CLEARFIELD® rice, which is a non-genetically modified crop that is tolerant to herbicides in the imidazolinone family has helped producers combat red rice problems in rice since itʼs introduction in 2002. Recently, breeders introduced hybrid CLEARFIELD® lines hoping to maintain the desired herbicide-resistant traits while having the added benefits of a hybrid. Soon after the hybrid line was released, farmers noticed herbicide injury to these new varieties while following the label recommendations. Research was performed to test the hybrids on the effect of planting date, planting density, and imazethapyr application rate on visual plant injury at Beaumont and Eagle Lake, TX in 2008 and 2009. A secondary experiment was designed to test the effect of imazethapyr application timing and rate on plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight in Eagle Lake and Beaumont, TX in 2010 with a greenhouse experiment in College Station, TX in 2009. The 2008 and 2009 field trials were planted at three different densities, (28, 39, and 50 kg ha-1) with two different planting dates representing the months of March and April. Herbicide treatments consisted of four 1- to 2-leaf rates of imazethapyr that included 0.035, 0.07, 0.105, and 0.14 kg ha-1, followed by two 4- to 6-leaf rates of imazethapyr of 0.07 and 0.105 kg ha-1. Rice showed injury symptoms two weeks after the second application of imazethapyr but was able to recover soon after nitrogen fertilizer application and flood establishment. Grain yield was not significantly different in plots that received a full labeled rate of imazethapyr or more for either location in either year. The 2009 greenhouse study and 2010 field studies included treatments that had one early post at 1- to 2-leaf and one of two different late post applications that included either a 3- to 4-leaf or a 5- to 6-leaf treatment. The three rates included in the early 1- to 2-leaf application were 0, 0.035 and 0.07 kg ai ha-1. The four rates included in the late application were 0, 0.07, 0.105, and 0.14 kg ai ha-1. Plants treated with the labeled rate, 0.07 to 0.105 kg ai ha-1 at each 1- to 2-leaf and 3- to 6-leaf stage, showed no significant differences in yield, or quality; however, significant differences were recorded in height. According to this data, hybrid rice seems to be tolerant to imazethapyr applications and timings.

Studies have shown that those who are active in community organizations are more satisfied with life and, as a result. are better, adjusted socially. In that case, it is of value to know where an ample degree of participation is found and what institutions and organizations do most to motivate activity among its members. This is an attempt to make such a study in regard to religious groups.

This work has for objective to evaluate the phenothypic and genothypic characteristics of different morphologic types of red rice that happen in areas of production of irrigated rice of the State of Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil, for morphologic descriptors and molecular markers, and his response to the use of chemical technology. For this reason, it were conducted two greenhouse experiments and one laboratory study with DNA sequencing of the biotypes. The results allowed to conclude that the biotypes of red rice is hybrided with IRGA 417 cultivar, besides with occurrence of introgression of resistance genes of cultivated Clearfield rice, by gene flow, for biotypes of red rice as the access Catuçaba 1 that presented phenothypic or genothypic characteristics of the cultivated rice IRGA 422 CL and Puitá CL INTA and presence of the mutated acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene for the resistance to the herbicide. It was also observed the occurrence of tolerant biotypes (Rio Pardo 1) or resistant (Catuçaba 1) to the herbicide imazetapir, what turns urgent the use of different strategies of control of the red rice in the State of Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil. / Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar as características genotípicas e fenotípicas de diferentes tipos morfológicos de arroz vermelho que ocorrem em áreas de produção de arroz irrigado do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, por descritores morfológicos e marcadores moleculares, e sua resposta à utilização de tecnologia química. Neste sentido, foram realizados dois experimentos em casa de vegetação e um estudo em laboratório com seqüenciamento de DNA dos biótipos. Os resultados permitiram concluir que os biótipos de arroz vermelho encontram-se hibridados com cultivares modernas como IRGA 417, inclusive com ocorrência de introgressão de genes de resistência de cultivares Clearfield, por fluxo gênico, para biótipos de arroz vermelho como o acesso Catuçaba 1 que apresentou características fenotípicas dos cultivares IRGA 422 CL e Puitá CL INTA e presença do gene acetolactato sintase (ALS) mutado para a resistência ao herbicida. Observou-se também a ocorrência de biótipos tolerantes (Rio Pardo 1) ou resistentes (Catuçaba 1) ao herbicida imazetapir, o que torna urgente a utilização de diferentes estratégias de controle do arroz vermelho no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul.

Philadelphia has been a renowned center for musical development since the American Revolution. The city continues to produce influential composers who elevate the cultural tapestry of American art music. Women composers in Philadelphia have been writing innovative vocal music since the eighteenth century, including patriotic songs, children's songs, folk songs, parlor songs, musical farces, operettas, operas, cantatas, choral music, sacred music, art songs, and chamber music. The introduction of this monograph illuminates the lineage of a selected group of Philadelphian women composers. This includes biographical sketches, musical examples of their works, and a summary of their contributions, giving an inspiring account of their outstanding talent. An increasing number of women composers are producing large-scale vocal works including orchestral choral works and operas. Art songs, however, accompanied by piano or in collaboration with a variety of instruments, continue to be an integral part of the output of contemporary women composers. Solo vocal art song collaboration is popular, and rightly so, for several reasons. The result of using a combination of instruments not only creates multi-textural sonorities, but also allows for “conversation” among the different performers. Secondly, composers can assign an instrument to be played in a particular fashion to create a specific atmosphere. Thirdly, art song is an intimate medium that does not require a large performance venue, so the cost is minimal. Also, there is a theatrical element in ensemble art song that pleases the audience as they experience the collaboration between the musicians as they interact with one another. Finally, in today’s technologically advanced society there are more opportunities for ways of expression through various kinds of multimedia. Internationally acclaimed Philadelphia composer Andrea Clearfield has composed a large body of vocal works. She has written many arrangements of art song for a variety of voice types in collaboration with selected instruments. Her chamber work, A reminiscence sing for soprano, clarinet, and piano, is set to Walt Whitman’s “Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking” from his collection of twelve poems, Leaves of Grass (1855). The musical setting captures the essence of the American Romantic poet Walt Whitman, whose works celebrate nature, unity, and humanity. Through musical and textual analysis, I aim to offer performance goals for the singer. These include maintaining keen intonation while navigating dissonant open intervals, communication with the clarinetist throughout the work, and using Clearfield’s organized architecture of form to the utmost advantage to reveal the complex symbolism of Whitman’s poem. Pulitzer Prize-winning and three-time Grammy winner Jennifer Higdon composes music that creates a kaleidoscope of textures. Her chamber work for soprano, violin, cello, and piano, Love Sweet, comprises five poems by Imagist poet Amy Lowell. I intend to reveal how Higdon’s skillful use of prosody creates the images that Lowell expresses in her poetry. This skill ultimately aids the singer in successfully relaying the text. Higdon uses extended jazz harmonies, strong rhythmic motifs, and dampened string technique in the piano to provide the cycle’s cohesiveness. The city of Philadelphia has a rich musical heritage, to which women composers have contributed a great deal. As new vocal works composed by Philadelphia women continue to be an integral part of the mainstream classical repertoire, we must invest time and scholarship in understanding, performing, and teaching these new works. By studying the lineage of women composers in Philadelphia, one can learn about the significance of the city’s cultural landscape and discover the opportunities available to young composers. Through careful musical and poetic analysis, focusing on performance and interpretive strategies for collaborative art songs by Andrea Clearfield and Jennifer Higdon, I aim to prove these works accessible, enlightening, and fulfilling for performers and audiences alike. / Music Performance

Red rice (Oryza spp.) is one of the main limiting factors to rice (O. sativa L.) yield. After several decades searching for red rice control tools, it was developed imidazolinone tolerant rice, to selectively control red rice. To better understand this technology it were conducted two experiments in 2004/05, in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. The first experiment (Chapter I) had the objective of: 1) evaluate red rice control by imidazolinone herbicides in Clearfield rice; 2) evaluate the imidazolinone herbicide carryover effect on rygrass and non-tolerant rice (IRGA 417) and 3) evaluate the outcrossing rates between Clearfield rice and red rice. The herbicides tested control red rice. Although injury to Clearfield rice was observed, the herbicide did not affected yield. It was observed herbicide carryover to non-tolerant rice, reducing plant stand. There was natural outcrossing between Clearfield rice and red rice, at rates of 0.065%. The second experiment (Chapter II) had the objective of evaluate the herbicide Only® (imazethapyr 75 g L-1 + imazapic 25 g L-1) in different application rates and timing on two genotypes, IRGA 422 CL and Tuno CL, to the imidazolinones herbicides. When compared with the cultivar, the hybrid was more tolerant to the herbicide Only®. It was possible to apply rates of up to 2.0 L ha-1 in the hybrid, without affecting rice yield. Red rice control was total with split application of Only® in PRE and POST, with rates above 1.25 L ha-1. The most efficient treatment was with application of 0.75 L ha-1 in PRE followed by 0.5 L ha-1 in POS, because, it was the lowest rate that promoted 100% control, with relatively low toxicity to the cultivar and without affecting rice yield. / O arroz-vermelho (Oryza spp.) é um dos principais fatores limitantes da produtividade de grãos do arroz irrigado (O. sativa L.). Após várias décadas de busca de alternativas para o controle seletivo do arroz-vermelho, desenvolveram-se genótipos de arroz tolerante a herbicida do grupo químico das imidazolinonas, o qual controla eficiente e seletivamente esta planta daninha. Para estudar e melhor entender esta tecnologia, conduziu-se dois experimentos em Santa Maria-RS no ano agrícola 2004/05. O primeiro experimento (Capítulo I) teve como objetivos: 1) avaliar a eficiência do controle de arroz-vermelho com o herbicida Only? (imazethapyr 75 g L-1 + imazapic 25 g L-1), 2) avaliar o residual do herbicida no solo através dos danos causados no azevém e em arroz não tolerante e 3) avaliar a taxa de ocorrência de cruzamento natural entre o arroz-vermelho e o arroz cultivado. O herbicida testado controla eficientemente o arroz-vermelho em arroz tolerante. Embora tenha-se observado fitotoxicidade, não houve redução na produtividade da cultivar tolerante. O estande inicial da cultivar IRGA 417 é afetado pelo residual do herbicida presente no solo. Ocorre cruzamento natural entre o arroz-vermelho e o arroz cultivado, sendo que a taxa de ocorrência obtida no experimento foi de 0,065%. O segundo experimento (Capítulo II) teve como objetivo avaliar o controle de arroz-vermelho e o desempenho de dois genótipos de arroz irrigado, IRGA 422 CL e Tuno CL, tolerantes a herbicidas do grupo das imidazolinonas a doses e épocas de aplicações do herbicida Only? , em áreas com alta infestação de arroz-vermelho. Constata-se que o híbrido é mais tolerante ao herbicida Only? , quando comparado à cultivar IRGA 422 CL, sendo possível a utilização de dose total de até 2,0 L ha-1 no híbrido, em áreas com alta infestação de arroz-vermelho, sem afetar a produtividade. O controle de arroz-vermelho é total com aplicação fracionada do herbicida em pré e pós-emergência (PRE + POS), desde que o total aplicado não seja inferior a 1,25 L ha-1. Esta condição é atendida pelo tratamento com 0,75 L ha-1 em PRE mais 0,5 L ha-1 em POS, o qual propicia a menor dose total dentre aqueles com 100% de controle, não afetando a produtividade e com fitotoxicidade semelhante ao tratamento com 1,0 L ha-1 em POS, utilizado como referência.