A valorização de produtos que sejam ecológica e socialmente responsáveis vem fazendo que as certificações no âmbito socioambiental venham crescendo no decorrer dos anos. Isso se reflete na agricultura onde a pressão se dá no sentido de que as produções sejam ambientalmente mais equilibradas e socialmente mais justas. A certificação Fair trade surge como uma das alternativas a essas pressões originárias dos consumidores. Esse modelo de Comércio surgiu como uma alternativa às associações de pequenos produtores rurais em condições econômicas desfavoráveis obterem melhores condições de comércio para seus produtos e assim melhorar o padrão de vida de suas comunidades. Tais desvantagens econômicas podem ser caracterizadas pela maior vulnerabilidade de pequenos produtores a flutuações dos mercados internacionais de commodities, sem acesso a crédito e reservas de capital. Essa falta de oportunidades econômicas por dificuldades de acesso a capital, mercados compradores e informação criam barreiras aos pequenos produtores, o que garante o acesso facilitado a produtores maiores no mercado de exportações. É nesse contexto que se torna uma excelente opção o novo modelo de comércio justo, o Fair trade. No entanto, verificou-se uma dificuldade desses produtores conseguirem tal certificação. Foi realizado então um estudo multicasos em quatro organizações de pequenos produtores já certificadas, a fim de detectar essas dificuldades de se conseguir essa certificação e propor um check list de ações para ajudar outras organizações a se inserirem nesse mercado. / The valorization of environmental and social responsible products has resulted in an increase of socio-environmental certification schemes over the years. In agriculture, this reflects on a growing pressure towards an environmentally more balanced and socially fairer production. In this context, fair trade certification comes as an alternative to these pressures that come from consumers. This model of trade has emerged to associations of small farmers in unfavorable economic conditions as an alternative for obtaining better trading conditions for its products and thereby improving the living standards of their communities. Such economic disadvantages include the vulnerability of small producers, with no access to credit and no capital reserves, to fluctuations in the international commodity markets. This lack of economic opportunities due to difficulties in accessing capital, markets and information create barriers to small producers, thus ensuring large producers easier access to the export markets. In this context, fair trade becomes an excellent option. However, it is evident the difficulties of these producers to get such certification. Therefore, a multicase study was carried out in four organizations of small producers which already have the certification in order to detect these difficulties in getting the certification and to propose a checklist of actions that can help other organizations to fit into that market.

Orientadores: Arnado Walter, Pita A. Verweij / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T18:29:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_CamilaOrtolanFernandesde_M.pdf: 2988972 bytes, checksum: f3c588b875a6de9627585059b114f30b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A sustentabilidade dos biocombustíveis é uma questão polêmica, que ganhou grande dimensão desde a segunda metade da década passada. Nesse contexto, biodiversidade é um dos aspectos mais mencionados no debate internacional. Em função das pressões de diferentes segmentos sociais, critérios de sustentabilidade foram definidos e têm condicionado a aplicação de políticas de fomento aos biocombustíveis. Na prática, esquemas de certificação têm sido usados de forma crescente e nada indica que essa tendência seja alterada. Assim, a futura produção de etanol de cana de açúcar no Brasil, e a competitividade da produção nacional em mercados internacionais, estarão condicionadas a que sustentabilidade seja uma realidade, e possa ser comprovada. No Brasil, muito pouco se sabe sobre os impactos da produção de cana, e de etanol, sobre a biodiversidade, e foi isso que motivou esta dissertação. Seu objetivo geral é o entendimento da questão biocombustíveis-biodiversidade, incluindo a identificação do conhecimento existente, das diferentes visões, das aspirações, etc. A análise foi feita com foco na produção de etanol de cana, nas condições brasileiras, e de suas perspectivas. Um dos objetivos específicos foi definido na avaliação dos esquemas de certificação, e como neles a biodiversidade tem sido tratada. Uma das conclusões desta dissertação é que, não só no Brasil, ainda pouco se sabe sobre os impactos dos biocombustíveis sobre a biodiversidade. Segundo, biodiversidade é um tema complexo, que tem várias dimensões, e em um esquema de certificação não se pode ter as mesmas ambições de avaliação e monitoramento de trabalhos científicos. Mais ainda, esquemas de certificação são instrumentos de mercado, e precisam ser definidos tendo-se em mente aspectos condicionantes como a praticidade, os custos, e as responsabilidades que podem ser atribuídas ao agente econômico que é avaliado. Entretanto, em geral os esquemas de certificação de biocombustíveis são mais rigorosos do que os esquemas que tratam de produtos florestais e alimentícios, e estão alinhados com os indicadores recomendados para empresas de energia. De qualquer forma, mecanismos de certificação têm um importante papel a cumprir no fomento às iniciativas, na disseminação de informações e na diferenciação de produtores e produtos. As normas devem ser entendidas como complementares à regulação pública e, dessa forma, podem ser muito úteis. Finalmente, conclui-se que as leis e a regulação do uso da terra no Brasil (e.g., o Código Florestal, o Zoneamento Agroecológico e a definição de Áreas Prioritárias de Conservação) podem ser, desde que adequadamente aplicadas, suficientes para que os potenciais impactos sobre a biodiversidade sejam evitados ou minimizados. Com a legislação existente, e com a pressão do mercado e dos segmentos sociais, a produção de etanol de cana no Brasil tem amplas condições de ser cada vez mais sustentável, de uma forma geral, e menos impactante sobre a biodiversidade, em particular / Abstract: The sustainability of biofuels is a controversial issue, which gained large dimension since the second half of last decade. In this context, biodiversity is one of the most mentioned aspects in the international debate. Because of pressure from different social segments, sustainability criteria have been defined and have conditioned the application of policies to promote biofuels. In practice, certification schemes have been increasingly used and there is no indication that this trend will change. Thus, future production of ethanol from sugarcane in Brazil, and the competitiveness of national production in international markets, will depend on the fact that sustainability is a reality, and may be proved. In Brazil, very little is known about the impacts of sugarcane and ethanol production on biodiversity, and that was what motivated this dissertation. Its overall goal is to understand the issue biofuels-biodiversity, including the identification of existing knowledge, the different visions, aspirations, etc. The analysis was focused on the production of ethanol from sugarcane in Brazilian conditions, and perspectives. One of the specific objectives was defined in the assessment of certification schemes, and how biodiversity has been addressed. One of the conclusions of this dissertation is that very little is known about the impacts of biofuels on biodiversity, worldwide. Second, biodiversity is a complex issue that has many dimensions, and through a certification scheme is not possible to assess and monitor biodiversity as in scientific research. Furthermore, certification schemes are market instruments, and must be defined taking into account aspects as practicality, costs, and responsibilities that can be assigned to the economic agent that is certified. However, in general certification schemes of biofuels are stricter than certification schemes of forest and food products, and are aligned with the indicators recommended for energy companies. Anyway, certification mechanisms have an important role to play in fostering initiatives, in disseminating information and on differentiating producers and products. But the standards should be understood as complementary to public regulation, and thus they can be very useful. Finally, a conclusion of this dissertation is that the laws and regulations already available in Brazil regarding land use (e.g., the Forest Code, the Agro-ecologic Zoning and the definition of Priority Areas for Conservation) can be sufficient for avoiding or minimizing the potential impacts over biodiversity but, obviously, depending on their enforcement. With the existing legal and regulatory environment, combined with pressures from the market and from social actors, the sustainability of ethanol production from sugarcane in Brazil can be improved. This can result in even more sustainable production in general, and less impacts over biodiversity, in particular / Mestrado / Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos / Mestra em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

Le but de cette thèse fut de comprendre l’apprentissage de formateurs d’entraîneurs et d’entraîneurs dans le Programme national de certification des entraîneurs. Deux études furent réalisées. La première porte sur l’apprentissage de cinq formateurs au moment d’être formé et en présentant des ateliers à des entraîneurs. La deuxième examine l’apprentissage de onze entraîneurs dans des ateliers. Les données furent collectées à partir de séances d’observation non participante et d’entretiens semi-structurés multiples. Elles furent analysées à partir de la théorie de l’apprentissage humain (Jarvis, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009) et la théorie de Moon (2001) sur l’apprentissage dans les ateliers de courte durée. Les résultats révélèrent qu’apprendre peut être un processus cognitif, émotif et/ou pratique. Les formateurs apprirent autant en présentant les ateliers à des entraîneurs qu’au moment d’être formé. Les entraîneurs validèrent leur pratique, la modifièrent ou éprouvèrent de l’inconfort à la modifier. Des suggestions furent proposées aux responsables du programme.

In the present time, when prices of energy go up continually, we can hear more and more about the topic of energy-cutting. Important role in this sphere performs low-energy development. Passive houses, which are specific type of low energy houses, cut heat demand significantly. It means marked improvement with the view of energy saving, protection of the environment, but also quality of living. There is no doubt that these constructions bring numerous advantages, as evidenced by ever-growing number of passive houses abroad. Nevertheless, in the Czech Republic are very little passive houses. Partial intention of the thesis work is to highlight the importance of certification, which is able to contribute toward expansion of passive houses. The outcome of this part is proposal of the criteria for certification of passive houses in the Czech Republic. Principal aim of my diploma work is to compare passive house to common house in light of capital expenditures and operating costs and information about pay-off period of investment in low-energy buildings. Just matter of economic return is the most important criterion in decision making about construction of house or building.

The purpose of the thesis is to analyse current documentation situaton and organization steps based on norms and other requirements for accreditation, suggested precaution and documentation to meet requirements and create quality manual to get accreditation.

Although previous studies have considered the factors affecting other certification exam outcomes, they have not examined those that are related to performance on the Professional in Human Resources (PHR) exam. In response to that need, this study specifically investigates technology and training factors that affect self-efficacy and self-set goals, and through them, influence PHR certification exam results. The target population for the study consisted of recent examinees who had taken a formal PHR examination preparation class or used another form of exam preparation training. The survey results were analyzed using partial least squares modeling techniques, and mediation effects were then tested. The results demonstrated that PHR training self-efficacy affected PHR exam self-efficacy and self-set goals. These factors then had an impact on PHR exam scores. Also, the results of task-technology fit were indirectly related to PHR training self-efficacy through a multiple mediation model that included the instructional factor of time on task and the technology factor of perceived usefulness. Surprisingly, time spent on practice exam questions was found to be negatively related to PHR certification exam scores. Finally, instructional feedback indirectly affected outcomes through its positive relationship to self-set goals. The results of the research should help training professionals and examinees in structuring PHR exam training and preparation activities. They also suggest avenues for improving outcomes in other similar types of training.

The attention on green building is driven by the desire to reduce a building’s running cost over its entire life cycle. However, with the use of sustainable technologies and more environmentally friendly products in the building sector, the construction industry contributes significantly to sustainable actions of our society. Different certification systems have entered the market with the aim to measure a building’s sustainability. However, each system uses its own set of criteria for the purpose of rating. The primary goal of this study is to identify a comprehensive set of criteria for the measurement of building sustainability, and therefore to facilitate the comparison of existing rating methods. The collection and analysis of the criteria, identified through a comprehensive literature review, has led to the establishment of two additional categories besides the 3 pillars of sustainability. The comparative analyses presented in this thesis reveal strengths and weaknesses of the chosen green building certification systems - LEED, BREEAM, and DGNB.

The problem of this study was to determine the professional preparation, playing experience, and involvement in professional organizations of secondary school coaches in Northeast Texas. This information was presented in such a manner that comparisons might be made with recommendations for certification of high school coaches by the American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. The findings of the study seem to warrant several basic conclusions. Degree requirements, playing experience, and professional activities of the coaches appeared adequate. The coaches' professional preparation in physical education seemed inadequate according to the recommendations for certification.

No description available.

This study was conducted for the purpose of determining whether the size of school districts (in terms of the number of teachers they employ) affects the employment of the instructional staff with regard to their academic preparation, experiences, and professional interest. In question form the problem may be stated: What is the relationship of the professional status of the teacher to the size of the district in the elementary schools of San Joaquin and Stanislaus Counties?