First, a preliminary study was conducted looking for the optimum sperm concentration to be used for analysis with the Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA). Results showed that 75x106 sperm cells/mL is the optimum one. Then, the actions of relaxin on sperm motility were evaluated by determining the effect of relaxin on full motility characteristics of spermatozoa during storage, using CASA; then identifying the relaxin receptors on spermatozoa, and finally establishing actions of relaxin in intraspermatic cAMP content. Motile spermatozoa were selected through percoll gradient and incubated for 1 hour with 4 relaxin concentrations at 37°C, during four days. Relaxin affected sperm motility (P<0.05). This action appears associated with the presence of relaxin receptors RXFP1 and RXFP2 that were found in spermatozoa. However, the cAMP levels were not affected by relaxin (P<0.05). This study indicates a beneficial action of relaxin on sperm motility; however, its mechanism of action requires further research.

The conservation status of the species studied in this thesis (European eel and pufferfish) is currently frail, thus the main goal of this research was to develop, improve and apply several techniques and protocols with the aim of increasing the knowledge about their sperm biology, improving their reproductive performance and even helping future breeding in captivity. The reproductive performance of the males is often assessed through the sperm motion parameters analysed by the CASA system, so first we focused on how to standardize this technique in terms of procedural and biological settings. In this respect, we laid the foundations for applying a standard method to assess sperm quality in fish, making it possible for sperm studies to be compared both intra- and inter-laboratories using the proper CASA settings. Secondly, with the aim of improving the reproductive performance of European eel males, 3 thermal regimes (two of them variable: T10 and T15; and one of them constant: T20) and 3 hormonal treatments (hCG, hCGrec and PSMG) were assessed based on different sperm quality parameters. In the case of the thermal regimes, our results demonstrated that the onset and progression of spermiation are strongly influenced by water temperature, with treatment T20 showing the best results in all the sperm quality parameters. In the case of hormonal treatments, hCGrec produced the best results in all the sperm quality parameters, becoming an economically profitable/viable treatment and an effective alternative to the standard hCG treatment often used to induce spermiation in eel species. A preliminary physiological study regarding the changes to the main ions involved in the fish sperm activation process was carried out. Our results showed that intracellular concentrations of Ca2+ and K+ increased upon eel sperm activation, while pH gradually decreased over time, thus it is likely that all of them play an important role in the initiation of sperm motility in the European eel, as with other marine and freshwater teleosts. In the second part of this thesis, which focuses on the pufferfish, an in-depth study into the sperm of this species was carried out for future application in aquacultural matters. A short-term storage method for pufferfish sperm was developed, enabling us to preserve the sperm quality parameters for a relatively long time period (7 days) compared to fresh sperm samples. Moreover, the effects of both the osmolality and the ion composition of the activation media on the sperm motion parameters were evaluated, concluding that both factors play an essential role in the initiation of sperm motility of pufferfish sperm and probably, in marine fish sperm. Finally, in vitro fertilization trials were developed to assertain how the quantity and quality of male gametes affects the fertilization and hatching rates. We demonstrated that sperm/egg ratio and sperm quality are strongly related factors, suggesting that both should be taken into account as unique interrelated elements. In addition, coefficients of correlation among all the spermatozoa motion parameters provided by a CASA system and fertilization and hatching rates were estimated for the first time in a marine species. Spermatozoa velocities showed the highest coefficients (¿0.80), suggesting that the kinetics of the spermatozoa are a key factor in the fertilization process. / Gallego Albiach, V. (2013). Sperm physiology and quality in two marine teleosts: Anguilla anguilla & Takifugu niphobles [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/34625 / TESIS / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales

A homogeneização das doses de sêmen suíno e a ressuspensão dos espermatozoides durante o armazenamento têm sido considerados como procedimentos benéficos para a qualidade espermática. Contudo, os fundamentos acerca dessa recomendação não estão completamente elucidados. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o efeito da homogeneização nos parâmetros espermáticos e status oxidativo das doses de sêmen suíno durante o armazenamento. Vinte e um ejaculados suínos normospérmicos foram diluídos em split sample nos diluentes Androstar® Plus (AND) e Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) e as doses de sêmen foram submetidas aos protocolos sem homogeneização (NoHom) ou com homogeneização manual duas vezes ao dia (2xHom) durante o armazenamento a 17ºC por 168 h. Os parâmetros espermáticos foram avaliados de acordo com motilidade espermática, cinética espermática e integridade de membrana com as sondas fluorescentes SYBR-14/PI através do sistema CASA, integridade de acrossoma sob microscopia óptica com contraste de fase, teste de termorresistência a 38ºC por 30 min e 120 min, e pH das doses de sêmen. O status oxidativo foi determinado pela peroxidação lipídica, oxidação proteica, teor de grupos sulfidrila, espécies reativas intracelulares, potencial antioxidante total e atividade enzimática da superóxido dismutase (SOD). As doses inseminantes submetidas a NoHom ou 2xHom foram semelhantes (P>0,05) na maioria dos parâmetros espermáticos e oxidativos avaliados, para ambos os diluentes. A NoHom foi superior (P<0,05) à 2xHom quanto à motilidade e cinética espermáticas após o teste de termorresistência por 30 min, à manutenção do pH e à preservação da atividade da SOD. Além disso, melhores resultados nos parâmetros espermáticos e status oxidativo foram evidenciados no diluente AND em comparação ao BTS, exceto na motilidade total e progressiva, que diferiu apenas no final do período de armazenamento, e para espécies reativas intracelulares. Considerando que a homogeneização manual duas vezes ao dia não aprimorou a qualidade espermática e o status oxidativo, este procedimento não é necessário para o armazenamento de doses de sêmen normospérmicas por 168 h, tanto para o diluente Androstar® Plus quanto para o BTS. / Homogenization of diluted boar semen and resuspension of spermatozoa during storage have always been regarded as beneficial for semen quality. Nevertheless, the fundamental basis for its recommendation remains unclear. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of homogenization on spermatic parameters and oxidative status of boar semen doses during storage. One normospermic ejaculate from each of 21 boars was diluted in a split sample design with Androstar® Plus (AND) and Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) and semen doses were submitted to no-homogenization (NoHom) or twice-a-day manual homogenization (2xHom) during storage at 17°C for 168 h. Spermatic parameters were assessed upon motility, kinematics and membrane integrity with SYBR-14/PI with CASA system, acrosome integrity under phase-contrast microscopy, thermoresistance test at 38ºC for 30 min and 120 min, and pH. Oxidative status was determined by lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, sulfhydryl content, intracellular reactive species, total radical-trapping antioxidant potential, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. NoHom and 2xHom of liquid-stored semen doses were similar (P>0.05) in most of the spermatic and oxidative parameters for both AND and BTS extenders. NoHom was superior (P<0.05) to 2xHom regarding sperm motility and kinematics after thermoresistance test for 30 min, pH maintenance, and SOD activity preservation. Additionally, better results were evident for spermatic parameters and oxidative status in AND compared to BTS, except for total and progressive motility, which differed only at the end of the storage period, and intracellular reactive species. Taking into account that no beneficial effects for sperm motility traits and oxidative status were observed following twice-a-day homogenization, its use is not necessary for storage of semen doses for 168 h in both short- and long-term tested extenders.

A homogeneização das doses de sêmen suíno e a ressuspensão dos espermatozoides durante o armazenamento têm sido considerados como procedimentos benéficos para a qualidade espermática. Contudo, os fundamentos acerca dessa recomendação não estão completamente elucidados. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o efeito da homogeneização nos parâmetros espermáticos e status oxidativo das doses de sêmen suíno durante o armazenamento. Vinte e um ejaculados suínos normospérmicos foram diluídos em split sample nos diluentes Androstar® Plus (AND) e Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) e as doses de sêmen foram submetidas aos protocolos sem homogeneização (NoHom) ou com homogeneização manual duas vezes ao dia (2xHom) durante o armazenamento a 17ºC por 168 h. Os parâmetros espermáticos foram avaliados de acordo com motilidade espermática, cinética espermática e integridade de membrana com as sondas fluorescentes SYBR-14/PI através do sistema CASA, integridade de acrossoma sob microscopia óptica com contraste de fase, teste de termorresistência a 38ºC por 30 min e 120 min, e pH das doses de sêmen. O status oxidativo foi determinado pela peroxidação lipídica, oxidação proteica, teor de grupos sulfidrila, espécies reativas intracelulares, potencial antioxidante total e atividade enzimática da superóxido dismutase (SOD). As doses inseminantes submetidas a NoHom ou 2xHom foram semelhantes (P>0,05) na maioria dos parâmetros espermáticos e oxidativos avaliados, para ambos os diluentes. A NoHom foi superior (P<0,05) à 2xHom quanto à motilidade e cinética espermáticas após o teste de termorresistência por 30 min, à manutenção do pH e à preservação da atividade da SOD. Além disso, melhores resultados nos parâmetros espermáticos e status oxidativo foram evidenciados no diluente AND em comparação ao BTS, exceto na motilidade total e progressiva, que diferiu apenas no final do período de armazenamento, e para espécies reativas intracelulares. Considerando que a homogeneização manual duas vezes ao dia não aprimorou a qualidade espermática e o status oxidativo, este procedimento não é necessário para o armazenamento de doses de sêmen normospérmicas por 168 h, tanto para o diluente Androstar® Plus quanto para o BTS. / Homogenization of diluted boar semen and resuspension of spermatozoa during storage have always been regarded as beneficial for semen quality. Nevertheless, the fundamental basis for its recommendation remains unclear. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of homogenization on spermatic parameters and oxidative status of boar semen doses during storage. One normospermic ejaculate from each of 21 boars was diluted in a split sample design with Androstar® Plus (AND) and Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) and semen doses were submitted to no-homogenization (NoHom) or twice-a-day manual homogenization (2xHom) during storage at 17°C for 168 h. Spermatic parameters were assessed upon motility, kinematics and membrane integrity with SYBR-14/PI with CASA system, acrosome integrity under phase-contrast microscopy, thermoresistance test at 38ºC for 30 min and 120 min, and pH. Oxidative status was determined by lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, sulfhydryl content, intracellular reactive species, total radical-trapping antioxidant potential, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. NoHom and 2xHom of liquid-stored semen doses were similar (P>0.05) in most of the spermatic and oxidative parameters for both AND and BTS extenders. NoHom was superior (P<0.05) to 2xHom regarding sperm motility and kinematics after thermoresistance test for 30 min, pH maintenance, and SOD activity preservation. Additionally, better results were evident for spermatic parameters and oxidative status in AND compared to BTS, except for total and progressive motility, which differed only at the end of the storage period, and intracellular reactive species. Taking into account that no beneficial effects for sperm motility traits and oxidative status were observed following twice-a-day homogenization, its use is not necessary for storage of semen doses for 168 h in both short- and long-term tested extenders.

A homogeneização das doses de sêmen suíno e a ressuspensão dos espermatozoides durante o armazenamento têm sido considerados como procedimentos benéficos para a qualidade espermática. Contudo, os fundamentos acerca dessa recomendação não estão completamente elucidados. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o efeito da homogeneização nos parâmetros espermáticos e status oxidativo das doses de sêmen suíno durante o armazenamento. Vinte e um ejaculados suínos normospérmicos foram diluídos em split sample nos diluentes Androstar® Plus (AND) e Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) e as doses de sêmen foram submetidas aos protocolos sem homogeneização (NoHom) ou com homogeneização manual duas vezes ao dia (2xHom) durante o armazenamento a 17ºC por 168 h. Os parâmetros espermáticos foram avaliados de acordo com motilidade espermática, cinética espermática e integridade de membrana com as sondas fluorescentes SYBR-14/PI através do sistema CASA, integridade de acrossoma sob microscopia óptica com contraste de fase, teste de termorresistência a 38ºC por 30 min e 120 min, e pH das doses de sêmen. O status oxidativo foi determinado pela peroxidação lipídica, oxidação proteica, teor de grupos sulfidrila, espécies reativas intracelulares, potencial antioxidante total e atividade enzimática da superóxido dismutase (SOD). As doses inseminantes submetidas a NoHom ou 2xHom foram semelhantes (P>0,05) na maioria dos parâmetros espermáticos e oxidativos avaliados, para ambos os diluentes. A NoHom foi superior (P<0,05) à 2xHom quanto à motilidade e cinética espermáticas após o teste de termorresistência por 30 min, à manutenção do pH e à preservação da atividade da SOD. Além disso, melhores resultados nos parâmetros espermáticos e status oxidativo foram evidenciados no diluente AND em comparação ao BTS, exceto na motilidade total e progressiva, que diferiu apenas no final do período de armazenamento, e para espécies reativas intracelulares. Considerando que a homogeneização manual duas vezes ao dia não aprimorou a qualidade espermática e o status oxidativo, este procedimento não é necessário para o armazenamento de doses de sêmen normospérmicas por 168 h, tanto para o diluente Androstar® Plus quanto para o BTS. / Homogenization of diluted boar semen and resuspension of spermatozoa during storage have always been regarded as beneficial for semen quality. Nevertheless, the fundamental basis for its recommendation remains unclear. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of homogenization on spermatic parameters and oxidative status of boar semen doses during storage. One normospermic ejaculate from each of 21 boars was diluted in a split sample design with Androstar® Plus (AND) and Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) and semen doses were submitted to no-homogenization (NoHom) or twice-a-day manual homogenization (2xHom) during storage at 17°C for 168 h. Spermatic parameters were assessed upon motility, kinematics and membrane integrity with SYBR-14/PI with CASA system, acrosome integrity under phase-contrast microscopy, thermoresistance test at 38ºC for 30 min and 120 min, and pH. Oxidative status was determined by lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, sulfhydryl content, intracellular reactive species, total radical-trapping antioxidant potential, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. NoHom and 2xHom of liquid-stored semen doses were similar (P>0.05) in most of the spermatic and oxidative parameters for both AND and BTS extenders. NoHom was superior (P<0.05) to 2xHom regarding sperm motility and kinematics after thermoresistance test for 30 min, pH maintenance, and SOD activity preservation. Additionally, better results were evident for spermatic parameters and oxidative status in AND compared to BTS, except for total and progressive motility, which differed only at the end of the storage period, and intracellular reactive species. Taking into account that no beneficial effects for sperm motility traits and oxidative status were observed following twice-a-day homogenization, its use is not necessary for storage of semen doses for 168 h in both short- and long-term tested extenders.