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Nowadays the main challenge for the energy system is the capability of storing the energy forlater use. To deal with this problem, molten salt storage technology is being used in some solarfacilities. By its implementation, the energy can be stored in the form of heat. However, thefeasibility of this technology is in a testing stage. Its implementation could be done in differentenergy fields. In this thesis, a novel implementation is suggested nearby a CHP, with the aim ofutilizing the excess electricity provided by the grid in high energy production days. Differentimplementation methods and a real scenario are presented. A study analysis of the tank’s sizeand the amount of molten salt needed as well as an economic analysis are provided. Numericalapproximations are given and results shown according to the theoretical analysis developed.

Renewable energies are fluctuating and the bigger its share on the Swedish energy market, the more fluctuating are the prices. Therefore, CHP plant operators as VEAB in Växjö, are more and more struggling to be competitive. There is, hence, a need of alternative options for the use of produced electricity, rather than being dependent on such a volatile and unclear market. Hydrogen production through water electrolysis could therefore be an alternative to be decoupled from the electricity business and instead being part of a promising, future hydrogen economy. Since state-of-the-art electrolysers have efficiencies between 51% and 75%, it was assessed that some of the efficiency losses could be recuperated by implementing the excess heat in an existing District heating (DH) grid. Calculations of the base scenario electrolyser with a power input of 870 kW showed, that an increase of the overall temperatures of the returning mass flow of the DH grid from 0,05°C to 0,23°C should be achievable. The economic analysis showed, that for this size of hydrogen production unit, the minimum hydrogen selling price (MHSP) would be 6,64 €/kg, which is not competitive on today’s market. However, the sensitivity analysis showed, that by a decreased investment cost, lower electricity prices and especially by scaling up the base scenario, the MHSP could be lowered significantly. Assuming a reduction of investment costs of 20% and scaling up the electrolyser by 1000% to 8700 kW, the MHSP resulted in 1,9 €/kg, a competitive price on the market. This study revealed that hydrogen production could be part of the future business model of CHP plant operators and provides a guideline on the feasibility of such a project.

To achieve greater economic stability, CHP plant operators such as VEAB from Växjö are motivated to search for a new business model that are compatible with their existing facilities while also contribute to increasing the overall revenue of the company. These processes include hydrogen production and biochemical products such as biopolymer and biofuels. However, these processes also produce a substantial amount of heat that needs to be taken care of. Alternatively, the extra heat storage capacity could allow the plant to be more selective of when to produce those heat to maximize profit. Therefore, it is important to investigate different approaches to achieve that, both traditional approach (e,g, convective cooling) and alternative approaches (different large scale underground heat storages). Lake source cooling is also investigated to determine whether it can replace convective cooling as a method of cooling off waste heat from the plant. The technical analysis showed that the alternative approach is certainly promising albeit with more land use (BTES requiring 36 000 m2 against 750 m2 of convectional cooling system) with some limitations that must be addressed when deciding the appropriate approach. In addition, it is found that by increasing the scale of the BTES system, the amount of heat loss per heat capacity reduces while increasing the borehole depth decreases the overall heat loss of the system. The economic analysis showed that when used solely to deal with the waste heat, the alternative approach is costs magnitude more than convective cooling, the alternative costing almost 6 times more than the convective cooling. There are certainly opportunities in the future that can make the BTES system to be a much more feasible choice if additional utilization of the BTES system could be found or potential demand may make the BTES system a more attractive choice to deal with the excess heat that comes with expanding the business of a CHP plant operator.

Disertacijoje nagrinėjami būdingi šilumos akumuliacinės talpos veikimo režimai, susiformuojantys nedidelės galios kogeneracinėje jėgainėje, tiriamas šiluminės stratifikacijos susidarymas tokioje talpoje ir atliekamas jos modeliavimas. Pagrindinis disertacijos tikslas – ištirti nedidelės galios kogeneracinės jėgainės šilumos akumuliacinės talpos veikimo režimų ypatumus, sudaryti algoritmą, padedantį parinkti tokios talpos tūrį ir pateikti modelį, leidžiantį nustatyti šiluminę stratifikaciją akumuliacinėje talpoje bet kuriuo jos veikimo metu. / The dissertation investigates typical operation modes of the heat storage tank in the small-scale cogeneration (CHP) plant, analyses formation of thermal stratifi-cation in such storage tank and presents the simulation of the stratification. The main aim of the dissertation is to investigate peculiarities of operation modes of heat storage tank in small-scale CHP plant, develop an algorithm allowing to choose the storage tank volume and present a model allowing determination of thermal stratification in the storage tank at any time of its operation.

This master’s thesis deals with the design of a heat recovery steam generator. The introductory part of the thesis is dedicated to waste heat boilers, their division and their utilization in combined cycles gas turbine. In the following chapter, an analysis of the existing combined heat and power plant operation is performed. In the next part of the thesis, the conceptual layout of the new source is designed. Subsequently, the thermal calculation of the boiler is carried out as well as the design of individual heat exchanging surfaces. The sixth chapter deals with the strength calculation of the boiler and the outer piping, chambers and drum are designed here. At the end of the thesis there are described off-design states of the new combined cycle gas turbine.

Att begränsa globala uppvärmningen till 1,5°C kommer kräva negativa koldioxidutsläpp. En metod för att generera negativa koldioxidutsläpp är så kallad Bio-Energy Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS). En direkt implementering av BECCS är att fånga in CO2 från rökgas som genereras vid förbränning av biomassa i en så kallad post-combustion capture-konfigurering. Post-combustion BECCS har skapat en stor resonans hos kraftverksoperatörer och pappersproducenter. Stockholm Exergi, som ägs av Fortum och Stockholms Stad, siktar på att fånga in upp till 800 kt CO2 per år från deras biomass-eldade CHP-anläggning i Värtaverket vid 2024. Planen är att fånga in CO2 från rökgasen genom en absorptionsprocess och sedan skeppa det till Norge för geologisk förvaring. Mastersexamensarbetet följde en experimentskampanj driven av Stockholm Exergi som siktade på att uppnå experimentell validering av en absorptionsprocess för koldioxidinfångning från rökgas vid förbränning av biomassa. En testenhet konstruerades och tester genomfördes från december 2019 till maj 2020. Examensarbetet fokuserade på rollen absorptionsmedlet hade på infångningshastigheten. Tester med tre olika lösningsmedel genomfördes och de experimentella resultaten analyserades genom en kombination av jämviktsmodeller och Murphree-effektiviteter. Resultatet visar att ett absorptionsmedel baserat på vattenlöslig K2CO3 är kompatibel med rökgas från förbränning av biomassa, eftersom infångningshastigheter mellan 5 och 13 % uppmättes. De undersökta hastighetspromotorerna (3 vikt% H3BO3 + 1 vikt% V2O5) visade dock inte den förväntade effekten på infångningshastigheter, och på grund av tidsbegränsningar testades inte olika vikt% av promotorn under det här examensarbetet. Ingen tydlig slutsats drogs därför med hänsyn till promotorer. Baserat på Murphree-effektiviteterna som beräknats genom experimenten med konstant förhållande mellan vätske- och gasflöde uppskattas en 28–35 m hög kolonn fånga 90% av CO2 i rökgasen. / Limiting global warming to 1.5°C will require negative carbon emissions. One way for generating negative carbon emissions is through bio-energy carbon capture and storage (BECCS). A direct implementation of BECCS is to capture CO2 from the flue gas originating from the combustion of biomass in a post-combustion capture configuration. Post-combustion BECCS has generated considerable resonance among power plant operators and paper manufactures. Stockholm Exergi, owned by Fortum and Stockholm Stad, aims at capturing up to 800 kt CO2 per year from their biomass-fired CHP plant in Värtaverket by 2024. The plan foresees to capture CO2 from the flue gas utilizing an absorption process and shipment of the captured CO2 to Norway for geological storage. The Master thesis project followed an experimental campaign run by Stockholm Exergi that aimed at experimental validation of an absorption process for carbon capture from flue gas originating from the combustion of biomass. A test unit was constructed, and test trials were run from Dec. 2019 to May 2020. The thesis focused on the role of the absorption solvent on the capture rate. Test trails with three different solvents were conducted, and the experimental results were analyzed using equilibrium models combined with Murphree efficiencies. The results show that an absorption solvent based on aqueous K2CO3 is compatible with the flue gas derived from biomass combustion, i.e., capture rates ranging from 5 to 13 % were measured. However, the investigated rate promoters (3 wt.% H3BO3 + 1 wt.% V2O5) did not show the expected effect with regards to capture rates and due to time constrain different wt.% of the promoter were not tested within the scope of this thesis. Therefore, no firm conclusion was given with regards to promoters. Based on the Murphree efficiency calculated from the experiment with keeping a constant liquid to gas flow ratio, a column height of 28-35 m is estimated to capture 90% of CO2 from the flue gas.

Det här projektet har varit på uppdrag av Kalmar Energi AB och har utförts på kraftvärmeanläggningen Moskogen. Projektet syftade till att undersöka om återvinning av rökgaskondensat till spädvatten var möjlig och ekonomiskt försvarbart. Denna åtgärd skulle potentiellt kunna minska anläggningens råvattenkonsumtion och det skulle leda till en ekonomisk besparing. Åtgärden skulle även bidra till att anläggningen blev mer självförsörjande och mindre känslig vid störningar på det lokala råvattennätet. Mätningar av flöden på rökgaskondensatsproduktionen, halter av föroreningar och råvattenkonsumtionen gav viktiga parametrar för kontakt med leverantör av reningssystem. Samarbete upprättades med Eurowater AB där två olika reningsanläggningar togs fram och delgavs Kalmar Energi AB. Kostnaden för de två olika förslagen och respektive råvattenbesparing gav två avskrivningstider för investeringarna. Slutsatsen som drogs av projektet var att en installation av en reningsanläggning för återvinning av rökgaskondensatet var möjlig. / This project has been commissioned by Kalmar Energi AB and has been carried out at the CHP plant Moskogen. The project aimed to investigate whether recycling of flue gas condensate was possible and economically justifiable. This measure could potentially reduce the plant´s raw water consumption and would result in economic savings. The measure would also help the plant become more self-sufficient and less sensitive to disturbances on the local raw water distribution net.  Measurements of the flow of flue gas condensate, levels of pollution and raw water consumption gave important parameters for contact with the purification supplier. We entered a collaboration with Eurowater AB where two different purification plants were presented to Kalmar Energi AB. The cost of the two different proposals and their respective raw water savings gave two different payback periods in which the initial investment would be recouped by the client. The conclusion drawn from the project is that the installation of a purification plant for recycling of flue gas condensate was possible.

This mastes´s thesis deals with higher usage of boiler K5 in CHP plant ŽĎAS, a.s. in temporary season, when due to reduced consumption is overheating hot water return branch and there is need to change to another boiler. Main goal of thesis is reduce changes betwen boiler K5 and boiler K3 and increase usage of boiler K5 in temporary season by ekonomic profitablbe technical solution. At the beginning of thesis is described CHP plant ŽĎAS, a.s. and its equipment. Next are four methods of calculation increase year´s usage of boiler K5. And these are cooling hot water return branch using heat exchanger, condensation of part steam from back pressure, reduce minimal power of boiler K5 and usage with small condensing turbine. Thesis is finished with comparison of mentioned methods and experimental reduce of minimal power boiler K5.

Sweden has the goal of reaching a fossil independent transportation sector by 2030. Two ways to reach the goal is to increase the use of electric vehicles or produce more biofuels. Both alternatives could be powered by forest residue, which is an underutilized resource in the country. Electricity could be produced in a biomass fired Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant, and biofuel could be produced in a biorefinery through gasification of biomass and Fischer-Tropsch process. When located in Stockholm County, both system can also distribute heat to the district heating system. It is however important to use the biomass in an energy-efficient way. The scope of this work has been to analyze the efficiency together with environmental and economic aspects of the two systems.  To assess the efficiency and environmental impact of the two systems a forest to wheel study was made of the systems where the product was studied from harvesting of forest residue to driving the vehicle. The studied functional units were: kilometers driven by vehicle, kWh of district heating, CO2-equivalents of greenhouse gases and MWh of forest residue. The system using CHP technology and electric vehicles outperformed the biorefinery system on the two first functional units. Using the same amount of forest residue more than twice as much district heating and almost twice as many driven kilometers were produced in this system. The study also showed that both systems avoids significant greenhouse gas emissions and can be part of the solution to decrease emissions from road transportation.  The profitability of investing in a CHP plant or a biorefinery was calculated through the net present value method. It showed that the expected energy prices are too low for the investments to be profitable. The CHP plant investment has a net present value of -1.6 billion SEK and the biorefinery investment has a net present value of -4.6 billion SEK. Furthermore, the biorefinery investment entails higher risk due to the high investment cost and uncommercialized technology. Both systems face barriers for implementation, these barriers have been studied qualitatively. / Sverige har som mål att skapa en fossiloberoende fordonsflotta till år 2030. Två vägar som pekats ut för att nå målet är att öka användningen av eldrivna fordon eller att producera mer biobränsle. Båda alternativen kan drivas av skogsavfall, en råvara som det finns gott om i Sverige. Elektricitet kan produceras av skogsavfallet i ett kraftvärmeverk, och biobränsle i ett bioraffinaderi genom användning av förgasning och Fischer-Tropschmetoden. I Stockholms län skulle båda systemen dessutom kunna producera värme till Stockholms fjärrvärmesystem. Det är dock viktigt att använda skogsavfallet på ett resurseffektivt sätt. Därför undersöker detta arbete effektiviteten av de två olika systemen tillsammans med en analys av växthusgasutsläpp och ekonomiska förutsättningar.  För att kunna utvärdera effektiviteten och klimatpåverkan av de två olika systemen utfördes en ”skog-till-hjul”-analys där produkten undersöktes från ursprunget, till drivandet av ett fordon. För att utföra studien definierades fyra funktionella enheter. De funktionella enheterna var: körsträcka med bil mätt i kilometer, kWh fjärrvärmeproduktion, CO2 ekvivalenter av växthusgasutsläpp och MWh skogsavfall. Studien visade att systemet där skogsavfallet används i ett kraftvärmeverk för att producera elektricitet och ladda elbilar hade bättre resultat i de två första funktionella enheterna. Systemet producerade nästan dubbelt så lång körsträcka och mer än dubbelt så mycket fjärrvärme som systemet där skogsavfallet används i ett bioraffinaderi och biobränslet används i dieselbilar. Studien visade även att båda system kan bidra till att sänka växthusgasutsläppen från transportsektorn.  Lönsamheten att investera i ett kraftvärmeverk eller bioraffinaderi beräknades med nuvärdesmetoden. Studien visade att de förväntade framtida energipriserna är för låga för att investeringarna ska bli lönsamma. Kraftvärmeanläggningen hade ett nuvärde på -1.6 miljarder kronor, och bioraffinaderiet ett nuvärde på -4.6 miljarder kronor. Dessutom ansågs investeringen i ett bioraffinaderi vara en hög risk på grund av den höga investeringskostnaden och att tekniken idag inte är kommersialiserad. Det finns även en rad andra barriär för att genomföra de två olika systemen, dessa barriärer har studerats kvalitativt i arbetet.