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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
201

Expression and Function of Alpha3 and Beta2 Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subunits in HEK-293 Cells

Steinhafel, Nathan W. 08 December 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Single-cell real-time quantitative RT-PCR was used to characterize the mRNA expression of rat neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits α3 and β2 in CA1 hippocampus stratum radiatum and stratum oriens interneurons. α3β2 co-expression was detected in 43% of interneurons analyzed. The nAChR subtype α3β2 was transiently expressed in cells derived from the human embryonic kidney cell line 293 at mRNA levels found in the CA1. The functional properties of α3β2 in HEK-293 cells were characterized by whole-cell patch clamping using acetylcholine (ACh) as an agonist. The kinetics of α3β2 channels were further analyzed by altering the level of α3 DNA transfected into HEK-293 cells. Varying the α3 concentration by more than 100,000 fold did not significantly alter the majority of the kinetics; the 10%-90% rise-time was the main characteristic found to be significantly different. A decrease in α3 concentration illustrated a significant increase in rise time. This and future studies will further our understanding of the extensive role neuronal nAChRs play in modulating hippocampal activity and consequently influencing cognition and memory.
202

Differential Expression and Functional Characterization of Alpha3 Beta2 Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors

Mizukawa, John Hideo 17 July 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are expressed in both the periperhal and central nervous systems, and are involved in pre-, post-, and non-synaptic control of neuronal activation. In the brain, these receptors play an important role in a variety of physiological processes such as cognition, development, learning, and memory formation. Malfunction of these receptors have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD), schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease. To date, 17 different nAChR subunits, including α2-α7 and β2-β4, have been cloned that can form homo- and/or hetero-pentameric ionotropic receptors. The unique combinations of subunit pentamers manifest in distinct functional receptors. Using single-cell real-time quantitative RT-PCR, we identified the individual expression rates and co-expression rates of the different nAChR subunits in rat CA1 hippocampal interneurons in efforts to characterize functional receptors involved in learning and memory. The two-way combination of subunits with highest expression in hippocampal interneurons was α3β2. Moreover, this combination was expressed in ratios near 1:3 or 3:1 α3 to β2 respectively. To investigate the functionality of α3β2 receptors in different stoichiometries, we injected human α3 and rat β2 subunit mRNA in 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1 ratios into Xenopus laevis oocytes for expression. Two-electrode voltage clamp was then performed with the application of different concentrations of ACh to produce full dose-response curves and channel kinetics data. Distinct α3β2 functional channels were identified from the different expression ratios based on significant differences in channel kinetics (i.e.- peak current rise times, peak current decay times, steady state current in forced desensitization) Dose-response curves produced no significant difference in EC50 values in the different expression groups. However, there was a trend to greater agonist sensitivity with increased α3 expression relative to β2. α3β2 receptors were further characterized through forced desensitization of the receptors and generation of IV plots. The findings from this study elucidate the neuronal nAChR subunit combinations that form functional channels in hippocampal interneurons.
203

Modulación de las funciones ionotrópica y metabotrópica del receptor nicotínico de acetilcolina α7 humano

Chrestia, Juan Facundo 10 July 2023 (has links)
La supervivencia de los organismos superiores depende de que sus células se organicen y actúen de manera sincronizada para cumplir funciones específicas, para lo cual es fundamental la comunicación intercelular. Este proceso es básico para la vida de todas las células, pero es la razón de ser en las neuronas que están especializadas en recibir información, procesarla y comunicarla a otras células. En el sistema nervioso, la principal forma de comunicación se realiza a través de la sinapsis química, en la que una neurona libera un mensajero químico, el neurotransmisor, que es reconocido por un receptor presente en otra célula permitiéndole responder al mensaje. La acetilcolina es uno de los principales neurotransmisores utilizados por las neuronas, y sus receptores, tanto metabotrópicos como ionotrópicos, están expresados en muchos tipos celulares. Los receptores ionotrópicos de acetilcolina, llamados receptores nicotínicos, son canales catiónicos pentaméricos que pertenecen a la familia de receptores Cys-loop. El receptor nicotínico de acetilcolina α7 es un homopentámero que exhibe propiedades funcionales particulares fundamentales para su rol neuromodulador, incluyendo la elevada permeabilidad al Ca2+ y la capacidad para transformar respuestas ionotrópicas transitorias en eventos más sostenidos de señalización metabotrópica. Es uno de los receptores nicotínicos más abundantes en el sistema nervioso, aunque también se encuentra presente en otros tejidos. En el sistema nervioso central cumple un rol importante en procesos de cognición, atención y memoria, al regular la liberación de neurotransmisores, mediar la transmisión sináptica rápida y modular la excitabilidad neuronal. Una disminución de su actividad se ha asociado con diversos desórdenes neurológicos y neurodegenerativos, incluyendo esquizofrenia, autismo y enfermedad de Alzheimer. El receptor α7 también se expresa en células no neuronales, tales como -entre otras-, los astrocitos, la microglía, los linfocitos B y T, las células epiteliales, los macrófagos, cumpliendo un rol importante en inmunidad, inflamación y neuroprotección. Las acciones neuromoduladoras, neuroprotectoras y antinflamatorias sistémicas del receptor nicotínico de acetilcolina α7 junto a sus propiedades únicas de activación, desensibilización, permeabilidad al Ca2+ y rol dual ionotrópico-metabotrópico, lo han convertido en un blanco farmacológico emergente muy importante en diversos desórdenes neurológicos, neurodegenerativos e inflamatorios. Este trabajo de tesis se basó en el estudio de los aspectos moleculares relacionados a diferentes tipos de modulación de las funciones ionotrópicas y metabotrópicas del receptor nicotínico de acetilcolina α7 humano. Para ello se utilizaron principalmente técnicas electrofisiológicas a nivel de canal único y de corrientes macroscópicas, en conjunto con análisis de proteínas por western blot y ensayos de movimiento de Ca2+ intracelular. El capítulo I se centró en el estudio de la modulación de las funciones ionotrópicas y metabotrópicas del receptor α7 por eventos de fosforilación/desfosforilación. Se demostró que favorecer el estado desfosforilado de las tirosinas del dominio intracelular de α7 potencia la actividad ionotrópica del receptor. A nivel de corrientes unitarias, el efecto potenciador involucró un aumento en la frecuencia y duración de los episodios de activación, mientras que a nivel de corrientes macroscópicas se manifestó por una disminución en la velocidad de decaimiento de la corriente, y un aumento en la tasa de recuperación desde el estado desensibilizado. Por el contrario, la desfosforilación de las tirosinas tuvo un efecto negativo en la actividad metabotrópica del receptor, estudiada por western blot a partir de la vía de ERK 1/2. Además, a diferencia de lo observado para las tirosinas, las alteraciones en el estado de fosforilación de serinas y treoninas del dominio intracelular no ocasionaron cambios importantes en la actividad ionotrópica de α7 en las condiciones experimentales aquí utilizadas. En síntesis, los resultados presentados en este capítulo ponen en evidencia que la fosforilación de las tirosinas, si bien es absolutamente necesaria para la actividad metabotrópica de α7 mediada por la vía ERK 1/2, actúa como un modulador negativo de la actividad ionotrópica del receptor. El capítulo II abordó el estudio de la asociación funcional entre un fragmento peptídico de la glicoproteína S del SARS-CoV-2 (Y674-R685) y el receptor nicotínico de acetilcolina α7 humano. La asociación entre SARS-CoV-2 y los receptores nicotínicos fue propuesta en forma de hipótesis al comienzo de la pandemia. Más adelante, simulaciones de dinámica molecular mostraron que el fragmento Y674-R685 no solo tiene afinidad por α7, sino que penetra profundamente en el bolsillo de unión a agonista del receptor. En este capítulo, en primer lugar, se demostró que el fragmento Y674-R685 actúa como un agonista silente de α7, ya que es capaz de provocar corrientes unitarias y macroscópicas del receptor, pero solo en presencia de un modulador alostérico positivo. Por otro lado, se demostró que Y674-R685 también ejerce una modulación negativa de α7, que se evidenció por una profunda disminución, dependiente de la concentración, en la duración de los episodios de activación de los canales potenciados y en la amplitud de las respuestas macroscópicas provocadas por la acetilcolina. De esta manera, utilizando distintos enfoques electrofisiológicos, se develó la existencia de una interacción funcional entre el fragmento Y674-R685 de la glicoproteína S del SARS-CoV-2 y el receptor α7 que proporciona las bases moleculares para seguir explorando la participación de los receptores nicotínicos en la fisiopatología de la COVID-19. El capítulo III se basó en el estudio del receptor α7 como blanco del cannabidiol, lo cual resulta de gran interés debido al uso expandido de este fitocannabinoide para tratar diferentes condiciones patológicas gracias a sus propiedades terapéuticas y a la ausencia de efectos psicoactivos. Para ello se exploró el efecto del cannabidiol en las funciones ionotrópicas y metabotrópicas de α7 mediante técnicas electrofisiológicas y ensayos de movimiento de Ca2+ intracelular. En lo que respecta a las funciones ionotrópicas, se demostró que el cannabidiol produce una rápida disminución de la actividad del canal a nivel de corrientes unitarias evidenciada por la reducción en la frecuencia de los episodios de activación. Este efecto fue dependiente de la concentración y se dio con una CI50 en el rango submicromolar, lo que indica una potente modulación negativa. Por otra parte, el cannabidiol también produjo una modulación negativa en la función metabotrópica de α7 que se evidenció por una marcada disminución en las respuestas de Ca2+ intracelular tras la activación del receptor. Estos resultados demuestran que el cannabidiol ejerce una modulación negativa de α7 de relevancia farmacológica que debe tenerse en cuenta a la hora de evaluar los posibles usos terapéuticos del fitocannabinoide. En conjunto, los resultados presentados en esta tesis amplían el entendimiento de los aspectos moleculares relacionados con la modulación de las funciones ionotrópicas y metabotrópicas del receptor nicotínico de acetilcolina α7 en distintas condiciones, a saber, fisiológicas (eventos de fosforilación/desfosforilación), patológicas (fragmento peptídico derivado de la glicoproteína S del SARS-CoV-2) y terapéuticas (cannabidiol). / The survival of higher organisms depends on the ability of their cells to be well organized and to behave in a synchronized manner to fulfill specific functions for which intercellular communication is of pivotal importance. This process is basic for the life of all cells, but it is the raison d'être in neurons that are specialized in receiving information, processing it, and communicating it to other cells. In the nervous system, the main form of communication is carried out via the chemical synapse, in which a neuron releases a chemical messenger, the neurotransmitter, which is identified by a receptor present in another cell, allowing it to respond to the message. Acetylcholine is one of the main neurotransmitters used by neurons, and its receptors, both metabotropic and ionotropic, are expressed in many cell types. Ionotropic acetylcholine receptors, called nicotinic receptors, are pentameric cation channels belonging to the Cys-loop receptor family. The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is a homopentamer with particular functional properties critical to its neuromodulatory role, including high Ca2+ permeability and the ability to transform transient ionotropic responses into more sustained metabotropic signaling events. It is one of the most abundant nicotinic receptors in the nervous system, although it is also present in other tissues. In the central nervous system, it plays an important role in cognition, attention, and memory, by regulating the release of neurotransmitters, mediating rapid synaptic transmission, and modulating neuronal excitability. A decrease in α7 activity has been associated with various neurological and neurodegenerative disorders, such as schizophrenia, autism, and Alzheimer's disease. The α7 receptor is also expressed in non-neuronal cells; namely, astrocytes, microglia, B and T lymphocytes, epithelial cells, and macrophages, and plays an important role in immunity, inflammation, and neuroprotection. The neuromodulatory, neuroprotective, and systemic anti-inflammatory actions of α7, together with its unique activating, desensitizing, Ca2+ permeability, and dual ionotropic-metabotropic properties, have made the receptor a very important emerging drug target in various neurological, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory disorders. This P.D. thesis work was based on the study of molecular aspects related to different types of modulation of the ionotropic and metabotropic functions of the human α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. To this end, electrophysiological techniques at the single channel and macroscopic current levels were mainly used, as well as protein analysis by western blot and intracellular Ca2+ movement assays. Chapter I focused on the study of α7 receptor ionotropic and metabotropic function modulation by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events. It was shown that favoring the dephosphorylated state of α7 intracellular domain tyrosine residues potentiates its ionotropic activity. At the single-channel level, this potentiating effect involved an increase in the frequency and duration of activation episodes, while at the macroscopic level it was manifested by a decrease in the rate of current decay and by an increase in the rate of recovery from the desensitized state. In contrast, tyrosine dephosphorylation had a negative effect on receptor metabotropic activity, studied by western blot from ERK 1/2 pathway. In addition, unlike what was observed for tyrosine residues, alterations in the phosphorylation status of serine and threonine residues present in the intracellular domain did not cause any significant changes in α7 ionotropic activity under the experimental conditions used. Summing up, the results collected in this chapter show that tyrosine phosphorylation, although it is absolutely necessary for α7 metabotropic activity mediated by ERK 1/2 pathway, acts as a negative modulator of receptor ionotropic activity. Chapter II focused on the study of the functional association between a peptide fragment of SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein (Y674-R685) and human α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. The association between SARS-CoV-2 and nicotinic receptors was hypothesized at the beginning of the pandemic. Later, molecular dynamics simulations showed that the Y674-R685 fragment not only has affinity for α7 but also penetrates deep into its agonist-binding pocket. In this chapter, it was firstly stated that the Y674-R685 fragment acts as a silent α7 agonist, since it is capable of triggering single-channel and macroscopic currents, but only in the presence of a positive allosteric modulator. On the other hand, it was shown that Y674-R685 also exerts α7 negative modulation, which was evidenced by a profound concentration-dependent decrease in the duration of acetylcholine-induced activation episodes from potentiated channels and macroscopic responses. In this way, using different electrophysiological approaches, the existence of functional interaction between SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein Y674-R685 fragment and α7 receptor was revealed, which provides the molecular bases to further explore nicotinic receptor participation in COVID-19 pathophysiology. Chapter III was based on the study of the α7 receptor as a target of cannabidiol, which is of great interest due to the expanded use of this phytocannabinoid to treat different pathological conditions thanks to its therapeutic properties and the absence of psychoactive effects. To this end, the effect of cannabidiol on α7 ionotropic and metabotropic functions was explored using electrophysiological techniques and intracellular Ca2+ movement assays. Regarding ionotropic functions, it was shown that cannabidiol produces a rapid decrease in single-channel activity evidenced by the reduction in activation episodes frequency. This concentration-dependent effect occurred with an IC50 in the submicromolar range, indicating a potent negative modulation. On the other hand, cannabidiol also produced a negative modulation in α7 metabotropic function that was evidenced by a marked decrease in intracellular Ca2+ responses after receptor activation. These results demonstrate that cannabidiol exerts α7 negative modulation of pharmacological relevance that must be taken into account when evaluating possible therapeutic uses of the phytocannabinoid. Taken together, the results presented in this thesis broaden the understanding of molecular aspects related to the modulation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ionotropic and metabotropic functions under different conditions, namely physiological (phosphorylation/dephosphorylation events), pathological (SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein fragment) and therapeutic (cannabidiol).
204

Intrinsic and Synaptic Properties of Olfactory Bulb Neurons and Their Relation to Olfactory Sensory Processing

Balu, Ramani 20 March 2007 (has links)
No description available.
205

INVESTIGATION OF THE ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MAJOR CELL TYPES IN THE RAT OLFACTORY TUBERCLE

Chiang, Elizabeth C. January 2008 (has links)
No description available.
206

"Mechanisms of Adrenal Medullary Excitation Under the Acute Sympathetic Stress Response"

Hill, Jacqueline Suzanne 27 August 2012 (has links)
No description available.
207

Regulation of GABAA Receptors by Protein Kinase C and Hypoxia in Human NT2-N Neurons

Gao, Lei 26 October 2005 (has links)
No description available.
208

Abl family kinases regulate neuronal nicotinic receptors and synapses in chick ciliary ganglion neurons

Jayakar, Selwyn S. 14 July 2009 (has links)
No description available.
209

Regulation of GABA(A) receptor function by hypoxia in rat primary cortical neurons

Wang, Liping 09 November 2009 (has links)
No description available.
210

Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes for Neural Stimulation

KIM, SUNHYUNG 11 June 2014 (has links)
No description available.

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