Title: Development of doping and its prohibition in modern Olympism. Objectives: The main goal of the thesis is to present issues of doping. Partial goal is to outline the development of the modern Olympic Movement and to identify the principal points in the development of doping ban, which resulted in the current form of the anti-doping movement. Methods: This is a theoretical thesis. The scientific methods of historical research and document analysis were used to achieve the targets. Results: New substances and methods, that can improve athletic performance, are constantly discovered. However in case of excessive use, these substances can harm human body. Therefore it is necessary to guard their abuse. Unfortunately the biggest breakthroughs in doping prohibition came after athlete's deaths (caused by doping). International Olympic Committee played a fundamental role in the process of doping ban. IOC initiated establish of the World Anti-Doping Agency in 1999. WADA currently provides a really efficient fight against doping in sport. Keywords: Doping, prohibited substances, anti-doping policy, Olympic Movement, IOC, WADA.

Esta tese trata da constituição do campo esportivo (BOURDIEU, 1983) do futebol nos Jogos Olímpicos. Para apresentar a configuração dessa estrutura foi utilizada uma análise documental juntamente com a história de vida dos atletas brasileiros que participaram do torneio olímpico entre 1952 e 1988. O tema referente ao amadorismo e profissionalismo estruturou toda a tese. Os conflitos políticos em torno do COI e da FIFA pelo controle do futebol foram amparados na disputa de poder para estabelecer como seria definido o termo amador. As divergências sobre esse assunto fizeram com que a FIFA criasse a sua Copa do Mundo em 1930 e que o futebol ficasse fora do programa olímpico dos Jogos de 1932. Foi a partir desse debate que os múltiplos olhares em relação ao futebol e aos Jogos Olímpicos sustentaram a tese. Esses olhares foram construídos a partir da história de vida dos atletas brasileiros que defenderam o país no futebol, dos membros e presidentes do COI e da FIFA, dos dirigentes do COB e da CBD, depois CBF, e da imprensa que apareceu nos jornais Folha da Manhã, Folha de S. Paulo e O Estado de S. Paulo, e nos Boletins Olímpicos do COI. Desse modo, construiu-se a tese de que foram os conflitos políticos entre o COI e a FIFA em torno do estabelecimento das definições da condição de atleta amador e profissional que ditaram os rumos do futebol olímpico e da modalidade no mundo / This thesis deals with the establishment of football as a sport field (BOURDIEU, 1983) in the Olympic Games. In order to present the configuration of this structure, a documental analysis was performed as well as the review of Brazilian athletes life history, since 1952 until 1988. The theme related to amateurism and professionalism has completely structured this thesis. Political conflicts developed in the relationship of COI and FIFA for control of football activities were based on the power dispute on how amateur should be defined. Deviations related to this subject lead to FIFA launching of its 1930 World Cup, and prevented football from being excluded in the Olympic Games of 1932. Rooted on this debate, multiple views related to football and Olympic Games maintained the thesis. Those multiple views were built upon the life history of Brazilian athletes that defended the country in football games, of members and presidents of COI and FIFA, of the leaders of COB and CBD, later on CBF, and upon press articles shown on Folha da Manhã, Folha de S. Paulo and O Estado de S. Paulo diaries, as well as on COI Olympic Bulletins. In this way, it was built the thesis that political conflicts between COI and FIFA were the root for the establishment of the definitions on amateur and professional athlete conditions, which ruled the track of Olympic football, as well as professional football, worldwide

Esta tese trata da constituição do campo esportivo (BOURDIEU, 1983) do futebol nos Jogos Olímpicos. Para apresentar a configuração dessa estrutura foi utilizada uma análise documental juntamente com a história de vida dos atletas brasileiros que participaram do torneio olímpico entre 1952 e 1988. O tema referente ao amadorismo e profissionalismo estruturou toda a tese. Os conflitos políticos em torno do COI e da FIFA pelo controle do futebol foram amparados na disputa de poder para estabelecer como seria definido o termo amador. As divergências sobre esse assunto fizeram com que a FIFA criasse a sua Copa do Mundo em 1930 e que o futebol ficasse fora do programa olímpico dos Jogos de 1932. Foi a partir desse debate que os múltiplos olhares em relação ao futebol e aos Jogos Olímpicos sustentaram a tese. Esses olhares foram construídos a partir da história de vida dos atletas brasileiros que defenderam o país no futebol, dos membros e presidentes do COI e da FIFA, dos dirigentes do COB e da CBD, depois CBF, e da imprensa que apareceu nos jornais Folha da Manhã, Folha de S. Paulo e O Estado de S. Paulo, e nos Boletins Olímpicos do COI. Desse modo, construiu-se a tese de que foram os conflitos políticos entre o COI e a FIFA em torno do estabelecimento das definições da condição de atleta amador e profissional que ditaram os rumos do futebol olímpico e da modalidade no mundo / This thesis deals with the establishment of football as a sport field (BOURDIEU, 1983) in the Olympic Games. In order to present the configuration of this structure, a documental analysis was performed as well as the review of Brazilian athletes life history, since 1952 until 1988. The theme related to amateurism and professionalism has completely structured this thesis. Political conflicts developed in the relationship of COI and FIFA for control of football activities were based on the power dispute on how amateur should be defined. Deviations related to this subject lead to FIFA launching of its 1930 World Cup, and prevented football from being excluded in the Olympic Games of 1932. Rooted on this debate, multiple views related to football and Olympic Games maintained the thesis. Those multiple views were built upon the life history of Brazilian athletes that defended the country in football games, of members and presidents of COI and FIFA, of the leaders of COB and CBD, later on CBF, and upon press articles shown on Folha da Manhã, Folha de S. Paulo and O Estado de S. Paulo diaries, as well as on COI Olympic Bulletins. In this way, it was built the thesis that political conflicts between COI and FIFA were the root for the establishment of the definitions on amateur and professional athlete conditions, which ruled the track of Olympic football, as well as professional football, worldwide

According to the Olympic Charter, “the aim of Olympic Solidarity is to organise assistance to National Olympic Committees, in particular those which have the greatest need”. For the last five decades funding from the sale of Broadcasting Rights for the Olympic Games, allocated to the National Olympic Committees, has been channelled through Olympic Solidarity as a means of promoting development. The aim of this research was therefore to evaluate the extent to which this redistributive claim is evidenced through an analysis of the distribution of the Olympic Solidarity funding, and an insight into the life histories of people involved in the process of allocating grant aid for Olympic Solidarity's World Programme funding.

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This thesis examines the struggle for equal gender representation in the Olympic swimming and athletics arena. It investigates the relationship in participation and representation between men and women in athletics and swimming from the first modern Olympic Games in Athens in 1896 to Rio de Janeiro in 2016.  When the modern Olympic Games resumed in 1896, they had been recreated by a group of privileged men. These men had created a forum for the aristocratic masculine world and initially had no intention of including women in their creation.  The contemporaries around the turn of the century in 1900 considered women to be weak, inappropriate and that femininity was the exact opposite of everything that the masculine competitive sport represented. Muscle, fitness and sweat were not something that the weak female bodies would be associated with. Man was created for the public sphere and woman for the home domains. The sports movement was a mirror of the prevailing privileged upper-class society and came to conform to the prevailing social and culturally constructed norms that were prevalent in the meantime. The women made a first breakthrough in the masculine sports sphere in the early 20th century and then they managed to make a real breakthrough in the 1920s. This created concern among the privileged men. Should women athletes change in a more masculine direction, would they even lose interest in traditional female responsibilities such as home and family formation?  The struggle for equal representation continued throughout the 20th century and only in connection with the feminine radicalization of the 1960s and 1970s as a real change did it begin to be seen again in the Olympic competition arenas and only after the turn of the millennium has real equality regarding representation been achieved.  In this thesis, I have studied  the athletics and swimming women inclusion to into the Olympic space. I spotlight how the two sports have developed from an equality and gender equality point of view. My survey prove a clear connection and have put figures on men and women's participation and demonstrated inequalities in the Olympic space.

Ce mémoire porte sur les tests de féminité dans le sport de haut niveau. Plus particulièrement, les tests qui ont été menés par le Comité Olympique International (COI). Cette étude débute avec un survol historique des classifications du corps en sciences biomédicales et en sciences sociales, ainsi que de la place des femmes dans le sport et des tests de féminités. Ensuite, à travers une analyse de contenu des procès-verbaux, correspondances, et études présentées à la Commission Médicale du COI entre 1967 et 1972, cette recherche relève six catégories de discours sur le corps. Les résultats de cette analyse se déploient en deux temps : d’abord les discours à propos du corps et les différences de sexe et ensuite le rapport entre le corps et les membres de la Commission Médicale. Les trois discours relevés par rapport au corps sont : « la nature polymorphe du corps», « le corps comme dimorphique », et « le corps anormal ». Les discours par rapport à la relation entre corps et la commission médicale sont : « le corps comme objet scientifique », « le corps comme catégorie abstraite », et « le corps comme objet de préoccupation éthique ». / This thesis focuses on gender testing in high-level sport. More specifically, those conducted by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). I begin with a historical contextualization of the various classifications of the body biomedical and social sciences have put forward. Then, through a content analysis of the minutes, correspondences, and studies read by the Medical Commission between 1967 and 1972, I highlight six categories of discourse on the body. These are divided into two types of categories: first the ways in which the body and sex differences are talked about; then, the relationship between the body and the members of the Medical Commission. The three types of discourses relating to the body are: “the polymorphic nature of the body", "the body as dimorphic", and "the abnormal body". Discourses on the relationship between the abnormal body are: "the body as scientific object", “the body as abstract category”, and "the body as an object of ethical concern".