Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Michigan, 1928. / Thesis note on label mounted on t.p. "Papers from the Department of Botany of the University of Michigan, no. 298. Walker prize essay of the Boston Society of Natural History, 1928." "Reprinted ... from the Botanical gazette, vol. LXXXVII, no. 2, March 1929." "Literature cited": p. 252-257.

Presented as thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1930. / Cover title. Reprinted from American journal of botany, vol. XVIII, no. 5 (May 1931). Includes bibliographical references (p. 353-356).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1969. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliography.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 149-169). Also available in electronic version.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:28:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:28:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A doença de Chagas, zoonose causada pelo protozoário Trypanosoma cruzi, apresenta uma ampla distribuição na América Latina estendendo-se do Sul dos Estados Unidos até a Argentina. Estima-se existirem 10 milhões de pessoas infectadas e outras 25 milhões expostas ao risco. Apesar de descoberta há mais de um século, o mal de Chagas ainda é uma infecção grave que provoca grande impacto sócio-econômico, sem tratamento efetivo na fase crônica e que carece de conhecimentos científicos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a obtenção e o uso de linhagens consômicas de camundongos, na investigação da resistência. As linhagens consômicas foram produzidas por meio de acasalamentos programados e monitoração com marcadores polimórficos de DNA, onde um de seus cromossomos foi substituído pelo seu homólogo da outra linhagem. Como parentais foram utilizadas as linhagens isogênicas C57BL/6/J Unib, de fenótipo resistente (doadora) e A/JUnib, susceptível (receptora) empregadas na produção de cinco linhagens consômicas para os cromossomos 7 (CSs7), 11 (CSs11),14 (CSs14),17 (CSs17) e 19 (CSs19); descritos por Passos et al. (2003), como importantes no controle da infecção causada pela cepa Y do T.cruzi. Nos ensaios experimentais, os consômicos foram inoculados pela via i.p., com as doses de 101, 102, 103 e 104 empregando-se como controles animais de ambas as linhagens parentais. Em todos os consômicos, a resistência foi superior àquela observada no parental susceptível. Em um segundo protocolo, os consômicos foram acasalados com associações programadas e as progênies foram desafiadas empregando-se inóculos com doses crescentes de tripomastigotas. A resistência observada neste grupo foi também superior àquela observada no parental de fenótipo susceptível. Os resultados observados demonstram que o emprego das linhagens consômicas produzidas possibilitam avaliar a participação de cada cromossomo na resistência, bem como os efeitos da associação entre os cromossomos, que são uma estratégia eficiente no estudo de doenças multifatoriais de trato complexo, como a doença de Chagas. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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L’herpèsvirus humain de type 6 (HHV-6) infecte les enfants en bas âge et sa prévalence est estimée à près de 95% dans la population mondiale. Ce virus se distingue des autres membres de la famille des herperviridae par sa capacité à s’intégrer aux chromosomes cellulaires. On estime qu’environ 1% de la population mondiale serait porteuse d’une copie du génome du HHV-6 par cellule (52, 73, 100, 119, 131). Le mécanisme de cette intégration est toujours inconnu. Nous pensons que la protéine U94 du HHV-6 joue un rôle important dans l'intégration chromosomique du génome viral. Elle serait nécessaire à l'éxécution d'une recombinaison homologue entre les séquences télomériques cellulaires et virales (motif TTAGGG). U94 a une homologie de séquence de 24% avec la protéine Rep68 responsable de l'intégration du génome de l’adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV-2) au chromosome 19 (123). Pour ce faire, quatre activités intrinsèques à la protéine Rep68 lui sont nécessaires : la liaison à l'ADN simple et double brin, l'ATPase, l'hélicase et l'endonucléase (54, 97). Le but de ce projet de recherche était de caractériser les activitités biochimiques de la protéine U94. Tout d’abord, nous avons démontré que la protéine U94A est localisée au noyau en accord avec les résultats obtenus par le laboratoire du Dr. Mori (87). Pour réaliser nos études, nous avons exprimé et purifié U94 chez E. coli en fusion avec la protéine maltose-binding protein (MPB). Nos résultats démontrent que les protéines MBP-U94A et MBP-U94B sont capables de lier préférentiellement l'ADN simple brin avec un motif CCCTAA (complément du motif télomérique TTAGGG). L’essai de liaison sur le Proteon™ XPR36 démontre également que la protéine MBP-U94B lie un ADN double brin ayant le motif télomérique cellulaire. Nos résultats nous ont amenés à vérifier si l'ARN de la télomérase, qui contient un motif CCCTAA, pouvait aussi être lié par les protéines MBP-U94A et MBP-U94B. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que MBP-U94 ne lie pas l'ARN, ni la séquence équivalente en ADN ce qui suggère que la liaison de U94 requiert plus d’une répétition du motif CCCTAA. En se basant sur des études de mutagenèse réalisées sur la protéine Rep68 (128, 129), nous avons générés des mutants U94A et U94B. Les résultats démontrent que la mutation K395A affecte négativement la capacité de liaison à l’ADN de U94. Les essais d'ATPase indiquent que MBP-U94A et MBP-U94B hydrolysent l'ATP en ADP et AMP en présence d'un ADN simple brin ou d’un ADN double brin. Divers mutants des activités d’ATPase/Hélicase et d’endonucléase présumées furent générés et devront être caractérisés. Ces résultats suggèrent que U94 possède les activités biochimiques nécessaires à l'intégration du génome viral aux chromosomes cellulaires. / Human herpesvirus 6 infects young children with an estimated prevalence of 95% in the world population. It differs from the other members of the herperviridae family by its capacity to integrate cell's chromosomes. It is estimated that approximately 1% of the world population carries a copy of the HHV-6 genome per cell (52, 73, 100, 119, 131). The chromosomal integration mechanisms used by HHV-6 are currently unknown. Our hypothesis is that the HHV-6 U94 protein plays an important role in chromosomal integration that we suspect occur through homologous recombination between cellular and viral telomeric sequences (TTAGGG). The U94 gene product shares 24% sequence homology with Rep68, a responsible for the genomic integration of adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV-2) (123). To promote integration, Rep68 relies on four intrinsic activities: binding to single and double stranded DNA, ATPase activity, helicase and endonuclease (54, 97). The goal of this research project is to characterize the biochemical properties of U94 and determine whether it posseses activities similar to Rep68. First, we confirmed the results of Dr. Mori's laboratory by showing that U94 is localized in the nucleus (87). Next, to conduct our studies, we’ve expressed and purified maltose-binding-U94 recombinant proteins (MBP-U94) in E. coli. Our results suggest that MBP-U94A and MBP-U94B preferentially bind single-strandred DNA containing the CCCTAA motif (complement to the TTAGGG telomeric motif). Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments also indicate that MBP-U94B binds double-stranded DNA containing telomeric motifs. Since the telomerease RNA component TERC contains the CCCTAA motif, we investigated whether MBP-U94 could bind a single-stranded RNA molecule containing the CCCTAA motif. SPR analysis clearly indicates that MBP-U94 does not bind such RNA nor a single-stranded DNA molecule having a single CCCTAA motif, suggesting that more than one motif is required for proper binding. Based on published work on Rep68 (128, 129), we generated specific U94 mutants. Our results indicate that the K395A mutation greatly diminishes U94 binding to DNA pointing out the importance of this residue. ATPase assays were also performed and indicate that both MBP-U94A and MBP-U94B possess the ability to hydrolyze ATP into ADP and AMP when incubated in the presence of DNA. Several other mutants targeting the helicase and endonuclease activities were generated and will be tested in the near future. Altogether these results suggest that U94 has biological properties that are consistent with a role for this protein in the process of chromosomal integration of the HHV-6 genome into the host chromosomes.

Haldane's rule, which states that the heterogametic sex is preferentially afflicted if one of hybrid sexes is sterile or inviable, is a general pattern in all animals that possess sex chromosomes. The hybrid sterility component of this rule is especially important because hybrid sterility is involved in the onset of postzygotic isolation. Accumulating evidence on the fast evolution of individual sex genes have stimulated us to hypothesize that the fast evolution of sex genes may be the force underlying the excess of hybrid heterogametic sterility. This study tests the evolutionary patterns of sex genes in comparison to non-sex genes, as a general group. The divergences between a group of 19 sex genes and 20 non-sex genes from X chromosome were compared between D. melanogaster, D. mauritiana, D. simulans, and D. sechellia using PCR-RFLP. Within species polymorphism data were also obtained for D. simulans and D. mauritiana. The results show a significantly higher divergence for sex genes than non-sex genes, while a comparable level of intraspecific polymorphism was revealed in both groups. Among the sex gene group, genes related to male reproduction appear to evolve faster than femalereproductive genes. The evolution of both sex and non-sex genes conforms to the neutral theory under Tajima's test and HKA test. The faster evolution of sex genes supports the fast-sex theory as an explanation for the hybrid sterility component of Haldane's rule. Localization of some examples of hybrid sterility genes is crucial to ultimately untangle the genetics of hybrid sterility. The car region of D. mauritiana, which has been shown to harbor genes that confer full effect of hybrid sterility in the D. simulans genetic background, was introgressed into the D. simulans genome by continuous backcrosses. Recombination mapping analysis, taking advantage of molecular markers, revealed that at least two regions are capable of causing hybrid sterility in this species group. The phenotypes of hybrid testes were examined during the backcross process. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)