La kinase Cdk8 est impliquée dans la régulation de la transcription. Pourtant, cette protéine est retrouvée sur la chromatine lors de la réplication dans le modèle d'extrait d'œufs de xénope, où la transcription n'est pas active. Mon projet de thèse avait pour but de caractériser les fonctions de Cdk8 sur la chromatine en cours de réplication.Les résultats de ma thèse montrent que Cdk8 est impliquée dans la réplication de l'ADN. Le recrutement de Cdk8 sur la chromatine est concomitant avec le recrutement de certaines protéines du complexe de pré-réplication, bien qu'elle ne soit pas accumulée au niveau des foyers de réplication.Cependant, la déplétion de Cdk8 induit des défauts de réplication de l'ADN.Ces défauts ne sont pas induits par une collision entre le réplisome et la machinerie transcriptionnelle. En effet, l'ARN polymérase II, engagée sur la chromatine mais inactive en condition normale, est moins abondante sur la chromatine en absence de Cdk8.La déplétion de Cdk8 conduit à la diminution du recrutement des complexes de pré-réplication et des complexes de pré-initiation de la réplication. Cette diminution conduit à une baisse du taux de réplication sans activation du checkpoint intra-S. L'ensemble de mes résultats montrent que Cdk8 est nécessaire à une réplication normale de l'ADN. Plusieurs mécanismes semblent être mis en jeu, à savoir, un défaut de recrutement de la machinerie de réplication, l'accumulation de la protéine Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) sur l'ADN ainsi que des modifications post-traductionnelles des histones. / The Cdk8 kinase is involved intranscriptional regulation.This protein is found on chromatin during DNA replication in xenopus egg extract model when transcription is not active. My PhD project was to characterize Cdk8 functions on chromatin during replication.My results show that Cdk8 is involved in DNA replication.Cdk8 is not found at replication foci , but its recruitment on chromatin occurs at the same time as several components of the pre-replication complex.Moreover, Cdk8 depletion leads to DNA replication defects.These defects are not induced by collision between the replisome and transcriptional regulators (RNA polymerase II and transcription factors). Indeed, RNA polymerase II, which is on chromatin in an inactive form under normal conditions, is less abundant on chromatin in absence of Cdk8.Cdk8 depletion leads to a decrease in pre-replication complexes and pre-initiation complexes recruitment. This decrease induces a reduction in DNA replication rate without activating the intra-S checkpoint.My data show that Cdk8 is necessary for proper DNA replication. It seems that Cdk8 depletion involves several mechanisms : altered replication machinery recruitment, presence of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) protein on DNA, and post-traductional modifications of histones.

La voie KRAS/BRAF/MEK/ERK MAP Kinase joue un rôle clé dans le contrôle de la prolifération des cellules épithéliales intestinales normales et cancéreuses. En effet, on retrouve des mutations du gène KRAS dans près de 35 à 40% des cancers colorectaux et une mutation du gène BRAF dans 10 à 15% des cas. Ces mutations de type gain-de-fonction sont mutuellement exclusives, ce qui suggère que la signalisation MEK/ERK qui est en aval de BRAF joue possiblement un rôle crucial dans le développement de plus de 60% des cancers colorectaux. Notre laboratoire a d’ailleurs rapporté que l’expression d’une forme mutante hyperactive de MEK1 est suffisante pour induire la transformation des cellules épithéliales intestinales normales en culture. Cette transformation est caractérisée par une transition épithélium-mésenchyme (EMT) conférant aux cellules des capacités tumorales, invasives et métastatiques. Afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans les effets transformant de MEK1, une analyse comparative par micropuces d’ADN (Affymetrix) a été effectuée et celle-ci a montré que le gène codant pour la protéine CDK8, une kinase dépendante des cyclines, est un des gènes les plus induits (12 fois) par l’hyperactivation de MEK1. Ce résultat suggèrerait l’implication de CDK8 dans l’oncogenèse colorectale induite par l’hyperactivation de la voie KRAS/MAP Kinase. De manière intéressante, nous avons d’abord mis en évidence que CDK8 était surexprimée dans des tumeurs de patients atteints de cancer colorectal de différents stades ainsi que dans des lignées cancéreuses colorectales humaines. Parmi ces lignées cellulaires analysées, nous avons mis en évidence que cette surexpression était en partie dépendante de l’activité MEK. Nous avons aussi confirmé la surexpression de CDK8 dans des lignées de cellules épithéliales intestinales de rat exprimant les oncogènes KRAS ou BRAF ou le mutant de MEK1 constitutivement actif. La baisse d’expression de CDK8 par l’utilisation d’un shARN a révélé que CDK8 contribue à l’hyperprolifération cellulaire ainsi qu’à la croissance en indépendance d’ancrage induite par l’expression du mutant hyperactif de MEK1. De plus, la baisse d’expression de CDK8 atténue le phénotype fibroblastique des cellules transformées par l’oncogène BRAF ou le mutant de MEK1 constitutivement actif, qui exhibent un phénotype plus épithélial. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence que CDK8 serait impliqué dans l’expression de gènes liés à la morphologie cellulaire tel que Snail1, Snail2 et Gem. Nos résultats montrent donc que CDK8 contribue au potentiel oncogénique de la voie MAP Kinase dans les cellules épithéliales intestinales en modulant leurs capacités prolifératives et leur transformation morphologique.

S. cerevisiae have developed the ability to forage for nutrients when presented with conditions of starvation. This dimorphic adaptation is particularly noticeable when yeast are subject to nitrogen depravation and has been termed filamentous growth, as cells form filament-like projections away from the center of the colony. The regulation of this response is under the control of the well-characterized MAPK and cAMP pathways. Previous work showed that Cdk8p phosphorylated a key transcriptional activator of the filamentous response, Ste12p, and subsequently targeted the factor for degradation under conditions of limiting nitrogen. Data presented in this thesis suggests that Cdk8p is regulated by another kinase, Tpk2p. In vitro kinase assays demonstrate that Tpk2p directly phosphorylates Cdk8p on residue Thr37, leading to the destabilization of Cdk8p after growth for 4 hours in SLAD media. Lack of phosphorylation on Thr37 yields a hypo-hypofilamentous phenotype, whereas a phospho-mimic mutant, T37E displays a filamentous hyper-filamentous phenotype.

S. cerevisiae have developed the ability to forage for nutrients when presented with conditions of starvation. This dimorphic adaptation is particularly noticeable when yeast are subject to nitrogen depravation and has been termed filamentous growth, as cells form filament-like projections away from the center of the colony. The regulation of this response is under the control of the well-characterized MAPK and cAMP pathways. Previous work showed that Cdk8p phosphorylated a key transcriptional activator of the filamentous response, Ste12p, and subsequently targeted the factor for degradation under conditions of limiting nitrogen. Data presented in this thesis suggests that Cdk8p is regulated by another kinase, Tpk2p. In vitro kinase assays demonstrate that Tpk2p directly phosphorylates Cdk8p on residue Thr37, leading to the destabilization of Cdk8p after growth for 4 hours in SLAD media. Lack of phosphorylation on Thr37 yields a hypo-hypofilamentous phenotype, whereas a phospho-mimic mutant, T37E displays a filamentous hyper-filamentous phenotype.

S. cerevisiae have developed the ability to forage for nutrients when presented with conditions of starvation. This dimorphic adaptation is particularly noticeable when yeast are subject to nitrogen depravation and has been termed filamentous growth, as cells form filament-like projections away from the center of the colony. The regulation of this response is under the control of the well-characterized MAPK and cAMP pathways. Previous work showed that Cdk8p phosphorylated a key transcriptional activator of the filamentous response, Ste12p, and subsequently targeted the factor for degradation under conditions of limiting nitrogen. Data presented in this thesis suggests that Cdk8p is regulated by another kinase, Tpk2p. In vitro kinase assays demonstrate that Tpk2p directly phosphorylates Cdk8p on residue Thr37, leading to the destabilization of Cdk8p after growth for 4 hours in SLAD media. Lack of phosphorylation on Thr37 yields a hypo-hypofilamentous phenotype, whereas a phospho-mimic mutant, T37E displays a filamentous hyper-filamentous phenotype. / Medicine, Faculty of / Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of / Graduate

No description available.

<p>The yeast Mediator complex is required for transcriptional regulation both in vivo and in vitro and the identification of similar complexes from metazoans indicates that its function is conserved through evolution. Mediator subunit composition and structure is well characterized both by biochemical, genetic and biophysical methods. In contrast, little is known about the mechanisms by which Mediator operates and how the complex is regulated. The aim of my thesis was to elucidate how Mediator functions at the molecular level and to investigate functional interactions within Mediator. </p><p> It is possible to recruit RNA polymerase II to a target promoter and thus to activate transcription by fusing Mediator subunits to a DNA binding domain. In order to investigate functional interactions within Mediator, we made such fusion proteins where different Mediator subunits were fused to the DNA binding domain of lexA. The expression of a reporter gene containing binding sites for lexA was subsequently measured in both a wild type strain and in strains where genes encoding specific Mediator subunits had been disrupted. We found that lexA-Med2 and lexA-Gal11 are strong activators that function independently of all Mediator subunits tested. On the other hand, lexA-Srb10 is a weak activator that depends on Srb8 and Srb11 and lexA-Med1 and lexA-Srb7 are both cryptic activators that become active in the absence of Srb8, Srb10, Srb11, or Sin4. Both lexA-Med1 and lexA-Srb7 proteins showed a stable association with the Mediator subunits Med4 and Med8 in wild type cells and in all deletion strains tested, indicating that they were functionally incorporated into the Mediator complex. We also showed that both Med4 and Med8 exist in two forms that differed in electrophoretic mobility and that these forms differed in their ability to associate with Mediator immuno-purified from the LEXA-SRB7 and LEXA-MED1 strains. Dephosphorylation assays of purified Mediator indicated that the two mobility forms of Med4 corresponded to the phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of the Med4 protein respectively. </p><p> Some of the data presented in this study as well as previous genetic and biochemical data obtained in our lab suggested a functional link between the Med1, Med2, Srb10 and Srb11 proteins. We extended these findings by showing that the Srb10 kinase phosphorylates the Med2 protein at residue serine 208, both in vitro and in vivo. We also showed that a point mutation of the single phosphorylation site to an alanine or to an aspartic acid residue altered the gene expression of a specific set of genes. Taken together, these data indicate that posttranslational modification of Mediator subunits is a so far uncharacterized mechanism for regulation of gene expression. </p><p> In order to study the function of the Srb7 subunit of Mediator, we isolated a temperature sensitive strain where the amino acids 2 to 8 of srb7 were deleted. The Mediator subunits Nut2 and Med7 were isolated as high copy suppressor of srb7-∆(2-8) and we were also able to show that Srb7 interacted with Nut2 and Med7 both in a 2-hybrid system and in co-immuno precipitation experiments using recombinantly expressed proteins. Interestingly, a deletion of amino acids 2 to 8 of Srb7 abolishes its interaction with both Med7 and Nut2 in vitro. Med4 also interacted with Srb7 in the 2-hybrid system and surprisingly, the first eight amino acids of Srb7 were shown to be sufficient for this interaction.</p>

The yeast Mediator complex is required for transcriptional regulation both in vivo and in vitro and the identification of similar complexes from metazoans indicates that its function is conserved through evolution. Mediator subunit composition and structure is well characterized both by biochemical, genetic and biophysical methods. In contrast, little is known about the mechanisms by which Mediator operates and how the complex is regulated. The aim of my thesis was to elucidate how Mediator functions at the molecular level and to investigate functional interactions within Mediator. It is possible to recruit RNA polymerase II to a target promoter and thus to activate transcription by fusing Mediator subunits to a DNA binding domain. In order to investigate functional interactions within Mediator, we made such fusion proteins where different Mediator subunits were fused to the DNA binding domain of lexA. The expression of a reporter gene containing binding sites for lexA was subsequently measured in both a wild type strain and in strains where genes encoding specific Mediator subunits had been disrupted. We found that lexA-Med2 and lexA-Gal11 are strong activators that function independently of all Mediator subunits tested. On the other hand, lexA-Srb10 is a weak activator that depends on Srb8 and Srb11 and lexA-Med1 and lexA-Srb7 are both cryptic activators that become active in the absence of Srb8, Srb10, Srb11, or Sin4. Both lexA-Med1 and lexA-Srb7 proteins showed a stable association with the Mediator subunits Med4 and Med8 in wild type cells and in all deletion strains tested, indicating that they were functionally incorporated into the Mediator complex. We also showed that both Med4 and Med8 exist in two forms that differed in electrophoretic mobility and that these forms differed in their ability to associate with Mediator immuno-purified from the LEXA-SRB7 and LEXA-MED1 strains. Dephosphorylation assays of purified Mediator indicated that the two mobility forms of Med4 corresponded to the phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of the Med4 protein respectively. Some of the data presented in this study as well as previous genetic and biochemical data obtained in our lab suggested a functional link between the Med1, Med2, Srb10 and Srb11 proteins. We extended these findings by showing that the Srb10 kinase phosphorylates the Med2 protein at residue serine 208, both in vitro and in vivo. We also showed that a point mutation of the single phosphorylation site to an alanine or to an aspartic acid residue altered the gene expression of a specific set of genes. Taken together, these data indicate that posttranslational modification of Mediator subunits is a so far uncharacterized mechanism for regulation of gene expression. In order to study the function of the Srb7 subunit of Mediator, we isolated a temperature sensitive strain where the amino acids 2 to 8 of srb7 were deleted. The Mediator subunits Nut2 and Med7 were isolated as high copy suppressor of srb7-∆(2-8) and we were also able to show that Srb7 interacted with Nut2 and Med7 both in a 2-hybrid system and in co-immuno precipitation experiments using recombinantly expressed proteins. Interestingly, a deletion of amino acids 2 to 8 of Srb7 abolishes its interaction with both Med7 and Nut2 in vitro. Med4 also interacted with Srb7 in the 2-hybrid system and surprisingly, the first eight amino acids of Srb7 were shown to be sufficient for this interaction.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13356号 / 論医博第2202号 / 新制||医||1044(附属図書館) / (主査)教授 生田 宏一, 教授 濵﨑 洋子, 教授 竹内 理 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Over the past two decades, protein kinases have been intensively investigated as targets to treat neoplastic diseases. Many protein kinase inhibitors not only have therapeutic potential but are becoming invaluable reagents for the study of cell signaling. We aspired to use our Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8 inhibitor, Q-12, as a probe for biomarker discovery for CDK8 inhibitor sensitive tumor types. Q-12 shows potent inhibition of cell viability and induction of apoptosis process in some triple-negative breast cancer and colorectal cancer cell lines in vitro. Western blot results indicate that the reduction of STAT1 phosphorylation could be a robust indicator of CDK8 target engagement in all three cancer cell lines used upon Q-12 treatment. Q-12 treatment of triple-negative breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-468) decreases STAT1 phosphorylation but increases STAT3 phosphorylation. Q-12 activity in MDA-MB-468 cell is dependent on the activation of STAT3 phosphorylation. All results suggest that there may be a critical STAT1 to STAT3 ratio that may serve as a biomarker for CDK8 inhibitor sensitivity. In this precision medicine era, the discovery of biomarker is urgently needed to minimize the risks of severe side-effects by traditional chemotherapy and improve diagnosis and monitor therapy response across a wide spectrum of disease, especially heterogenous type of disease, like cancer.