Der Chemokinrezeptor CCR6 wird von einer Vielzahl unterschiedener Zelltypen exprimiert, wie zum Beispiel Monozyten, Th17-Zellen und regulatorische T-Zellen, die im Zusammenhang mit der Entstehung von Atherosklerose stehen. Um die Bedeutung von CCR6 in der Pathogenese der Atherosklerose bestimmen zu können, wurden CCR6-defiziente (Ccr6-/- ) Mäuse mit low-density lipoprotein receptordefizienten (Ldlr-/-) Mäusen gekreuzt, um Tiere zu erhalten, die anfällig für Atherosklerose und zudem CCR6-defizient sind. Nach acht Wochen pro-atherogener, fettreicher western-type diet war die Ausprägung der atherosklerotischen Läsionen im Aortensinus und der gesamten Aorta, sowie deren Gehalt an Plaquemakrophagen in den Ccr6-/-Ldlr-/- Tieren im Vergleich zu den Ldlr-/- Kontrolltieren signifikant vermindert. Die lokale und die systemische Verteilung von T-Zellen sowie die Häufigkeit von Th1-, Th17-Zellen und regulatorischen T-Zellen blieb hingegen unverändert. Im Gegensatz dazu reduzierte sich die Zahl der im Blut zirkulierenden Gr-1high und Gr-1low Monozyten in den Ccr6-/-Ldlr-/- Tieren deutlich. Weiter konnte gezeigt werden, dass über CCR6 in vitro die Adhäsion von Monozyten an inflammatorisch verändertem Endothel und in vivo die Adhäsion von Leukozyten an das Endothel der Karotiden vermittelt wird. Des Weiteren wurden in einem air pouch-Modell für akute Entzündungsreaktionen mittels CCR6 spezifisch Monozyten, aber keine TZellen rekrutiert. Summa summarum konnte die Bedeutung von CCR6 auf verschiedenen Ebenen der Pathogenese der Atherosklerose gezeigt werden: Während CCR6 für die Hypercholesterinämie assoziierte adaptive Immunantwort entbehrlich ist, reguliert es die Mobilisierung, Adhäsion und Rekrutierung von Monozyten und kontrolliert über diese Mechanismen die Akkumulation von Makrophagen und Genese atherosklerotischer Läsionen. CCR6 und sein Ligand CCL20 könnten somit vielversprechende Ziele neuer pharmakologischer Therapieansätze sein, um auch die Atherogenese im Menschen zu unterbinden. Die Ergebnisse der Dissertation wurden im Dezember 2013 im Journal Thrombosis and Haematostasis unter dem Titel “CCR6 selectively promotes monocyte mediated inflammation and atherogenesis in mice“ in geteilter Erstautorenschaft von Helga Manthey, Clément Cochain und Stefanie Barnsteiner veröffentlicht (PMID: 24114205). / The chemokine receptor CCR6 is expressed by various cell subsets implicated in atherogenesis, such as monocytes, Th17 and regulatory T cells. In order to further define the role of CCR6 in atherosclerosis, CCR6-deficient (Ccr6-/-) mice were crossed with low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr-/-) mice to generate atherosclerosisprone mice deficient in CCR6. Compared to Ldlr-/- controls, atherosclerotic burden in the aortic sinus and aorta were reduced in Ccr6-/-Ldlr-/- mice fed a high fat diet, associated with a profound depression in lesional macrophage accumulation. Local and systemic distributions of T cells, including frequencies of Th1, Th17 and regulatory T cells were unaltered. In contrast, circulating counts of both Gr-1high and Gr-1low monocytes were reduced in Ccr6-/-Ldlr-/- mice. Moreover, CCR6 was revealed to promote monocyte adhesion to inflamed endothelium in vitro and leukocyte adhesion to carotid arteries in vivo. Finally, CCR6 selectively recruited monocytes but not T cells in an acute inflammatory air pouch model. We here show that CCR6 functions on multiple levels and regulates the mobilisation, adhesion and recruitment of monocytes/macrophages to the inflamed vessel, thereby promoting atherosclerosis, but is dispensable for hypercholesterolaemia-associated adaptive immune priming. Targeting CCR6 or its ligand CCL20 may therefore be a promising therapeutic strategy to alleviate atherosclerosis. The results of this doctoral thesis have been published in December 2013 in Thrombosis and Haematostasis in equal contribution by Helga Manthey, Clément Cochain and Stefanie Barnsteiner (PMID: 24114205).

A doença enxerto contra hospedeiro (GVHD) é uma complicação comum nos pacientes submetidos ao transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas (TCTH), sendo considerada a maior causa de morbidade e mortalidade nesses pacientes. O principal objetivo do presente estudo foi relacionar a concentração de células de Langerhans em mucosa bucal de pacientes com GVHDc bucal com a expressão da quimiocina CCL20 e de seu receptor CCR6 no epitélio bucal, a fim de elucidar os mecanismos biológicos envolvidos no recrutamento das células de Langerhans na GVHDc. Foram selecionados fragmentos obtidos por biópsia de mucosa bucal de 60 pacientes onco-hematológicos e hematológicos submetidos previamente ao transplante de células tronco hematopoiéticas no Hospital Amaral Carvalho, Jaú SP, onde 30 pacientes desenvolveram GVHDc em mucosa bucal (Grupo 1) e 30 não desenvolveram GVHDc (Grupo 2). Amostras obtidas a partir de 30 biópsias de lesões não inflamatórias em mucosa bucal constituíram o Grupo Controle (Grupo 3). Cortes microscópicos foram avaliados em coloração de rotina Hematoxilina e Eosina, e submetidos à técnica imuno-histoquímica, utilizando-se anticorpos monoclonais anti-CD1a e anti-CCR6, e anticorpos policlonais anti-CCL20. As células de Langerhans CD1a+ foram quantificadas no epitélio da mucosa bucal, e os resultados demonstraram um maior número destas células nos pacientes com GVHDc quando comparados àqueles sem GVHDc e ao Grupo Controle (p<0,001). A análise da imunomarcação das moléculas CCR6 e CCL20 foi subjetiva com aplicação de escores. Quanto à molécula CCR6, houve maior expressão no Grupo 1 (p<0,001) em comparação aos outros Grupos; porém, quanto à expressão de CCL20, não houve diferença estatística entre os três Grupos (p=0,108). Estes resultados sugerem que o aumento das células de Langerhans, na doença enxerto contra hospedeiro crônica, em mucosa bucal, pode estar associado a maior expressão do receptor CCR6. Possivelmente, o maior recrutamento de células de Langerhans até a mucosa bucal, em pacientes transplantados de medula óssea, colabora para o desenvolvimento da GVHDc bucal. / The graft versus host disease (GVHD) is a common complication in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and considered a major cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients. The main objective of this study was to compare the concentration of Langerhans cells in oral mucosa of patients with oral chronic GVHD (GVHDc) with the expression of the chemokine CCL20 and its receptor CCR6 in oral epithelium, in order to clarify the biological mechanisms involved in the recruitment of Langerhans cells in GVHDc. We selected 60 biopsies of oral mucosa from onco-hematological and hematological patients submitted to prior hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at Hospital Amaral Carvalho, Jaú - SP from which 30 patients developed GVHDc in the oral mucosa (Group 1) and 30 did not develop GVHDc (Group 2). The Control Group (Group 3) was obtained from 30 biopsies of non-inflammatory lesions of oral mucosa. Microscopic sections were evaluated in routine Hematoxylin and Eosin staining, and submitted to immunohistochemistry using anti-CD1a and anti-CCR6 monoclonal antibodies, and anti-CCL20 polyclonal antibody. The Langerhans cells (CD1a+) were quantified in the epithelium of the oral mucosa, and the results showed a greater number of these cells in patients with GVHDc compared to those without GVHDc and the Control Group (p<0.001). Analysis of immunostaining of molecules CCL20 and CCR6 were subjective with application of scores. The expression of CCR6 molecule was more significant in Group 1 (p<0.001) compared to other groups, but in relation to CCL20 expression, there was no statistical difference between the three groups (p=0.108). These results suggest that the increase of Langerhans cells in GVHDc affecting oral mucosa may be associated with increased expression of the receptor CCR6. We suggest that the increased recruitment of Langerhans cells to the oral mucosa in patients with transplanted bone marrow contributes to the development of oral GVHDc.

A doença enxerto contra hospedeiro (GVHD) é uma complicação comum nos pacientes submetidos ao transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas (TCTH), sendo considerada a maior causa de morbidade e mortalidade nesses pacientes. O principal objetivo do presente estudo foi relacionar a concentração de células de Langerhans em mucosa bucal de pacientes com GVHDc bucal com a expressão da quimiocina CCL20 e de seu receptor CCR6 no epitélio bucal, a fim de elucidar os mecanismos biológicos envolvidos no recrutamento das células de Langerhans na GVHDc. Foram selecionados fragmentos obtidos por biópsia de mucosa bucal de 60 pacientes onco-hematológicos e hematológicos submetidos previamente ao transplante de células tronco hematopoiéticas no Hospital Amaral Carvalho, Jaú SP, onde 30 pacientes desenvolveram GVHDc em mucosa bucal (Grupo 1) e 30 não desenvolveram GVHDc (Grupo 2). Amostras obtidas a partir de 30 biópsias de lesões não inflamatórias em mucosa bucal constituíram o Grupo Controle (Grupo 3). Cortes microscópicos foram avaliados em coloração de rotina Hematoxilina e Eosina, e submetidos à técnica imuno-histoquímica, utilizando-se anticorpos monoclonais anti-CD1a e anti-CCR6, e anticorpos policlonais anti-CCL20. As células de Langerhans CD1a+ foram quantificadas no epitélio da mucosa bucal, e os resultados demonstraram um maior número destas células nos pacientes com GVHDc quando comparados àqueles sem GVHDc e ao Grupo Controle (p<0,001). A análise da imunomarcação das moléculas CCR6 e CCL20 foi subjetiva com aplicação de escores. Quanto à molécula CCR6, houve maior expressão no Grupo 1 (p<0,001) em comparação aos outros Grupos; porém, quanto à expressão de CCL20, não houve diferença estatística entre os três Grupos (p=0,108). Estes resultados sugerem que o aumento das células de Langerhans, na doença enxerto contra hospedeiro crônica, em mucosa bucal, pode estar associado a maior expressão do receptor CCR6. Possivelmente, o maior recrutamento de células de Langerhans até a mucosa bucal, em pacientes transplantados de medula óssea, colabora para o desenvolvimento da GVHDc bucal. / The graft versus host disease (GVHD) is a common complication in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), and considered a major cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients. The main objective of this study was to compare the concentration of Langerhans cells in oral mucosa of patients with oral chronic GVHD (GVHDc) with the expression of the chemokine CCL20 and its receptor CCR6 in oral epithelium, in order to clarify the biological mechanisms involved in the recruitment of Langerhans cells in GVHDc. We selected 60 biopsies of oral mucosa from onco-hematological and hematological patients submitted to prior hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at Hospital Amaral Carvalho, Jaú - SP from which 30 patients developed GVHDc in the oral mucosa (Group 1) and 30 did not develop GVHDc (Group 2). The Control Group (Group 3) was obtained from 30 biopsies of non-inflammatory lesions of oral mucosa. Microscopic sections were evaluated in routine Hematoxylin and Eosin staining, and submitted to immunohistochemistry using anti-CD1a and anti-CCR6 monoclonal antibodies, and anti-CCL20 polyclonal antibody. The Langerhans cells (CD1a+) were quantified in the epithelium of the oral mucosa, and the results showed a greater number of these cells in patients with GVHDc compared to those without GVHDc and the Control Group (p<0.001). Analysis of immunostaining of molecules CCL20 and CCR6 were subjective with application of scores. The expression of CCR6 molecule was more significant in Group 1 (p<0.001) compared to other groups, but in relation to CCL20 expression, there was no statistical difference between the three groups (p=0.108). These results suggest that the increase of Langerhans cells in GVHDc affecting oral mucosa may be associated with increased expression of the receptor CCR6. We suggest that the increased recruitment of Langerhans cells to the oral mucosa in patients with transplanted bone marrow contributes to the development of oral GVHDc.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Virginia, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available online through Digital Dissertations.

Les cellules invariantes « natural killer » T (iNKT) constituent une population particulière de LT non conventionnelle qui exprime un récepteur TCRαβ semi-invariant composé de la chaine Vα14-Jα18 associée aux chaines Vβ8, -7 ou -2 chez la souris et dont le développement a lieu dans le thymus. Ainsi, les cellules iNKT sont capables de reconnaitre via leur TCR des antigènes de type glycolipidique présentés par une molécule de classe I non polymorphique : le CD1d. Ces cellules sont connues pour être impliquées dans diverses réponses immunes grâce à leur capacité à produire rapidement des cytokines immunorégulatrices. De la même façon que les LTc SP CD4+, il existe trois phénotypes de cellules iNKT : Th1, -2 et -17 permettant de distinguer trois sous-populations de cellules iNKT. La sous-population iNKT1 dite iNKT conventionnelle exprime des récepteurs appartenant au lignage NK. Cette sous-population est localisée préférentiellement dans le foie, le thymus et la rate et produit majoritairement de l’IFN-. La sous-population iNKT2, qui reste jusqu’à aujourd’hui insuffisamment décrite, se localise préférentiellement dans les poumons et produit majoritairement de l’IL-4 et de l’IL-13. La sous-population iNKT17 a été caractérisée et mise en évidence au sein de notre laboratoire comme une sous-population de cellules iNKT exprimant le facteur de transcription RORt et capable de sécréter de l’IL-17 en réponse à l’IL-1 et l’IL-23 et se localisant principalement dans les ganglions périphériques et la peau. A ce jour, seul le développement des cellules iNKT conventionnelles est bien connu tandis que celui des cellules iNKT17 demeurent ignorés. Ainsi, ayant remarqué une faible proportion des cellules iNKT17 dans le thymus de la souris C57BL/6 comparées aux autres sous-populations de cellules iNKT, nous nous sommes intéressés dans un premier temps à expliquer les causes de cette faible distribution de cette sous-population, ainsi qu’à définir la séquence d’acquisition de ses marqueurs lors de son développement thymique et de sa migration en périphérie. Les résultats montrent que ces cellules n’ont aucun défaut de prolifération, ni de réponse aux cytokines de l’homéostasie permettant d’expliquer leur plus faible nombre. En revanche, nous avons constaté une absence d’accumulation thymique de ces cellules qui ont la capacité de migrer en périphérie, accompagnée d’une sensibilité plus accrue à la mort par apoptose et une diminution de l’expression des facteurs de survie comme le Bcl-2 pouvant ainsi expliquer leur nombre réduit. Les analyses de leur développement aux stades précoces ont montré un biais préétabli de leur faible nombre observable dès le stade CD44-. L’étude de leur ontogénique a permis de montrer une cinétique d’acquisition séquentielle des marqueurs CCR6 et CD138 permettant d’établir pour la première fois un modèle de maturation thymique de cette sous-population iNKT17 qui était encore inconnue. Ainsi, au stade précoce HSAhigh, les cellules iNKT RORt+ observé correspondent à des précurseurs communs des cellules iNKT et non pas à des précurseurs des cellules iNKT17 montrant que la différenciation de ces cellules ne se fait pas au stade de sélection positive et que leur faible nombre dépend des signaux que ces cellules reçoivent lors de leur engagement vers le lignage “Th17 like“. / Invariant natural killer cells T (iNKT) constitute a particular population of unconventional LT which expresses a semi-invariant TCRαβ receptor composed of the Vα14-Jα18 chain associated with the Vβ8, -7 or -2 chains in mice and which develops in the thymus. Thus, iNKT cells are able to recognize glycolipid antigens via their TCR presented by a non-polymorphic class I molecule: CD1d. These cells are known to be involved in various immune responses because of their ability to rapidly produce cytokines. However, like conventional SP T CD4+ lymphocytes, iNKT cells can differentiate into three phenotypes: Th1, -2 and -17. The iNKT1 subset also named conventional iNKT cells expresses receptors belonging to the NK lineage, is mainly located in the liver, thymus and spleen and produces mainly IFN-. The iNKT2 subset which until now remains insufficiently described, is localized preferentially in the lungs and produces mainly IL-4 and IL-13. The iNKT17 subset has been characterized in our laboratory as a subset of iNKT cells expressing the RORt transcription factor and capable of secreting IL-17 in response to IL-1 and IL-23 and located mainly in the peripheral lymph nodes and the skin. To date, only the development of conventional iNKT cells is well known while that of iNKT17 cells remains unknown. Thus, having noticed the low distribution of the iNKT17 cells present in the thymus of the C57BL/6 mouse compared to other iNKT cell subset, we were initially interested in explaining the causes of this poor distribution of this subset, as well as to define the acquisition sequence of its markers during its thymic development and peripheral migration. The results show that these cells have no defect of proliferation or response to cytokines of homeostasis that can explain their lower number in the thymus. In contrast, we found a lack of thymic accumulation of these cells that have the ability to migrate peripherally, accompanied by increased sensitivity to death by apoptosis and decreased expression of survival factors such as Bcl-2 which can explain their reduced number. Analyzes of their development at early stages showed a pre-established bias of their low number from the CD44- stage. The study of their ontogeny has shown a sequential acquisition kinetics of CCR6 and CD138 markers to establish for the first time a model of thymic maturation of this iNKT subset which was still unknown.

No description available.

No description available.

Le virus de l’immunodéficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1) altère les fonctions du système immunitaire pour promouvoir sa persistance. Les composantes de l’immunité ciblées par le VIH-1 incluent les lymphocytes Th17 et les cellules dendritiques dérivées des monocytes (CDDMs). Deux sous-populations de lymphocytes Th17, nommées Th17 et Th1Th17, ont précédemment été décrites avec des propriétés transcriptionnelles et des spécificités antigéniques distinctes. Les cellules Th17 et Th1Th17 sont hautement permissives à l’infection par le VIH et leur fréquence est diminuée chez les sujets chroniquement infectés sous trithérapie antirétrovirale. Toutefois, seulement une fraction des lymphocytes Th17 est infectée par le VIH, indiquant l’existence de Th17 résistants à la réplication virale. Également, il est connu que l’infection à VIH induit une altération de la fréquence des monocytes reflétée par l’expansion de la population monocytaire exprimant le récepteur Fcγ de type III/CD16. Les monocytes sont des précurseurs de cellules dendritiques et une altération de ratio entre les monocytes CD16+ et CD16- pourrait avoir des conséquences délétères sur la qualité des réponses immunitaires. Le rôle fonctionnel des CDDM exprimant ou non CD16 dans le contexte de la pathogénèse à VIH-1 demeure inconnu. Ce projet de thèse est divisé en 2 parties: 1) l’étude de l’hétérogénéité des cellules Th17 et 2) la caractérisation approfondie des CDDM CD16+ et CD16- dans le contexte d’homéostasie et de la pathogénèse de l’infection à VIH. Dans la première partie, nous avons fonctionnellement caractérisé deux nouvelles sous-populations de lymphocytes Th17 avec une expression différentielle des récepteurs de chimiokines CXCR3 et CCR4 : nommés CCR6+DN et CCR6+DP, exprimant toutes les deux CCR6, marqueur de lymphocytes Th17. Nous avons démontré que les cellules CCR6+DN et CCR6+DP partagent des caractéristiques biologiques communes avec les cellules Th17 et Th1Th17 incluant la permissivité au VIH. Nos résultats indiquent que les cellules CCR6+DN représentent un stade précoce de différentiation des lymphocytes Th17 et expriment des marqueurs de cellules T folliculaires. De plus, comparativement aux sous-populations Th17, Th1Th17 et CCR6+DP, la fréquence et le compte des CCR6+DN sont préservés au sein des sujets chroniquement infectés sous thérapie antirétrovirale. Nous proposons un modèle dans lequel les cellules CCR6+DN représentent des lymphocytes Th17 résistantes à l’effet cytopatique du virus qui contribuent à la persistance virale par leur capacité de porter un virus compétent en matière de réplication. Dans la deuxième partie, nos résultats révèlent que les CDDMs CD16+ et CD16- représentent deux populations uniques avec des propriétés transcriptionelles et fonctionnelles distinctes. Les CDDMs CD16- détiennent un potentiel immunogène supérieur tandis que les CDDMs CD16+ ont une meilleure capacité de transmettre le virus aux cellules T CD4+ au repos. Également, nous confirmons l’effet néfaste du VIH sur les fonctions immunologiques des cellules DC à stimuler la prolifération et la polarisation des cellules Th17 spécifiques à C. albicans et à S. aureus. En conclusion, les résultats inclus dans cette thèse fournissent une compréhension détaillée sur l’hétérogénéité présente au sein des lymphocytes Th17 et des CDDMs et révèlent de nouveaux déterminants moléculaires de l’immunité exploités par le VIH au profit de sa persistance. / The ultimate aim of immunity is to restrict the emergence of exogenous pathogens while providing immune tolerance to self-antigens. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) disrupts the functions of the immune system to promote its own dissemination and persistence. The components of the host immunity targeted by HIV-1 include the Th17 lineage and the monocytes. The Th17 lineage was previously reported to include two different populations referred to as the Th17 and Th1Th17 cells exhibiting different transcriptional profiles and antigenic specificities. Both Th17 and Th1Th17 cells are permissive to HIV and their frequency is reduced in the blood and gut mucosa of chronically HIV-infected subjects. Nevertheless, HIV-1 infects only a fraction of the Th17 pool, suggesting the existence of Th17 cells resistant to HIV. In addition, it well documented that HIV-1 infection alters the pool of peripheral blood monocytes and induces the expansion of a monocytic population expressing the Fcγ receptor III/CD16. Monocytes are precursors for dendritic cells (DCs) and an altered CD16+/CD16- monocyte ratio may have deleterious consequences on the quality of immune responses. The functional features of CD16+ versus CD16- monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs) in the context of HIV infection remain to be elucidated. This thesis is divided in two parts: 1) the study of Th17 cell heterogeneity and 2) the in depth characterization of CD16+ and CD16- monocytes-derived DCs (MDDCs) at homeostasis and during HIV-1 infection. In the first part, we have identified and functionally characterized two new previously uncharacterized subsets of CCR6+ T-cells with differential expression of CXCR3 and CCR4, double negative CCR4-CXCR3- (CCR6+DN) and double positive CCR4+CXCR3+ (CCR6+DP) subsets. We demonstrated CCR6+DN and CCR6+DP share cytokine production, antigenic specificity, lineage plasticity and HIV permissiveness with the previously characterized Th17 (CCR6+CCR4+CXCR3-) and Th1Th17 (CCR6+CCR4-CXCR3+) subsets. Among these four Th17 subsets, CCR6+DN cells were found to represent an early stage of Th17 differentiation and expressed features of T follicular helper T-cells. Moreover, in contrast to Th17, Th1Th17 and CCR6+DP subsets, the frequency and counts of CCR6+DN cells was preserved in chronically HIV-infected subjects under antiretroviral treatments compared to uninfected controls. Our results suggest that CCR6+DN represent long-lived Th17 cells contributing to HIV persistence by carrying replication-competent virus. In the second part, our results reveal that CD16+ and CD16- MDDCs represent two distinct populations with unique transcriptional programs and immunological functions. CD16- MDDCs displayed a superior immunogenic potential, whereas CD16+ MDDCs exhibited a higher capacity to induce HIV replication in resting CD4+ T-cells. Also, we confirmed the negative effect of HIV on DCs immunogenic function involving the stimulation of T-cell proliferation and Th17 polarization in response to pathogens such as C. albicans and S. aureus. Overall, in this thesis we provide a better understanding on Th17 and MDDC heterogeneity and reveal new molecular determinants of pathogenicity in immune cells that are exploited by HIV-1 to insure its persistence in the infected host.