Abstract: European beaver population in Central Europe originated from several refugial populations. Although these populations are currently well-researched, but the manifestations that may reflect genetic variability, are not known. In the Czech Republic there are beavers who spread from Saxony, from Magdeburg refugia, and other stocks that are created by beavers from Austria and Bavaria, or are the offspring of individuals coming from refuges in Poland, Russia, Norway and France. There are many indications that individuals from northern Bohemia (Elbe individuals of the population) have a considerable amount of differences. The aim of this study was to determine the exact age of mortalities beaver from the collection of the Department of Ecology FES. The most accurate estimate of the age is the closing of the basal opening of the tooth root and the sum of cement layers molars, but this method is time-consuming and technically challenging and therefore the work of trying to find another reliable criterion to determine the age of mortalities in the form of intervals of specific characteristics for each age class (juvenil, subadult, adult). Using statistical analysis, I conclude that the most cranial size determination for individuals age the length dimension is LCB (condyobasal length of the skull) and LAZ (zygomatic width of the skull). The most appropriate metristic characteristic to estimate the age appeared weight.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-03-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:01:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souto_ls_dr_botfca.pdf: 393414 bytes, checksum: e095c56445b4e6ededbd94233114a7e9 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A utilização de resíduos urbanos na agricultura vem se tornando uma prática comum. Vários trabalhos realizados demonstram que a aplicação destes resíduos de forma adequada aumenta a produtividade das culturas e minimiza custos com fertilizantes inorgânicos. Foram realizados dois experimentos na FCA/UNESP - Botucatu, SP, em NITOSSOLO VERMELHO eutrófico, em campo e em túnel plástico. No ensaio em campo estudou-se o efeito de doses de lodo de esgoto (LE) de 0, 3, 6, 12 e 24 Mg ha-1 (base úmida) aplicados no sulco de semeadura e quatro populações de plantas (6.666, 10.000, 13.333 e 20.000 plantas ha-1), em esquema fatorial 5 x 4. Neste experimento foram avaliadas a produtividade de frutos e grãos de cachos primários e total, teor de óleo no primeiro cacho, produtividade de óleo de cachos primários e total e o teor de nutrientes nos grãos. Também se avaliou a altura média das plantas, porcentagem de grãos nos frutos e o estado nutricional por ocasião do florescimento. No ensaio em túnel plástico avaliou-se a aplicação de lodo de esgoto (LE) na superfície e incorporado em 25, 50, 75 e 100% ao volume de solo, durante o período de 50 dias de desenvolvimento da cultura, nas quantidades correspondentes a 5, 10, 20, 40 e 80 Mg ha-1, base úmida, em esquema fatorial 5 x 5. Aos 50 dias após a semeadura, as plantas de mamona foram colhidas para determinação da produção de fitomassa seca e acúmulo de macronutrientes pela parte aérea. Ambos experimentos foram conduzidos em delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso. As quantidades aplicadas de lodo de esgoto foram calculadas em função do conteúdo e disponibilidade do nitrogênio nestes. Para o experimento de campo, a produtividade da mamoneira atingiu 2741,70 e 1972,04 kg ha-1 de frutos e grãos, respectivamente, com 24 Mg ha-1 de lodo de esgoto e, 3631,39 e 2629,39 kg ha-1 de frutos e grãos, respectivamente... / The use of urban residue in agriculture has become a usual practice. Various works show that the use of this residue in the adequate way benefits the soil properties enlarges productivity and minimizes costs with inorganic fertilizers. Two experiments were made in FCA/UNESP - Botucatu, SP, in Nitossol Red eutrophic, in field and in plastic tunnel. In the experiment in the field, we have studied the effect of levels of sewage sludge (LE) of 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 Mg ha-1 (umid basis) applied to the sowing, into the furrows and four populations of plants (6.666, 10.000, 13.333 and 20.000 plants ha-1), in factorial scheme 5 X 4. In this experiment were evaluated the productivity of fruits and grains of primary bunch and total, oil level in the first raceme, productivity of oil in primary bunch and total and the nutrient level in the seeds. Were also evaluated the height of the plants, the seed percentage in the fruits and the nutritional state at flowering time. In the experiment in the plastic tunnel were evaluated the application of sewage sludge (LE) in the surface and incorporated in 25, 50, 75 and 100% to the volume of soil for a period of 50 days of crop development in the corresponding amounts of 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 Mg ha-1, humid base, in factorial scheme 5 X 5. In the 50th after the sowing the castor bean plants were picked for the determination of production of dry matter and macronutrients accumulation by the aerial part. Both experiments were conducted with the use of random blocks design. The amounts of sewage sludge used were calculated considering the content and nitrogen availability in them. In the experiment in the field, the castor bean plant productivity reached 2741,70 and 1972,04 kg ha-1 of fruits and grains with 240 Mg ha-1 of sewage sludge and, 3631,39 and 2629,39 kg ha-1 of fruits and grains in the population of 20000 plants ha-1 , respectively. The oil production... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Administración MBA / El mercado de las carnes exóticas en Chile ha tenido un desarrollo importante en los últimos años, lo que se traduce en un consumo actual per cápita de este tipo de carnes en 0,5 Kg al año. El mercado objetivo de Castorfood corresponde a 1.039.731 potenciales consumidores, ubicados principalmente en el sector oriente de la Región Metropolitana, situación que se traduce en un monto anual de US$8,8 millones de dólares. Las necesidades que cubre el producto, se relacionan con el consumo de alimentos saludables (carnes magras) y el aporte nutricional que entrega a sus consumidores, por otra parte, la extracción de castores de la zona austral del país, aportará a mitigar en parte el problema de sobrepoblación de animales que existe en la zona. El modelo de negocio está definido por un flujo que comienza con el abastecimiento y envasado de la carne de castor en la zona sur del país, llegando el producto a la región Metropolitana para su distribución y comercialización a los clientes finales (supermercados y restaurantes). Los competidores en la actualidad son pequeños empresarios de la zona sur que poseen poca participación de mercado, por no tener una ventaja competitiva que les permita expandirse a otros sectores del país. En este ámbito nuestra empresa pretende mantener una red de contactos en el abastecimiento y continuidad de la materia prima, procesos normativos (SAG), y además contar con los principales contactos “administradores” de cadenas de supermercados y restaurantes interesados en este tipo de producto. Nuestro equipo gerencial está distribuido con funciones específicas, de acuerdo a sus competencias y las necesidades y continuidad de la empresa en el mercado. El potencial de crecimiento del negocio está relacionado con el nivel de ventas que puede alcanzar en función de los antecedentes recopilados en el presente estudio, situación que nos permite proyectar una penetración de mercado al quinto año de un 15%, lo que se traduce en comercializar 8.122 Kg de carne al mes para esa fecha. Acorde con las proyecciones financieras, se espera finalizar el quinto año con un nivel de utilidades después de impuestos por MM$ 292, llegando la empresa a alcanzar una TIR de 48% y un VAN de MM$ 511, considerando una tasa de descuento del 15%. Adicionalmente el periodo de recuperación de la inversión (payback), es a partir del cuarto año de operación, mientras que el Breakeven operacional se produce a fines del primer año. Dados los procedimientos y trámites que deberán realizarse antes de la entrada en operación de la empresa, se estiman que estas inicien el 1 de noviembre de 2011. La estructura de propiedad de la empresa será Limitada siendo responsable cada socio como límite, el monto de capital aportado o a un monto mayor que se especifique en la escritura. Las fuentes de este resumen están expuestas en el detalle del documento que sustenta cada punto.

O acúmulo e metabolismo de microorganismos na cavidade oral são considerados as principais causas das cáries, doenças periodontais, infecções endodônticas, infecções periimplantares e estomatites. Tanto no tratamento da periodontite quanto de infecções endodônticas soluções irrigadoras com atividade antimicrobiana podem ser utilizadas, juntamente com terapias mecânicas, com o intuito de eliminar ou diminuir o número de microorganismos e assim colaborar com a erradicação do processo infeccioso. Vários tipos de soluções têm sido indicadas e utilizadas na irrigação de bolsas periodontais e canais radiculares e a pesquisa de novos agentes e soluções justifica-se pela importância de se aliar a maior ação antimicrobiana com a menor toxicidade possível. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar \"in vitro\" a ação antimicrobiana de ésteres orgânicos derivados do óleo de mamona sobre os microorganismos Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus e Staphylococcus epidermidis, utilizando como controle positivo a solução de digluconato de clorexidina a 2%. O experimento utilizou os métodos de difusão em ágar e de microdiluição em caldo. No teste de difusão em ágar para a mistura de ésteres derivados do óleo de mamona parcialmente hidratado inibiu o crescimento das bactérias Gram-positivas Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus e Staphylococcus epidermidis. Endoquil e Perioquil exibiram halos inibitórios frente à bactéria Gram-positiva Enterococcus faecalis. No teste de microdiluição em caldo as mesmas foram utilizadas para avaliação da diluição inibitória máxima (DIM) das soluções estudadas. Na placa de 96 poços a mistura de ésteres derivados do óleo de mamona parcialmente hidratado apresentou atividade antimicrobiana sobre as bactérias gram-positivas Enterococcus faecalis (DIM 128), Staphylococcus aureus (DIM 1024), Staphylococcus epidermidis (DIM 32768) e para a levedura Candida albicans (DIM 512). Endoquil e Perioquil não exibiram ação antimicrobiana. Ao transferir-se uma alíquota de cada orifício da placa de microdiluição para tubos pode=se verificar que, em alguns casos, a DIM foi menor que a observada na placa. Nestas situações, conclui-se que as soluções apresentaram na placa, em menores diluições, ação bactericida e em diluições elevadas, ação bacteriostática. / The accumulation and metabolism of microorganisms in the mouth are considered the main causes of the caries, periodontal diseases, endodontic infections, periimplantar infections and stomatitis. Solutions with antimicrobial activity, together with mechanical therapies, can be used in the treatment of periodontal diseases and endodontic infection to eliminate or reduce the number of microorganisms and thus collaborate with the eradication of the infectious process. Different types of solutions have been indicated and used in the irrigation of periodontal pockets and radicular canals. The research of new agents and solutions is justified because the importance of finding a solution with the highest antimicrobial action and the least possible toxicity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro the antimicrobial action of solutions derived from the castor oil on the microorganisms Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus e Staphylococcus epidermidis , using as positive control the solution of 2% Chlorhexidine digluconate. The experiment used the methods of diffusion in agar and microdilution. In the diffusion agar test the solution of 2% Chlorhexidine digluconate presented inhibition halos against all tested microorganisms. The ester derived from the castor bean oil in its concentrated form inhibited the growth of Gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Endoquil ® and Perioquil® exhibited halos against Gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus faecalis.In the microdilution test the same bacteria were used to assess the maximum inhibitory dilution (DIM) of the solutions studied. In plate of 96 holes the solution of 2% Chlorhexidine digluconate inhibited the growth of all microorganisms tested with DIM ranging from 128 to Enterococcus faecalis to 32768 for Staphylococcus epidermidis. The ester derived from the castor bean oil concentrate presented antimicrobial activity on gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus faecalis (DIM 128), Staphylococcus aureus (DIM 1024), Staphylococcus epidermidis (DIM 32768) and the yeast Candida albicans (DIM 512). Endoquil ® and Perioquil ® did not exhibit antimicrobial action.Transferring a rate from each microdilution hole for tubes, it can be observated that, in some cases, the DIM was lower than that observed in the plate. In these situations it is concluded that the solutions presented in lower dilutions, a bactericidal action and in high dilutions, a bacteriostatic action.

A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Polymer Chemistry. / The dissertation studies the synthesis, formulation development, crosslinking and spectral characterisation of dehydrated castor oil poly(glyceryl phthalate) alkyd resins for use as air-dry surface coating vehicles. Synthesis of alkyd resins involves simultaneous dehydration, alcoholysis and polyesterification reactions. Dehydration of castor oil is achieved in situ under phthalic anhydride catalysis. Alcoholysis of dehydrated castor oil by glycerol is also achieved in situ to form predominantly the monoglyceride. Polyesterification of the resultant mono- and diglycerides is realised through interaction with phthalic anhydride. The reaction is carried out at 280°C for 3 hours and at 225°C for 2 hours under azeotropic distillation with xylene. The parent poly(glyceryl phthalate) alkyd resin is synthesized by reaction of castor oil, glycerol and phthalic anhydride to a predetermined acid value. Formulation development experiments were carried out to study the effect of variations in the dibasic acid to polyol/oil and polyol to oil ratios on alkyd resin properties. Model formulations exhibiting the best alkyd performance were developed. Predictive model formulation equations were derived from model formulation data and their limits of reliability and applicability established. The formulation of water soluble alkyd resins is modified to introduce pendant carboxylic acid groups along the polymer skeleton. Water solubility is achieved by neutralisation of the residual pendant carboxylic acid groups by 'fugitive' amines to yield water soluble alkyd soaps. The effect of variations in the nature and level of incorporation of amine is investigated. Alkyd resin solubilisation and resin acidity guide formulae were studied and developed. Cross-linking chemistry of alkyd resins, both in the reactor (gelation) and on application (film formation) is investigated. Gelation manifested itself in two different forms, thermoplastic and thermosetting. An important alkyd constant, K, was established as an indispensable tool in control of premature gelation and in the prediction of resin drying characteristics. Autooxidation and solvent evaporation are the two competing curing mechanisms encountered in film formation. The nature and influence of each curing mechanism on the rate of cure and film characteristics is highlighted. Catalysis experiments were conducted with metallic driers (Co2 Mn2 and Pb2} to bring the rate of drying of resin films to economically feasible limits and catalyst addition levels were established. New spectral characterisation techniques based on Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy were investigated. An extensive study was carried out on FT IR spectral data to establish qualitative and quantitative relationships between transmission peak ratios and alkyd resin composition. Series dependent and series independent correlation equations, useful in quantifying alkyd resin components were derived. A new FT IR spectroanalytic characterisation method for dibasic acids is proposed. The method, if adopted, affords both qualitative and quantitative characterisation of the dibasic acid component in the alkyd resin matrix and it is envisaged the technique will supersede conventional methods in terms of speed and simplicity.' / Andrew Chakane 2021

No description available.

Šio tiriamojo darbo tikslas buvo įvertinti Radviliškio girininkijoje aptiktas upinio bebro (Castor fiber) populiacijas. Tyrimas atliktas 2012 - 2013 metais. Pirmiausia tyrimo metu buvo renkama informacija apie Radviliškio girininkijoje, Linkaičių miško teritorijoje, esančiuose melioracijos grioviuose, įsikūrusias bebravietes, jų gausumą. Taip pat tyrimo eigoje nustatytas bebrų skaičius kiekvienoje aptiktoje bebravietėje. Nustatyta bebrų gyvenamoji aplinka, mitybos įpročiai bei jų padaroma žala miškui. / The aim of this research was to evaluate the detected Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) population in Radviliškis forestry. The study was accomplished in the year of 2012 - 2013. In the beginning of the study was collected information about the beaver lodges at drainage ditches in Linkaičiai forest teritory, Raviliškis forestry. Also during the investigation was detecded number of the beavers in each beaver lodge.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / The fertilization of the soil, traditionally made with the use of mineral fertilizers, is one of the biggest costs of agricultural production. In this way, small and medium producers have difficulties in ensuring good soil fertility conditions. The objective of this study as to determine the combination of mineral fertilizer and organic fertilizer that gives the est answer for the growth and production of castor bean. The experiment was carried out between April and September 2014. The statistical design was randomized blocks, which were tested 25 treatments distributed in a factorial 5 x 5, with combined five doses of mineral fertilizer (0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 kg ha-1 of N + P2O5 + K2O in a ratio of 1: 1: 1) and five levels of fertilizer (0, 1.25, 2.50, 3.75 and 5.0 t ha-1 composite castor bean cake). The experiment was conducted in the municipality of CrateÃs, state of CearÃ. The soil of the region is a ultisol Yellow eutrophic, with sandy loam texture. The area was irrigated daily with a sprinkler system located dripline with 4.14 L of 1-time average flow, and the volume of water used was about 300 mm per month. It was evaluated the production weight components, number of fruit and seed weight of the primary raceme, number of racemes per plant, weight of 100 seeds, and yield, as well as the concentrations of macro and micronutrients in leaf of castor bean. The highest yield was achieved in the use of fertilizer combined with 3.75 tons ha-1 of organic fertilizer with 150.0 kg ha-1 of mineral fertilizer. The trend of castor productivity increase was observed for the organic fertilizer with 3.75 tons ha-1 of organic manure combined with mineral fertilizer to the maximum amount of 176.80 kg ha-1 of mineral fertilizer, with maximum production reached approximately 2372.0 kg ha-1. The production component that contributes most to the increase of castor bean productivity is the number of racemes per plant, which can substantially increase the amount of seed for cultivation area. / A adubaÃÃo do solo, tradicionalmente feita com a utilizaÃÃo de adubos minerais, representa um dos maiores custos da produÃÃo agrÃcola. Desta forma, os pequenos e mÃdios produtores tÃm dificuldades para assegurar as boas condiÃÃes de fertilidade do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a combinaÃÃo de adubo mineral e adubo orgÃnico que proporcione a melhor resposta para o crescimento e produÃÃo da mamoneira. O experimento foi realizado entre abril e setembro de 2014. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos ao acaso, onde foram testados 25 tratamentos distribuÃdos em um esquema fatorial 5 x 5, sendo combinadas cinco doses de adubo mineral (0, 75, 150, 225 e 300 kg ha-1 de N+P2O5+K2O na proporÃÃo 1:1:1) e cinco doses de adubo orgÃnico (0, 1,25, 2,50, 3,75 e 5,0 toneladas ha-1 de torta de mamona composta). O experimento foi realizado no municÃpio de CrateÃs, estado do CearÃ. O solo da regiÃo à um ARGISSOLO Amarelo eutrÃfico, com textura franco arenosa. A Ãrea foi irrigada diariamente com sistema de irrigaÃÃo localizada com tubo gotejador de 4,14 L hora-1 de vazÃo mÃdia, sendo que o volume de Ãgua utilizado foi de aproximadamente 300 mm mensais. Foram avaliados os componentes de produÃÃo peso, nÃmero de frutos e peso das sementes do racemo primÃrio, nÃmero de racemos por planta, peso de 100 sementes e produtividade, bem como as concentraÃÃes dos macros e micronutrientes da folha da mamoneira. A maior produtividade foi alcanÃada na utilizaÃÃo de adubaÃÃo combinada com 3,75 toneladas ha-1 de adubo orgÃnico com 150,0 kg ha-1 de adubo mineral. A tendÃncia de aumento de produtividade da mamona foi verificada para a adubaÃÃo orgÃnica com 3,75 toneladas ha-1 de adubo orgÃnico combinada com adubo mineral atà a quantidade mÃxima de 176,80 kg ha-1 de adubo mineral, com a produÃÃo mÃxima alcanÃada de aproximadamente 2372,0 kg ha-1. O componente de produÃÃo que mais contribui para o aumento da produtividade da mamoneira à o nÃmero de racemos por planta, que pode aumentar substancialmente a quantidade de sementes por Ãrea de cultivo.

The genus Castor is represented in Eurasia by Castor fiber, North America by C. canadensis, and has been in North America since the late Miocene. This study aims to assess whether morphology of Miocene-Pliocene C. californicus and extant C. canadensis are distinctly different. Specimens of Castor were compared using geometric morphometrics on cranial material and linear measurements of postcranial material. Species occurrence data were compared with past and future climate data to assess Castor distribution in North America through time. Results show that C. canadensis is highly variable in both cranial and postcranial morphology and C. californicus falls largely within the range of variation seen within the extant species. Past distributions match fossil occurrences of Castor, suggesting confidence in projected models. Morphological and distribution similarities between the two species suggest that they can be treated as ecological analogs, though evaluation of whether they are conspecific will require more data.

Šio darbo tikslas buvo ištirti atsitiktinai padaugintos polimorfinės DNR (APPD) metodu skirtingas Europinio bebro (Castor fiber) subpopuliacijas Lietuvoje. Buvo ištirtos Europinio bebro 4 subpopuliacijose: Mituvos, Vilkaraisčio, Giedraičių ir Rusnės salos. DNR atsitiktinai padaugintų fragmentų polimorfizmas buvo tirtas naudojant 10 pradmenų. Pagal Nei apskaičuotą genetinę distanciją tarp populiacijų, labiausiai genetiškai panašios buvo Giedraičių ir Vilkraisčio subpopuliacijos (0,936), didžiausia genetinė distancija nustatyta tarp Rusnės salos ir Vilkaraisčio subpopuliacijų (0,288). Ištirtos subpopuliacijos grupuojasi į du klasterius: vieną klasterį sudaro Rusnės salos ir Mituvos subpopuliacijos, kitą – Vilkaraisčio ir Giedraičių subpopuliacijos. Europinio bebro subpopuliacijų genetinei įvairovei nustatyti, Popgene programa buvo apskaičiuoti 4 parametrai. Shannon informacinis indeksas svyravo nuo 0,2527 (Rusnės sala) iki 0,3895 (Giedraičiai). Nei genetinė įvairovė svyravo nuo 0,1677 (Rusnės sala) iki 0,2589 (Mituva). Didžiausias nustatytas alelių skaičius buvo Mituvoje (1,8911), mažiausias Rusnės saloje (1,5050). Efektyvus alelių skaičius svyravo nuo 1,2864 (Rusnės sala) iki 1,444 (Giedraičiai). Didžiausia genetinė įvairovė buvo aptikta Mituvos subpopuliacijoje, o mažiausia genetine įvairove pasižymi Rusnės salos subpopuliacija. Daugiausia polimorfinių lokusų buvo aptikta Mituvos subpopuliacijoje (89,11%), o mažiausiai Rusnės salos subpopuliacijoje (50,5%). Nustatėmė, kad... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of this study is to evaluate genetic structure of European beavers (Castor fiber) subpopulations from Lithuania using RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) method. We investigated genetic variability of 4 subpopulations from Rusne, Mituva, Giedraiciai and Vilkaraistis. 10 primers were used in this analysis. Acording to Nei‘s genetic identity, the most similar were subpopulations from Giedraiciai and Vilkaraistis (0,936), the highest genetic distance was observed between subpopulations from Rusnes island and Vilkaraistis (0,288). These subpopulations form two clusters: Mituva and Rusnes island forms one cluster and Vilkaraistis and Giedraiciai – another. To evaluate the genetic variation in subpopulations we analysed four parameters. Shannon’s informations index was from 0,2527 in Rusnes island to 0,3895 in Giedraiciai.The highest Nei‘s genetic variaty was observed in subpopulation from Mituva and the smallest in Rusnes island (0,1677).The highest number of alleles was detected in Mituva (1,8911) and the smalest in Rusnes island (1,5050). The efective number of alleles was from 1,2864 in Rusnes island to 1,444 in Giedraiciai. From these parametres we can see that the most genetic diversity is observed in subpopulation from Mituva and the smallest in subpopulation from Rusnes island. We detected that the in Rusnes island 50,5 % of loci were polimorphic, and in subpopulation from Mituva even 89,11% of loci were polimorphic. We found out that molecular diversity is... [to full text]