Interleukin-7 is an essential cytokine that plays a major role in the development and homeostatic maintenance of T-cells. The presence of soluble forms of various cytokine receptors have been proposed to be involved in the endogenous regulation of cytokine activity. Due to the natural ability of soluble CD127 (sCD127) to bind to IL-7, there is an interest in its potential application as an immunotherapeutic agent in diseases, where IL-7 has been found to be relevant, including HIV infection. In this study, I hypothesize that by administering sCD127 to healthy mice, IL-7 activity should be enhanced, thus enhancing T cell proliferation in vivo. The work presented here focuses on three main objectives: 1) evaluating the effect of IL-7 with or without sCD127 on T cell proliferation in healthy mice; 2) validating a mouse model of T cell depletion using anti-CD4 and CD8 antibodies; and 3) determining the effect of sCD127 treatment with or without IL-7 on T cell reconstitution and proliferation in the T cell depletion model. To assess the effect of administering exogenous sCD127, IL-7 or the combination on T cell proliferation, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and spleen were isolated, and stained to characterize T cell number, proliferation, and surface CD127 expression by flow cytometry. For the T cell depletion model, wild type C57BL/6 mice were injected intra-peritoneally with 150 μg single dose of anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 depleting antibodies. Consequently, mice were bled weekly to demonstrate the kinetics of T cell reconstitution following depletion (from d7 to d63). Our results demonstrated that in healthy mice daily treatment with murine IL-7 significantly stimulated T cell proliferation and consequently increased cell number. This observation was further boosted by pre-complexing IL-7 with sCD127. For T cell depletion experiments, the kinetics of T-cell reconstitution was different between the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. CD4+ T cell reconstitution was almost complete 6 weeks following T cell depletion, while CD8+ T cells were only partially reconstituted at this time point. Treatment with IL-7 or combined therapy had a transient and significant effect on T cell proliferation and reconstitution, and this influence was abrogated after treatment discontinuation. Interestingly, CD8+ T cells exert greater responses to our treatments in that a more pronounced proliferation and significant increase in cell number was observed relative to the effect seen on CD4+ T cells in both healthy and depleted mice. In conclusion, antibody-mediated T cell depletion is a potentially valuable tool to investigate lymphopenia-induced proliferation and potential therapies thereof. This study suggests that combining sCD127 and IL-7 therapies enhances IL-7-mediated T cell proliferation, and provides important information for the potential therapeutic use of sCD127 and its impact on IL-7 function.

Final publication is available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.38173/abstract;jsessionid=DA29F0C067C89EC1147E79EE7380D21A.f01t04?systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+will+be+disrupted+on+24th+October+2015+at+10%3A00-10%3A30+BST+%2F+05%3A00-05%3A30+EDT+%2F+17%3A00-17%3A30++SGT++for+essential+maintenance.++Apologies+for+the+inconvenience / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医科学) / 乙第13003号 / 論医科博第3号 / 新制||医科||5(附属図書館) / 32931 / (主査)教授 杉田 昌彦, 教授 生田 宏一, 教授 三森 経世 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第20084号 / 医博第4177号 / 新制||医||1018(附属図書館) / 33200 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 生田 宏一, 教授 山田 亮, 教授 椛島 健治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Many events associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection/replication occur in and around the germinal centers (GCs) of secondary lymphoid tissues where follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) reside, suggesting that this microenvironment may contribute unique signaling that is important to viral progression. My research focused on characterizing signaling, both positive and negative, contributed by FDCs that affects HIV infection and replication. Specifically, I determined if FDC signals could induce the expression of latent HIV in T cells and if so, to characterize the signaling pathways involved. Moreover, I also examined the ability of FDCs to produce inhibitory signals that might block active virus expression. I approached these problems using FDCs from tonsils and coculturing these with primary CD4+ T cells or latently-infected Jurket cells with a GFP reporter. Results indicated that FDCs dramatically augmented HIV production of these cells. FDC signaling was costimulatory in nature and was mediated by soluble TNFα. However, when ex vivo latently infected T cells were treated with PMA/ionomycin or IL2/IL7, little virus expression was observed until FDCs were added, which greatly increased virus production. The transcription factor NFAT is important for the reactivation of latent HIV. Inhibition studies as well as ELISA suggested that JAK/STAT signaling pathway was involved in virus reactivation. Because FDCs produce prostaglandins (PGs) E2 and I2, I determined the effect of PGE2 and PGI2 analogs on HIV infected T cells. Results indicated that both the PGE2 and PGI2 analogs inhibited proliferation and activation-induced cell death of HIV infected T cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Additionally, it was shown that indomethacin and CAY10404, cyclooxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, partially restored HIV production in the presence of FDCs, suggesting that FDC-produced PGE2 and PGI2 may inhibit virus replication. Thus, FDCs produce PGs that can block virus gene expression in T cells, which may be ideal for viral persistence. Therefore, FDC signaling appears to both promote and inhibit HIV production. A better understanding of FDC signaling and regulation in GCs may suggest new treatment strategies that would be beneficial to infected subjects.

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Vitt snus ökande popularitet har skapat oro för dess påverkan på immunförsvaret. I föreliggande studie undersöks nikotinets påverkan på uttrycket av interleukin-2-receptorn alfa (IL-2R-alfa eller CD25) hos CD4+ T-celler under in vitro-stimulering. Tidigare studier indikerar negativa effekter såsom minskat antingen upptag hos antigenpresenterande celler, cytokinproduktion och uttryck av receptorer som CD28 och CTLA-4, vilka är viktiga för CD4+ T-cellernas aktivering, differentiering samt bromsning av aktiveringen. Andra studier har visat att alfa-4- samt alfa-7-nikotinerg acetylkolinreceptorer uttrycks på CD4+ T-celler, vilket i sin tur har visat sig påverka cytokin produktionen i närvaro av nikotin under stimulering. CD25 är en viktig receptor vid aktiveringen av T-celler och är överuttryckt vid exempelvis akut T-cells leukemi (ATL). Målet med denna studie är att förstå hur nikotin kan påverka CD25-uttrycket och därmed påverka immunförsvaret och effektiviteten av terapier. Med hjälp av flödescytometri och kvantitativ polymeraskedjereaktion (qPCR) kunde en tydlig skillnad detekteras mellan nikotin/PHA-stimulering och enbart PHA-stimulering hos en donator jämfört med de andra donatorerna. Metoderna inkluderar cellseparation, stimulering med fytohemagglutinin (PHA) i närvaro av nikotin, analys av uttrycket CD25 med flödescytometri och analys av genuttryck av CD25 med qPCR. Resultaten visade varierande svar mellan tre donatorer, med en tydlig skillnad mellan nikotin/PHA- och enbart PHA-stimulering för en donator jämfört med de andra donatorerna. Denna studie pekar på potentiella effekter av nikotin på immunförsvaret och betonar behovet av vidare undersökningar för att förstå mekanismerna bakom detta. / The increasing popularity of white snus has raised concerns about its impact on the immune system. The present study investigates the effect of nicotine on the expression of interleukin-2 receptor alpha (IL-2R-alpha or CD25) in CD4+ T cells during in vitro stimulation. Previous studies have indicated negative effects such as decreased uptake by antigen-presenting cells, cytokine production, and expression of receptors such as CD28 and CTLA-4, which are important for the activation, differentiation, and inhibition of CD4+ T cell activation. Other studies have shown that alpha-4 and alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are expressed on CD4+ T cells, which in turn has been shown to affect cytokine production in the presence of nicotine during stimulation. CD25 is an important receptor for T cell activation and is overexpressed in conditions such as acute T cell leukemia (ATL). The aim of this study is to understand how nicotine may affect CD25 expression and thereby influence the immune response and the effectiveness of therapies. Using flow cytometry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), a clear difference was detected between nicotine/PHA stimulation and PHA stimulation alone in one donor compared to the other donors. The methods include cell separation, stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in the presence of nicotine, analysis of CD25 expression by flow cytometry and analysis of CD25 gene expression by qPCR. The results showed varying responses among three donors, with a clear difference between nicotine/PHA and PHA stimulation alone for one donor compared to the others. This study highlights potential effects of nicotine on the immune system and underscores the need for further investigations to understand the mechanisms behind this.