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<p>The nuclear safety industry makes extensive use of thermalhydraulics system analysis and computational fluid dynamics codes for validation and predictive purposes. These codes take different approaches to provide the user with reasonable estimates of system and component behaviors. With each displaying its own strengths, it is only logical to pursue coupled systems of these codes to create increasingly accurate, versatile, and more computationally efficient safety analysis tools. This work presents results of the attempted coupling of CD-ADAPCO's STAR-CCM+, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, to Atomic Energy of Canada's CATHENA thermalhydraulics (TH) code. This coupled system is used in the simulation of the conditions within an inlet header of the RD-14M experimental facility under single phase conditions in the initial phase of selected test. This inlet header is removed from a modified CATHENA test B9401 deck and instead modelled in STAR-CCM+. Custom applications were written to allow information exchange at the newly created boundaries to provide an attempt at a coupled system. Results are provided through multiple stages of development of the coupled system, from the unmodified B9401 test case of CATHENA into a coupled system with header behavior predicted by STAR-CCM+. Though successful information transfer between codes was established at each desired time step and interval, the current technique was found to be insufficient for establishing acceptable steady-state conditions for the commencement of more complex (transient and two-phase) conditions.</p> / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

The research and development effort for the next generation of nuclear power stations is being coordinated by the Generation IV International Forum (GIF). The supercritical water reactor (SCWR) is one of the six reactor technologies currently being pursued by the GIF. The unique nature of supercritical water necessitates further examination of its heat transfer regimes. The GIF SCWR blind computational benchmark exercise is focused on furthering the understanding of the heat transfer to supercritical water as well as its prediction. A methodology for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations using STAR-CCM+ 9.02.005 has been developed for submission to the GIF SCWR computational benchmark exercise. The experiments of the GIF SCWR computational benchmark exercise were those conducted by the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA). They are of supercritical water flowing upward in a 7 rod bundle. Of the three experimental cases there are (i) an isothermal case, (ii) a low enthalpy, low heat flux case and (iii) a high enthalpy, high heat flux case. A separate effects study has been undertaken and the SST turbulence model has been chosen to model each of the three experiments. A near wall treatment that ensures a y+<0.09 has been used for both of the heated cases and a near wall treatment that ensures a y+<0.53 has been used for the isothermal case. This computational approach was determined to be the optimal choice which balances solution accuracy with computation time. Final simulation results are presented in advance of the release of the experimental results in June 2014. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Modem computer technology has been evolving for nearly fifty years, and has seen many architectural innovations along the way. One of the latest technologies to come about is the reconfigurable processor-based custom computing machine (CCM). CCMs use field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) as their processing cores, giving them the flexibility of software systems with performance comparable to that of dedicated custom hardware. Hardware description languages are currently used to program CCMs. However, research is being performed to investigate the use of high-level languages (HLLs), such as the C programming language, to create CCM programs. Many aspects of CCM architectures, such as local memory systems, are not conducive to HLL compiler usage. This thesis proposes and evaluates the use of a shared-memory architecture on a Splash-2 CCM to promote the development and usage of HLL compilers for CCM systems. / Master of Science

Scientific solutions to physical problems are computationally intensive. With the increasing emphasis in the area of Custom Computing Machines, many physical problems are being solved using configurable computers. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is an efficient way of solving physical problems such as heat equations, stress analysis and two- and three-dimensional Poisson's equations. This thesis presents the solution to physical problems using the FEM on a configurable platform. The core computational unit in an iterative solution to the FEM, the matrix-by-vector multiplication, is developed in this thesis along with the framework necessary for implementing the FEM solution. The solutions for 2-D and 3-D Poisson's equations are implemented with the use of an adaptive mesh refinement method. The dominant computation in the method is matrix-by-vector multiplication and is performed on the Wildforce board, a configurable platform. The matrix-by-vector multiplication units developed in this thesis are basic mathematical units implemented on a configurable platform and can be used to accelerate any mathematical solution that involves such an operation. / Master of Science

This thesis describes the implementation of a two-dimensional heat transfer simulation system using a Splash-2 Custom Computing Machine (CCM). This application was implemented as a proof of concept for utilizing CCMs in the simulation of physical systems. This paper discusses physical systems simulation and the need for discretizing the domain of such systems, along with the techniques used for mathematical simulation. Also discussed is the nature of CCMs, and why they are well suited to this application. A detailed description of the approach and implementation is included to full document the design, along with an analysis of the performance of the resulting system. / Master of Science

During the last decade, the wireless communications industry has grown rapidly. Driven by market demand, service providers are continuously looking for better systems. The main focus of continued research has been to increase the quality of services and system capacity. The Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) cellular system had been proposed for use as a new standard for cellular telephone systems. A great deal of research has been conducted to develop receiver structures useful for CDMA systems. Traditional receivers such as the correlation and RAKE receivers are vulnerable to the near-far problem, i.e., the problem encountered when one received signal power is stronger than another. This problem is common in mobile environments. For single-user receivers, adaptive filtering techniques can be employed to alleviate multiple access interference and the near-far problem. In this thesis, an adaptive filter receiver is implemented on the FPGA-based configurable computing platform called GigaOps G900. By using FPGAs, designers can implement special-purpose signal processing architectures using specialized data paths, optimized sequencing, and pipelining while still providing some flexibility. This results in better overall system performance, resource utilization, and reduced power consumption. / Master of Science

The totem pole PFC suffers from the Mosfet body diode reverse recovery issue which limits this topology adopted in the CCM high power condition. As the ultra-fast IGBT which is capable of providing 100 kHz switching frequency is available in the market, it is possible to apply the totem pole PFC in CCM high power condition. The thesis provides a method by implementing the ultra-fast IGBT and SiC diode to replace the MOSFET in this topology. To verify the method, a universal CCM totem pole PFC is designed and tested. The design adopts the ADP1048 programmable digital PFC controller by adding external logic gate for totem-pole PFC. ADP1048 greatly simplifies the design process and satisfies the design requirements. The experiment results verify that the totem-pole PFC can be applied into CCM high power condition by using the method. The DC output voltage is well regulated. The power factor is higher than 0.98 when the load is above 400W. The measured efficiency can achieve up to 96.8% at low line and 98.2% at high line condition with switching frequency 80 kHz. / Master of Science

Angiogenese ist entscheidend für die meisten physiologische Prozesse und viele pathologische Umstände. Dabei wird Angiogenese durch die Interaktion zwischen der extrazellulären Matrix (ECM) und endothelialen Zellen reguliert. Während der kardiovaskulären Entwicklung im Zebrafisch fördert Klf2, ein blutstrom-sensitiver Transkriptionsfaktor, die VEGF-abhängige Angiogenese. Der Mechanismus, bei dem biophysikalische Reize die Klf2 Expression regulieren und Angiogenese kontrollieren, ist größtenteils unbekannt. In meiner Studie zeige ich, dass erhöhte klf2 mRNA Expression den molekularen und morphogenetischen kardiovaskulären Defekten in Zebrafisch ccm Mutanten zugrundeliegen. Desweiteren zeige ich, dass diese Defekte durch verstärkte egfl7-Expression und Angiogenese vermittelt werden. Meine Studie zeigt ausserdem, dass die Klf2-Expression unabhängig vom Blutstrom durch den Extrazellularmatrix-bindenden Rezeptor beta1 Integrin reguliert wird. Der CCM-Protein-Komplex, zusammen mit dem ihm verbundenden Integrin-regulierenden Protein ICAP-1 verhindert ein verstärktes Angiogenese-Signal in endothelialen Zellen, indem es die beta1 Integrin-abhängige Klf2 Expression begrenzt. Zusammenfassend zeigt meine Arbeit einen neuen beta1 Integrin-Klf2-Egfl7 Signalweg, der durch zerebrale kavernöse malformations (CCM) Proteine reguliert wird / Angiogenesis is critical to most physiological processes and many pathological conditions. This process is controlled by physical interactions between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and endothelial cells. Klf2, a blood flow–sensitive transcription factor, promotes VEGF-dependent angiogenesis during zebrafish cardiovascular development. However, the mechanism by which biophysical stimuli regulate Klf2 expression and control angiogenesis remains largely unknown. In my study, I show that elevated klf2 mRNA levels underlie the molecular and morphogenetic cardiovascular defects in zebrafish ccm mutants. Furthermore, I demonstrate that these defects are mediated by enhanced egfl7 expression and angiogenesis signaling. My study also revealed that Klf2 expression is regulated by the extracellular matrix-binding receptor beta1 integrin in the absence of blood flow. The CCM protein complex and its associated beta1 integrin-regulatory protein ICAP-1 prevents increased angiogenesis signaling in endothelial cells by limiting beta1 integrin-mediated expression of Klf2. ln sum, my work uncovered a novel beta1 integrin-Klf2-Egfl7 signaling pathway, which is regulated by the cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) proteins.

Les interactions cellule-cellule et cellule-matrice extracellulaire (MEC) sont cruciales pour entretenir la cohésion tissulaire. Ces deux types d'adhésions sont fonctionnellement interconnectés par un dialogue permanent qui met en jeu des voies de signalisation convergentes régulant notamment l'architecture et la contractilité du cytosquelette d'acto-myosine sous-jacent. Ce dialogue permet d'établir un équilibre de forces intracellulaires en réponse à la tension appliquée par le milieu extérieur. L'endothélium des vaisseaux sanguins est un tissu soumis à des conditions mécaniques particulières. En plus des compressions intercellulaires subies par tout épithélium, les cellules endothéliales (CEs) doivent également subir et résister aux forces hémodynamiques du flux sanguin et à la rigidité de la lame basale – deux signaux mécaniques agissant de part et d'autre de l'endothélium. Les Cerebral Cavernous Maformations (CCM) ou encore angiomes caverneux sont des lésions vasculaires hémorragiques d'origine génétique qui se développent au niveau des capillaires du système nerveux central et qui se caractérisent par des défauts dans l'environnement proche des CEs. La perte des jonctions intercellulaires et du recouvrement par les cellules murales, l'organisation aberrante de la membrane basale aussi que la stagnation du flux sanguin sont les caractéristiques des CCM. C'est pourquoi nous avons choisi cette pathologie comme modèle intéressant de mécanotransduction mettant en jeu le dialogue entre les intégrines et les cadhérines. En effet, les trois gènes indifféremment mutés dans cette pathologie codent pour des protéines, CCM1-3, qui s'associent en un complexe ternaire et qui sont reconnues comme des acteurs importants de la régulation des jonctions adhérentes. Des études moléculaires et protéomiques montrant que le complexe CCM interagit avec la protéine ICAP-1, un régulateur négatif de l'intégrine β1, nous ont conduit à formuler l'hypothèse selon laquelle ce complexe jouerait un rôle pivot dans la signalisation croisée entre ces intégrines et cadhérines. Les études effectuées pendant ma thèse ont démontré que les protéines CCM régulent l'homéostasie tensionnelle médiée par les structures d'adhérence intercellulaires et à la MEC par leur action inhibitrice sur l'intégrine β1 et en controlant une balance d'activité entre les deux isoformes de ROCK, ROCK1 et ROCK2. Nous avons montré que, suite à la perte des protéines CCMs, la suractivation de l'intégrine β1 augmente la sensibilité des CEs aux signaux mécaniques comme la rigidité de la MEC ou les forces hémodynamiques du flux sanguin. Il en résulte une suractivation de la contractilité cellulaire dépendante de ROCK1 déclenchant une boucle de rétrocontrôle mécanique conduisant à l'amplification des tensions intra- et extracellulaire et brisant ainsi l'homéostasie tensionnelle pour favoriser le phénotype malin. / Cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions have crucial roles in the maintenance of the physical cohesion of any tissue. In addition, growing body of evidence indicates that these two adhesion systems do not act independently, but rather are functionally interconnected by a permanent crosstalk. This dialog usually operates via common molecules that trigger convergent signaling as well as by actomyosin network which, by providing physical link, contributes to establishment of intracellular force counterbalancing tension applied by extracellular surrounding. Blood vessels endothelium is a particular tissue in term of mechanical conditions. Apart from intracellular compression, endothelial lining needs to resist hemodynamic forces as well as rigidity of the basal membrane - two mechanical inputs acting from opposite sides of the endothelial layer. Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (CCM) is a sporadically acquired or inherited disease of venous capillaries within neuro-vascular unit characterized by defects in all aspects of local microenvironment. Loss of intra-endothelial junctions and mural cell coverage, aberrant organization of basal lamina as well as stagnant blood flow are features of CCM lesions. Thereby, CCM became for us an interesting model to study mechanotrasduction process and in this context, the cross-talk between integrin and cadherin mediated adhesion structures. Indeed, CCM proteins are well recognized players involved in a control of VE-cadherin mediated intracellular junctions. In addition, CCM1 was found to interact with ICAP-1, a negative regulator of β1 integrin, raising the possibility that this complex most likely acts as molecular node regulating β1 integrin/ VE-cadherin convergent signaling pathways.Studies performed during this thesis have demonstrated that CCM complex coordinates cadherin- and integrin-mediated tensional homeostasis by repressing β1 integrin activation and maintaining a balance of activity between the two isoforms of RhoA-associated kinases ROCK1 and ROCK2. We have found that β1 integrin sustained over-activation upon CCM proteins loss contributes to increased ECs sensitivity to mechanical cues, such as ECM physical reorganization or hemodynamic force that in turn activates ROCK1-dependent contractility. This establishes a positive feedback mechanical loop that breaks tensional homeostasis and switches on the malignant phenotype.