Tam Kwan Ping Keith. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 1998-99, design report." / Includes bibliographical references. / Chapter 1. --- Definition / Chapter 2. --- Introduction / Chapter 2.1 --- Scenario [1] / Chapter 2.2 --- Scenario [2] / Chapter 2.3 --- Scenario [3] / Chapter 3. --- Vision / Chapter 4. --- History of [cave] / Chapter 4.1 --- Troglodyte - Origin of Man / Chapter 4.2 --- Cave - Origin of Architecture / Chapter 5. --- Background - Technical / Chapter 5.1 --- Rock Support Philosophy and methods / Chapter 5.2 --- Lateral Ground Support Systems / Chapter 5.3 --- Rock Excavation Techniques / Chapter 6. --- Global Context / Chapter 6.1 --- Cavern Development in Foreign Countries / Chapter 6.2 --- Cavern Development in China / Chapter 6.3 --- Traditional Advantages of Cavern / Chapter 6.4 --- Limitation of Cavern / Chapter 6.5 --- Dialogue / Chapter 6.6 --- Problems and Potential / Chapter 7. --- Local / Hong Kong Context / Chapter 7.1 --- Hong Kong Geology / Chapter 7.2 --- Feasibility of Cavern in Hong Kong from Geo-technical perspective / Chapter 7.3 --- Symbolic meaning of Mountain / Chapter 7.4 --- Hillsides Squatters / Chapter 7.5 --- Urban + Mountain = Urban Landscape? / Chapter 7.6 --- Problems and Potential / Chapter 8. --- Site / Chapter 8.1 --- Criteria for Selection / Chapter 8.2 --- General Information and Analysis / Chapter 8.3 --- Geology and Rock Properties / Chapter 9. --- Constraints / Chapter 9.1 --- Planning - OZP / Chapter 9.2 --- Statutory Control / Chapter 9.3 --- MTR Restrictions / Chapter 9.4 --- Other Constraints / Chapter 10. --- Client / Chapter 10.1 --- Client Profile & Brief / Chapter 10.2 --- Client Organization / Chapter 11. --- Hypothesis and Potential / Chapter 12. --- Mission / Chapter 13. --- Design Strategy / Chapter 14. --- Design Intentions / Chapter 15. --- Summary and Conclusion / Chapter 15.1 --- Schedule of Accommodation / Chapter 16. --- Precedent Studies / Appendix / Bibliography

The Covesea Caves are a series of later prehistoric sites that form a complex mortuary landscape. Previous excavations of the caves have provided evidence for the decapitation, disarticulation, and intentional deposition of human remains. Although there has been substantial analysis of the human remains, there has been little consideration of the significant number of faunal remains recovered during numerous excavations. This research represents the first focused examination of the extensive zooarchaeological record from the Covesea Caves, with an emphasis on investigating characteristics of the faunal bone related to taphonomy and processing in order to provide a proxy for the complex funerary treatments to which the human remains were subject. Analysis of Covesea Cave 2 revealed a narrative of ritual and funerary activities, from the Neolithic to the Post-Medieval Period. Zooarchaeological analysis has illustrated how certain species were significant in ritual activity, and thus utilised specifically in funerary rites. The results from this research shed more light on past cosmologies and the importance of non-human species to humans in both life and death. / Funding for fieldwork was provided by Historic Environment Scotland and Aberdeenshire Council. Lab work and species confirmation was funded by a generous grant from the British Cave Research Association. Funding for this [comparative] analysis was provided by the following organisations: The Prehistoric Society, The Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, The Natural History Society of Glasgow

Abstract The Yungang Cave Complex in Shanxi province is one of the largest Buddhist sculpture repositories produced during the Northern and Southern Dynasties. This thesis argues that the iconographic evolution of the Yungang caves underwent three developing phases which can be summarized as the five Tan Yao Caves phase, the transitional period, and the sinicized third-phase under the reigns of five Northern Wei (386-534) emperors Wencheng 文成 (452-465), Xianwen 獻文 (466-471), Xiaowen 孝文(471-499), Xuanwu 宣武 (500-515) and Xiaoming 孝明 (516-528). This dissertation studies the Yungang third-phase caves, namely those caves executed after the capital was moved from Pingcheng 平城 to Luoyang 洛陽in the year 494. It focuses primarily on what we call the western-end caves, which are composed of all the caves from cave 21 to cave 45, and as cave 5-10 and cave 5-11 are typical representations of the third-phase and even today are well preserved, they are also included in this study. Using typology method, as well as primary literary sources, this study places the western-end caves in their historical, social and religious context while focusing on four perspectives: architectural lay-out, iconographic composition, subject matter and style of representation. It deals with such questions as: what these images represent, what is their connection with Buddhist literature, what is the origin of the style of the western-end caves, what is the relationship between sculpture and painting, what is the relationship between the monastic life and Buddhist art, what was the status of Yungang after the transfer of the capital to the south, and who were the patrons. This study sheds new light on the changes in the iconographic motifs over the time from the first-phase to the third-phase and constructs a timeline for the sequence of construction of the western-end caves. The study also investigates the iconographical inter-relationship between the Yungang third-phase caves and those in the Longmen and to a lesser extent, the Gongxian complexes, as well as some relatively small caves in Shanxi province in order to trace the spread of the “Yungang Style.” This will map out the evolution in Buddhist iconographical style throughout the Central Plain of China. Although the caves of the first two phases have been studied extensively, this study is the first comprehensive examination of the Yungang third-phase caves. It is also the first investigation of the interrelationship between the Yungang style and that of other sites such as Longmen and Gongxian, as well as individual caves in the Shanxi area. This work is based on a broad consultation of primary text material and, most importantly, on first hand site observations by the researcher, which are documented by an extensive photographic record.

Abstract The Yungang Cave Complex in Shanxi province is one of the largest Buddhist sculpture repositories produced during the Northern and Southern Dynasties. This thesis argues that the iconographic evolution of the Yungang caves underwent three developing phases which can be summarized as the five Tan Yao Caves phase, the transitional period, and the sinicized third-phase under the reigns of five Northern Wei (386-534) emperors Wencheng 文成 (452-465), Xianwen 獻文 (466-471), Xiaowen 孝文(471-499), Xuanwu 宣武 (500-515) and Xiaoming 孝明 (516-528). This dissertation studies the Yungang third-phase caves, namely those caves executed after the capital was moved from Pingcheng 平城 to Luoyang 洛陽in the year 494. It focuses primarily on what we call the western-end caves, which are composed of all the caves from cave 21 to cave 45, and as cave 5-10 and cave 5-11 are typical representations of the third-phase and even today are well preserved, they are also included in this study. Using typology method, as well as primary literary sources, this study places the western-end caves in their historical, social and religious context while focusing on four perspectives: architectural lay-out, iconographic composition, subject matter and style of representation. It deals with such questions as: what these images represent, what is their connection with Buddhist literature, what is the origin of the style of the western-end caves, what is the relationship between sculpture and painting, what is the relationship between the monastic life and Buddhist art, what was the status of Yungang after the transfer of the capital to the south, and who were the patrons. This study sheds new light on the changes in the iconographic motifs over the time from the first-phase to the third-phase and constructs a timeline for the sequence of construction of the western-end caves. The study also investigates the iconographical inter-relationship between the Yungang third-phase caves and those in the Longmen and to a lesser extent, the Gongxian complexes, as well as some relatively small caves in Shanxi province in order to trace the spread of the “Yungang Style.” This will map out the evolution in Buddhist iconographical style throughout the Central Plain of China. Although the caves of the first two phases have been studied extensively, this study is the first comprehensive examination of the Yungang third-phase caves. It is also the first investigation of the interrelationship between the Yungang style and that of other sites such as Longmen and Gongxian, as well as individual caves in the Shanxi area. This work is based on a broad consultation of primary text material and, most importantly, on first hand site observations by the researcher, which are documented by an extensive photographic record.

As cavernas são ambientes frágeis nos quais a escala de tempo excede em muito a nossa existência e preservam significativos vestígios da história da Terra e da nossa história. A importância cultural, ambiental e científica das cavernas as tornam espaços singulares para a educação ambiental, pesquisa e recreação. Porém o aumento do uso público sem planejamento tem causado impactos negativos à este ambiente único, que, quando destruído, perde-se para sempre. Nesta perspectiva, baseado na pesquisa em projeto de arquitetura e tendo como estudo de caso da Caverna do Diabo, este estudo propõe uma metodologia para avaliação, planejamento e projeto para atuação da arquitetura no uso público de cavernas segundo as boas práticas atuais de conservação e de vivência do espaço. Apresenta uma proposta metodológica de planejamento baseada na análise espacial de mapas de potencialidades e de restrições para a definição dos usos e do zoneamento ambiental com propósitos de conservação. No último capítulo é apresentado um projeto para a Caverna do Diabo com a aplicação da estratégia proposta e um sistema construtivo modular baseado no uso de peças produzidas com compósito polimérico reforçado com fibra de vidro. Nas cavernas o tempo geológico, diferente do humano, e a ausência de luz, dominam o ambiente. Se a arquitetura é tempo e luz, resta à esta o percurso. Organizar o espaço, condução sutil, à fim de despertar as sensações do lugar. O desenho, então, é determinístico o risco no chão. O caminhar, observar, estar, sentir. / The caves are fragile environments in which the time scale exceeds largely our existence and preserve significant traces of Earth\'s history and our own history. The cultural, environmental and scientific importance of caves make them unique spaces for environmental education, research and recreation. However, increased public use without planning has caused negative impacts to this unique environment, which when destroyed its lost forever. In this perspective, based on research in architectural design and having Caverna do Diabo as a case study, this research proposes an evaluation methodology, a planning and an architecture project action to the public use of caves under the current good conservation practices and environment experience. This research proposes a methodological planning based on spatial analysis maps of potentiality and restrictions to the definition of access and environmental zoning for purposes of conservation. In the last chapter is presented a project to the Caverna do Diabo with the implementation of the proposed strategy and a modular construction system based on the use of manufactured parts with polymeric composite reinforced with glass fiber. In the caves, geological time, different of humans, and the absence of light, dominate the environment. If architecture is time and light, remains to this the route. The purpose of the research is to organize the space, subtle leading, in order to awaken the place sensations. The drawing is then deterministic, the mark on the ground. Walk, observe, be, feel.

As cavernas são ambientes frágeis nos quais a escala de tempo excede em muito a nossa existência e preservam significativos vestígios da história da Terra e da nossa história. A importância cultural, ambiental e científica das cavernas as tornam espaços singulares para a educação ambiental, pesquisa e recreação. Porém o aumento do uso público sem planejamento tem causado impactos negativos à este ambiente único, que, quando destruído, perde-se para sempre. Nesta perspectiva, baseado na pesquisa em projeto de arquitetura e tendo como estudo de caso da Caverna do Diabo, este estudo propõe uma metodologia para avaliação, planejamento e projeto para atuação da arquitetura no uso público de cavernas segundo as boas práticas atuais de conservação e de vivência do espaço. Apresenta uma proposta metodológica de planejamento baseada na análise espacial de mapas de potencialidades e de restrições para a definição dos usos e do zoneamento ambiental com propósitos de conservação. No último capítulo é apresentado um projeto para a Caverna do Diabo com a aplicação da estratégia proposta e um sistema construtivo modular baseado no uso de peças produzidas com compósito polimérico reforçado com fibra de vidro. Nas cavernas o tempo geológico, diferente do humano, e a ausência de luz, dominam o ambiente. Se a arquitetura é tempo e luz, resta à esta o percurso. Organizar o espaço, condução sutil, à fim de despertar as sensações do lugar. O desenho, então, é determinístico o risco no chão. O caminhar, observar, estar, sentir. / The caves are fragile environments in which the time scale exceeds largely our existence and preserve significant traces of Earth\'s history and our own history. The cultural, environmental and scientific importance of caves make them unique spaces for environmental education, research and recreation. However, increased public use without planning has caused negative impacts to this unique environment, which when destroyed its lost forever. In this perspective, based on research in architectural design and having Caverna do Diabo as a case study, this research proposes an evaluation methodology, a planning and an architecture project action to the public use of caves under the current good conservation practices and environment experience. This research proposes a methodological planning based on spatial analysis maps of potentiality and restrictions to the definition of access and environmental zoning for purposes of conservation. In the last chapter is presented a project to the Caverna do Diabo with the implementation of the proposed strategy and a modular construction system based on the use of manufactured parts with polymeric composite reinforced with glass fiber. In the caves, geological time, different of humans, and the absence of light, dominate the environment. If architecture is time and light, remains to this the route. The purpose of the research is to organize the space, subtle leading, in order to awaken the place sensations. The drawing is then deterministic, the mark on the ground. Walk, observe, be, feel.

No description available.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Johannesburg, November 2014. / My analysis of the lithics, shellfish and tortoise recovered from layers dating to between 11.8 and 9.7 ka at Klipdrift Cave (KDC), De Hoop Nature Reserve, southern Cape, provides new information on the Oakhurst technocomplex. A re-analysis of a sample of lithic artefacts from Matjes River Rock Shelter (MRS) indicates many technological similarities, but also unexpected differences, highlighting the need for detailed contextualised studies that could reveal the complexity of the Oakhurst Industry. The lithic artefacts were analysed following a typo-technological approach. The KDC Oakhurst shares many characteristics typical of this technocomplex from the southern Cape, for example in the dominance of quartzite, irregular and unstandardized flakes, the occurrence of irregular cores and typical large side and end scrapers. It differs from most coastal Oakhurst sites in the more intensive exploitation of quartz, and the presence of a morphological blade component, especially in the lowermost layers. Shellfish remains were identified to species level in terms of minimum number of individuals (MNI) and weight. The two main species are Dinoplax gigas, dominating in the lower part of the sequence, between 11.8 and 11.1 ka and Turbo sarmaticus that is more numerous thereafter. These species provide the highest energy yield in terms of kilojoules, estimated at 667 511 kilojoules for both species combined. The species composition at KDC reflects changing environmental conditions that may relate to the effect of the Younger Dryas event, changing from a sheltered sandy bay to a habitat with more exposed rocks and less sand after 11.1 ka. T. sarmaticus opercula, Cymbula oculus shells and tortoise medio-lateral humeri were measured to investigate whether human predation pressure could have affected their size. Although the sizes of T. sarmaticus opercula show some decrease through time suggesting human predation pressure on these molluscs, there is also a possibility that environmental factors may have affected Turbo growth. The tortoise sizes at KDC, and some other Oakhurst sites, are similar to that of the Middle Stone Age (MSA) but the KDC data are iv inconclusive on whether intensive harvesting had an effect on average tortoise size.

Ph.D., Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 2011 / Work on Sterkfontein cave deposits has generally focussed on clarifying the life histories of interned hominin remains. Less attention has been paid to the depositional context of the fossils and the specific stratigraphic processes involved in the formation of deposits, and their interaction within the cave system. Also lacking is an understanding of the complex processes influencing the distribution and integrity of the faunal and artefact assemblages. This research applied a broad-spectrum multidisciplinary approach to investigate a previously unexamined area of the caves with a particularly rich depositional history. The underground central deposits represent several infills of important fossil and artefact-bearing sediments. These sediments have accumulated into one of the deepest central areas of the Sterkfontein cave system creating a confluence area with a complex formation history. Three excavations (STK-MH1, STK-MH2 and STK-EC1) uncovered seven deposits. These deposits document a depositional history ranging from the earliest introduction of allogenic sediments (STK-MH1 T4), to the commercial exploitation of the caves through mining and tourism (STK-MH1 T1, STK-MH2). The stratigraphic sequence for the underground central deposits exhibits multiple formation processes including deposition (through numerous processes), erosion, collapse, diagenetic modification, deformation and displacement. The detailed stratigraphic history of these deposits was elucidated utilising sedimentological, fabric, stratigraphic, taphonomic and taxonomic analyses. As well as deciphering the complex formation history of this important area, this research attempted to identify the influence of cave sedimentation processes on faunal distribution and assemblage integrity. Faunal assemblages are prone to extensive modification caused by sedimentation and re-sedimentation processes mixing and distributing deposits through the caves. Varying sedimentological properties within fossil-bearing sediment gravity flows can cause the destruction of primary context taphonomic evidence, the concentration of fossils representing multiple stratigraphically distinct facies, and deposit-wide fossil distributions based on element size and shape. In addition to these processes, it was found that different skeletal elements change shape in different ways through breakage, thereby changing the specific mobility of the fossils and their potential distribution through the sediment body. Not identifying or not accounting for these post-depositional processes can lead to non-representative sampling, and to the misinterpretation of taphonomic and taxonomic data.

A investigação sobre morcegos cavernícolas brasileiros foi iniciada por TRAJANO (1981) que entre 1978 e 1980, estudou a comunidade que utiliza cavernas na área cárstica do Alto Ribeira, Sul do Estado de São Paulo. Seguiram-se estudos no norte de São Paulo, Distrito Federal e Bahia, sendo que trabalhos recentes estão sendo realizados em novas áreas, preenchendo uma lacuna importante no país. O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar um novo levantamento da quiropterofauna do Alto Ribeira, complementando o levantamento prévio e verificando possíveis alterações devidas a perturbações antrópicas na área. Para tal, foram amostrados 13 pontos em áreas epígeas e 12 cavidades, das quais 10 foram estudadas mensalmente. O trabalho de campo consistiu de viagens mensais ao longo de um ano, com duração de cerca de 10 dias cada, com início em fevereiro de 2006 e término em janeiro de 2007. Todos os procedimentos seguiram, na medida do possível, os métodos adotados por Trajano (1981), sendo as redes colocadas nos mesmos locais amostrados há mais de duas décadas. No presente estudo, foram realizadas 121 noites de amostragem, com um esforço total de 25.320 m2 de rede x hora. No total, foram capturados 1.493 morcegos pertencentes a 35 espécies, representando cinco famílias (Emballonuridae, Furipteridae, Natalidae, Phyllostomidae e Vespertilionidae). No conjunto das doze cavernas foram obtidas 29 espécies, algumas delas representando os primeiros registros em caverna no Brasil, como Lasiurus ega e Chiroderma doriae. Nas localidades epígeas, foram registradas 24 espécies com algumas exclusivas desse ambiente, como Artibeus glaucus, Eptesicus furinalis, Eptesicus taddeii, Histiotus velatus, Vampiressa pusilla e Phylloderma stenops. Dos 1.493 morcegos capturados, 1.091 foram marcados com anilhas no antebraço, dos quais 330 foram recapturados pelo menos uma vez, havendo recapturas múltiplas, totalizando 519 recapturas. Em uma das recapturas, um espécime de Artibeus lituratus chamou a atenção por representar o maior deslocamento já registrado no país com 113 km de distância em 443 dias. As espécies com maior número de captura foram L. aurita (N = 508), seguida de D. rotundus (N = 223) e Carollia perspicillata (N = 217) e aquelas com maior número de recapturadas foram Lonchorhina aurita (N = 189), Desmodus rotundus (N = 166) e Diphylla ecaudata (N = 98); para estas últimas foi estimado o tamanho das populações em uma área de 113 km2: L. aurita, 1.639 indivíduos, D. rotundus, 548 indivíduos e D. ecaudata, 206 indivíduos. Na comparação com o estudo de TRAJANO (1981), para o mesmo esforço de coleta, foram considerados, no presente estudo, 483 indivíduos de 21 espécies (Emballonuridae, Natalidae e Phyllostomidae), sendo Lonchorhina aurita (N = 155) a espécie mais freqüente, seguida de Desmodus rotundus (N = 89) e Diphylla ecaudata (N = 71). A partir desses dados, verificaram-se diferenças no número de capturas, abundância relativa das espécies e posições no ranking de abundância entre os dois estudos, porém não na riqueza da quiropterofauna cavernícola. Dessa forma, o turismo crescente na região pode estar provocando efeitos negativos sobre algumas espécies provavelmente mais sensíveis, como os insetívoros Furipterus horrens, Micronycteris megalotis e Myotis nigricans, porém ainda não vem causando alterações significativas na riqueza e abundância total dos morcegos cavernícolas no Alto Ribeira. / The survey on Brazilian cave bats was initiated by TRAJANO (1981) that between 1978 and 1980, studied the community that uses caves in a carstic area of Alto Ribeira, south of the State of São Paulo. Another studies had been followed in the north of São Paulo, Distrito Federal and Bahia, and recent works are being carried through in new areas, filling an important gap in the country. The present study it had as objective to carry through a new survey of quiropterofauna of the Alto Ribeira, being complemented the previous survey and verifying possible changes due the antropics disturbances in the area. For such, was sampled 13 points in epígeas areas and 12 caves, of which 10 had been studied monthly. The field work consisted of monthly trips throughout one year, with duration of about 10 days each, with beginning in February of 2006 and ending in January of 2007. All the procedures had followed, in the measure of the possible one, the methods adopted for TRAJANO (1981), being the nets placed in the same sampled places have two decades more than. In the set of the twelve caves 29 species had been gotten, some of them representing the first registers in cave in Brazil, as Lasiurus ega and Chiroderma doriae. In the epigeas localities, they had been registered 24 species with some exclusive of this environment, as Artibeus glaucus, Eptesicus furinalis, Eptesicus taddeii, Histiotus velatus, Vampiressa pusilla and Phylloderma stenops. Of the 1.493 captured bats, 1.091 had been banded with metal and plastic bands in forearm, of which 330 had been recaptured at least one time, having recapture multiple, totalizing 519 recapture. One recapture of a specimen of Artibeus lituratus called the attention for representing the biggest registered movement already in the country with 113 km of distance in 443 days. The species with larger number of capture had been L. aurita (N = 508), followed of D. rotundus (N = 223) and Carollia perspicillata (N = 217), and those with larger number of recaptured had been L. aurita (N = 189), Desmodus rotundus (N = 166) and Diphylla ecaudata (N = 98); for these last ones km2 was estimated the size of the populations in an area of 113: L. aurita, 1,639 individuals, D. rotundus, 548 individuals and D. ecaudata, 206 individuals. In the comparison with the study of TRAJANO (1981), for the same collection effort, they had been considered, in the present study, 483 individuals of 21 species (Emballonuridae, Natalidae and Phyllostomidae), being Lonchorhina aurita (N = 155) the species most frequent, followed of Desmodus rotundus (N = 89) and Diphylla ecaudata (N = 71). With these data, differences in the number of captures, relative abundance of the species and position in ranking of abundance between the two studies had been verified, however not in the richness of cave bats. Therefore, the increasing tourism in the region can be causing negative effect on some species probably more sensible, as the insectivorous Furipterus horrens, Micronycteris megalotis and Myotis nigricans, however still it does not come causing significant alterations in the richness and total abundance of the cave bats in the Alto Ribeira.