Background: The most common investigations used in the pre-operative diagnosis of choledocholithiasis are ultrasound and liver function tests (LFTs). These modalities have a low sensitivity for detecting common bile duct stones amongst the intermediate-risk groups. Aim: Identify pre-operative findings which predict choledocholithiasis in intermediate-risk groups. Describe the implications of a positive intra-operative cholangiogram (IOC). Method: A retrospective study of all consecutive laparoscopic cholecystectomies with IOC performed. Data were collected over two years between 1st January 2015 and 31st December 2016. Standard demographic variables, preoperative symptoms, LFTs, IOC findings, abdomen ultrasound, and postoperative symptoms were included. Results: 23 cases were planned for IOC. The median age was 41 years. Seventeen cases were females. Indications were 12 biliary colic, eight gallstone pancreatitis, two cases of acute cholecystitis, and one case was for ascending cholangitis. Four cases had a positive IOC, and in this group, the median age was 44.5 years with one male. The mean common bile duct diameter was 6.5 mm. Two patients had biliary colic, one patient gallstone pancreatitis and one acute cholecystitis. One patient had a history of jaundice, and all four cases had elevated GGT above 40 mmol/l, three cases had ALP above 98 mmol/l. Post-operative, out of 23 cases, five cases had an ERCP, repeated ultrasound in three cases, persistence symptoms in four cases. Conclusions: GGT was the strongest predictor of choledocholithiasis. A normal GGT seems to be quite good at ruling out CBD stones. ALP was less accurate. Gallstone pancreatitis is not a good predictor, but it is importance to exclude choledocholithiasis before/during cholecystectomy. There is no relation between the IOC and persistent symptoms.

Abstract For years, holding international sport games has been Taiwan¡¦s goal and we are on the way to realize it. The experiences of applying to holding international sport games are beneficial to our ability in future applying. The success of acquiring the opportunities to hold international society¡¦s committeemen sport games can improve our sport ability boost our national image, and strengthen the society¡¦s committeemen. Sine Taiwan has applied many times in the past; we have accumulated certain level of experience. The history of applying to holding East Asia Games, Asia Games, International University Games, International Children¡¦s Games, World Games, and Deaf Olympics showed that our determination and efforts to hold international sport games. Through literature review, this study aims to find the effects of holding an international game. Then, based on scholars and experts¡¦ opinions, the paper tried to find the factors of successfully acquiring the ownership of holding Olympic Games. In addition to political factors, there should be other factors of acquiring the ownership of international sport games. Due to the fact that most documents for application are not accessible, the study aims to make use of documents revealed to the public provided by IOC. The results of this study show in the first phase those cities hoping to be the candidate cities have no ideas about what other opponent cities are. Therefore, all those cities can do is to prove their capabilities with numeral statements to pass standards IOC set. In the second phase, IOC will send experts to candidate cities to investigate the infrastructure of candidate cites and get a comprehensive understanding about how the candidate cities are going to deal with every aspect that is necessary to take care for holding Olympic Games. The results of the first and second phases may greatly differ. The most crucial point lies in the election held in IOC session that will hold the selection of host cities after candidate cities make their last presentations about their plans concerning holding Olympic Games. According to the study mentioned above, I came up with following suggestions. The success of acquiring the opportunities to hold international sport games lies in continuous improvement of applicant city and through learning during the application process. The experiences of applying and holding international sport games are beneficial to future opportunity acquiring. If future studies can work on factors that influence the decision making of voting committee members and factors such as members representing candidate city or the content of presentations is. Keywords: international sport games, IOC, candidate city

An indicator of compromise is a digital artefact that detects data compromise. They sense the compromise happening, trace the intrusion and collect data. This data includes breached data and the address. All indicators have a limited period of a lifetime, in which these work the best time in their peak. Once the indicator starts decaying, then its performance of it deteriorates. Meaning there is an increase in false alarms of compromise. The most influential parameters in the performance of an IOC are related pulse, alerts, file score and IDS. These parameters influence both the working and decay of an indicator. But the relation between these is unknown; therefore, this thesis investigates the nature of the correlation between these parameters. Evaluating an IOC and its performance or decay is essential as these determine the quality of an indicator known as confidence in cybersecurity. In cybersecurity management, confidence (quality) is crucial in preventing or detecting threats. By understanding IOC's performance and decay, we can determine its confidence level. There has been a model generated to find confidence levels, and this thesis aims to improve those models. Here, the thesis proposes a case study to find the relation between parameters and use the findings in making an improved model finding confidence level.

The overall aim of the research project is to investigate the alms and the consequences of the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games. The Seoul Olympics took place over twenty years ago, and the event has had a significant impact on South Korean society which is best explained by reference to theories of globalization and mega events. The project uses qualitative methods and a variety of data sources to evaluate the domestic impact of the Games in relation to culture, politics, sport, and economics. The analysis is contextualised within an understanding of Korean history with specific reference to Japanese colonialism and relations between North and South Korea. Particular attention is paid to the decision by most of the Communist bloc to participate in the Seoul Olympics, despite a North Korean boycott. The thesis also examines the reasons that lay behind Seoul wiuning the right to host the Games, as well as the postGames consequences, both of which are addressed using empirical data drawn from interviews and documentary evidence. Having addressed the evidence within the context of wider sociological debate concerning globalisation, the thesis concludes that South Korea's political, economic, cultural and sporting interests were well served by the Seoul Olympic Games, and that hosting a mega-event of this scale helped to accelerate South Korea's modernisation process and its emergence on the global stage.

Previous research has addressed the importance of IOC, where the outcome of a poor IOC between actors in a network will affect the information sharing and the inter-organizational relationship. The topic has been extensively researched, however researchers are still highlighting the need to further research.   A literature review on the topic area generated an overview of the existing literature within the field. The literature review identified a research gap that founded the purpose of this study. The purpose is to reveal the actors within the industry and how the IOC is structured among three cruise line destinations in Sweden and in the network Cruise Baltic.    The study was of a qualitative nature and was conducted through a multiple case study. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with three cruise line destinations and one cruise line industry network.   The interview data reveals the IOC of the chosen industry and that the destinations have some barriers to overcome when it comes to achieving an effective IOC. Based on the conclusions of this study recommendations for managerial implications were formed.   The findings of the research were able to support previous studies regarding IOC and its key variables. It was revealed that the destinations and the network execute an effective IOC to some extent. The destinations are considerable small in size, which has influenced the IOC to the other actors within the network.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the ways in which members of interorganizational collaborations (IOCs) create and maintain the processes and structures of collaborative organizing. This research argues that IOCs are complex organizations that include ongoing communicative processes among individuals who act as collaborative members and constituent representatives. Specifically, this research seeks to explain how individual boundary spanners come to understand collaborative identities that create structures affecting actions and outcomes of the collaboration. Five research questions are posed using social identity theory as a guide to explore the data collected. The communication processes of IOC boundary spanners was investigated during a 13-month ethnographic field study, which included meeting observations, in-depth interviews, video stimulated recall, and document analysis. Overall, over 90% of the active members in the IOC were interviewed. Data was analyzed using the constant comparative method and organized by research question. Results indicate that boundary spanners in IOC use social identity to help orient and organize the diverse voices present within the collaboration. IOC members invoked group prototypes that created sub-groups within the IOC, thus allowing members with different goals for participation to find ways to justify membership. These prototypes also formed norms for communicating between members and created a collaborative environment that eventually led to organizational collapse. In addition, memberships within the IOC was constantly negotiated between members as the IOC worked towards certain goals. As sub-groups communicatively interacted with each other in the IOC, individuals would become more or less engaged in the collaborative process based on the successes and failures of the sub-group a boundary spanner has joined. Overall, this study helps us better understand how individuals within the IOC experience the collaboration and emphasize the importance of communication in collaborative processes. This study concludes with a discussion of the results and implications of the data for social identity theory, boundary spanner research and IOC research, as well as implications for practice. Limitations and future directions are also discussed. / text

Melbourne is making a concerted bid to obtain the centenary 1996 Olympic Games. While much of its bid is occupied with explanations of the city’s ability to meet the International Olympic Committee’s (IOC) requirements, it is underpinned by a common theme that the city possesses a unique quality of “Friendliness”. (For complete abstract open document)

Title: Russian Sport Management Anti-doping Practice Objectives: I would like to point up how is practical antidoping working in Russia in sport. Sanction which were imposition to Russia in sports world and approach Russia sports mentality. I the end found out public opinions about this problem. Methods: Document analysis, internet questionair, interview. Results: I am combinating results from my work with explanation how is antidoping politics working in Russia and on the world. The results containing Russia sanctions and opinions of respondents to doping problemations. Keywords: Sport, Doping, Anti-doping Convention, Sports legislation, IOC.

Abstract: The world of sport is a world of sex segregation. This is true both for the elite sport and for amateur sport. Only a handful of sport disciplines defy this norm. Historically, this segregation had roots in discrimination, sexism and chauvinism. Today, sex segregation is justified by referencing ideals such as fairness, equality and justice. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has implemented various policies in order to promote the principle of non-discrimination and the right to participate in sports. The aim of this thesis is to understand how IOC shifts between different discourses on the topic of transwomen athletes’ participation in sport competitions and how these different discourses are used to govern and identify women and their bodies. Foucault’s theory of governmentality is applied to describe how the shift from medical discourse towards human rights discourse culminates in ambiguous and unclear policies that try to define who is a woman. Through qualitative discourse analysis of IOC documents on transgender women participation in elite sport, this thesis confirms the shift from medical discourse towards human rights discourse, which culminates in IOC unsuccessful attempts to define “woman”.

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