，給該銀行帶來不錯之利潤。再就人力資源統計月報(行政院主計處，民87，頁108)統計，至今年二月之臺灣地區十五歲以上之人口約有一千六百三十五萬人，可見距一人平均持一張信用卡有成長空間。相繼世界知名四大外國機構更挾持著其各自之資源與信用卡豐富之發卡經驗，陸續進入臺灣信用卡市場。由此可見，將有五十三家之發卡機構進入臺灣信用卡發卡之競爭激戰中。綜觀各式傳播媒體出現各個發卡機構之各式促銷活動，自送黃金、鑽石到手錶等，以及各種的紅利或回饋計畫，無不卯足勁吸引消費者持卡、增加使用頻率與簽帳金額。再看世界其他信用卡持卡情況來看，香港平均每人持卡1.8張，美國人每人約持卡四到五張之信用卡(Pawlyna 1996，p.46-48)，可確定的是臺灣信用卡市場之發卡空間仍大有可為。 再者就信用卡發卡機構而言，產品均由國際品牌(VISA、MASTER & JCB)、聯合信用卡、IC金融卡提供品牌授權，在信用卡所提供給持卡人之基本功能及優惠均相同，亦即消費者站在起跑點均等基礎上，如何突顯發卡機構本身之特色與建立相對之持久性競爭優勢地位，即成為發卡機構策略擬定之核心。然而一企業良好績效決定性因素之一，即為策略(Hill and Jones，1995： p.3)，如何能在競爭環境態勢中擬定優於主要競爭者的進入策略，成為各個外國信用卡發卡機構值得重視的課題。具體而言有下列值得探討的問題。 一、信用卡帶給消費性金融服務業豐碩之市場與利潤空間，影響消費性金融服務業之發展，甚而外國機構並非本土型企業卻能在信用卡市場佔有一席之地，值得研究與深思的課題。 二、信用卡提供便利性、信用及短期融資等功能，改變消費者消費習慣，消費者因強力促銷造成消費增加或行為改變，所以影響消費者、各種服務性事業經營之策略與績效甚鉅。 三、信用卡業務亦屬於一種消費金融服務性事業，外國發卡機構所面對持卡人亦為一般消費大眾居多，發卡機構常與特約商店、大型連鎖體系或其他產業之企業採取策略聯盟，進行聯合促銷活動，造成信用卡市場與該產業間的競爭態勢，故其進入策略亦可供其相關消費性服務事業經營者與決策者在進人市場時之參考與省思，具有重大研究價值。

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As more and more crimes about credit card appears, and every country¡¦s government pursues the improvement of efficiency, the smart card system has greater and greater market potential. The international credit card organizations forecasts 5 million million dollar-market of smart card relative systems. The IC Card System has been introduced to Taiwan since 20 years ago, but the government has never tried hard to make it popular. Facing the great potential market now, how do Taiwan¡¦s firms of IC Card Industry enter international markets and get competitive advantage? This is just the topic of this thesis. In recent years, the economy of main countries in world is in recession, and the United States is threatened seriously the terrorism. All the small countries whose economy depends on these dominant ones, such as the Asian four-dragons, are affected. Fortunately, Mainland China who has cheap human resource and enormously large market, takes an innovating open-door policy in recent years, bringing a new hope to the world¡¦s economy. With the trend of globalization and internationalization, and the change of the condition between the Taiwan Strait, what kind of competitive strategies should the firms of Taiwan¡¦s IC Card Industry take to get competitive advantage in national market for survival in future, is just our issue. First of all, we analyze the world¡¦s economy, the IT industry in Taiwan, and the IC Card Industry in Taiwan; then we use Porter¡¦s Diamond Model to find out Taiwan¡¦s national competitive advantage as below: 1. Taiwan has high quality human resource capable of design and complex process work. 2. Taiwan¡¦s enterprises have the advantage of flexibility and mobility. 3. Taiwan has the advantage of expanding business toward Mainland China. Secondly, we develop several strategies for Taiwan¡¦s IC Card Industry by Ansoff¡¦s and Porter¡¦s theories as follow: 1.Moving manufacturing center to the Mainland China; 2.Targeting the Mainland China as Main Market; 3.Taking good use of the advantage of second generation IC Card System. Finally, we do case study of Vstar Electronics Inc., the No.1 firm of Taiwan¡¦s IC Card Industry, to know the practical strategy and compare with theoretical ones. As one member of Taiwan¡¦s IC Card Industry, we hope to do something for the industry, by this study and some suggestion for the government.