Adolescent gambling is an issue of concern. Previous findings report children perceive parents are unconcerned with their gambling activities. Attitudes parents hold towards gambling in comparison to other risky behaviours, gambling with their children, and awareness regarding youth education and prevention for gambling and other behaviours were examined. A total of 2,710 parents from Canada with adolescents ages 13 to 18 years were recruited via the Internet to complete the study. Results indicated parents view gambling as relatively unimportant in comparison to other adolescent risky behaviours, have purchased lottery items for their children, and that their child received insufficient prevention material about excessive gambling. Parental attitudes towards gambling suggest that it is not an activity they are comfortable having their adolescent participate. / La participation des adolescents aux jeux d'argent est un phénomène inquiétant. Des résultats de recherche ont souligné le fait que les adolescents croient que leurs parents ne se préoccupent pas ou se préoccupent peu de leur participation à des jeux d'argent. La présente étude examine les attitudes parentales à l'égard de la participation des mineurs à ces activités, en comparaison avec d'autres problématiques adolescentes, la participation des adultes à des jeux d'argent en compagnie de leurs adolescents, l'éducation des parents et leur sensibilisation aux problèmes liés à la participation aux jeux d'argent.Au moyen de l'Internet, 2 710 parents canadiens d'adolescents âgés entre 13 et 18 ans ont été invités à participer à l'étude. Les résultats montrent que la participation des adolescents aux jeux d'argent est une problématique jugée peu importante ou peu préoccupante par la majorité des parents, en comparaison à d'autres problématiques adolescentes. Également, plusieurs parents rapportent avoir offert des billets de loterie à leurs enfants, qui, à leurs dires, n'auraient pas reçu suffisamment d'information et de matériel de prévention du jeu excessif. Enfin, l'attitude des parents à l'égard de la participation des jeunes aux jeux d'argent illustre un malaise ou un inconfort face la participation de leur adolescent à ce type d'activités.

Experiences that resemble delusions of psychiatric patients can be observed in the general healthy population. These experiences, named hereafter delusional-like ideations, are not the only fact in line with the idea that there is a continuum between clinical delusions and normality. Previous research suggests that at least two types of cognitive bias could be common to patients and healthy subjects: first, a tendency to jump to conclusions, which can play a role in the formation of delusional ideation and second, abnormal semantic processes, which could lead to the maintenance of these ideations. The present thesis was aimed at further investigating these two biases in the general population to see whether further support can be obtained for the continuum view. In addition, the impact of current paranoid feelings on these cognitive biases was assessed in these healthy participants. / The tendency to jump to conclusion was evaluated with a reasoning task. Healthy people with delusional-like ideation needed less information to reach a conclusion than people without or with few delusional-like ideations, replicating findings obtained in deluded patients. Furthermore, paranoid feelings strengthened the relationship between delusional-like ideation and this jump to conclusion style of thinking. Results also show that people with delusional-like ideation jump to new conclusions when they experienced paranoid feelings, a finding that only tended to be significant when no paranoid feelings were induced. These results provide further support to the continuum idea and to the hypothesis that the jump to conclusion bias may be involved in delusion formation. / On the other hand, semantic processes of healthy participants were investigated by recording the N400 event-related brain potential in a semantic categorization task. When paranoid feelings were induced, delusional-like ideation scores were associated with smaller raw N400 amplitudes, as was found in schizophrenia patients with delusions. The analysis of the independent components of the N400 potential showed that delusional-like ideation had an influence on the N400 even when no paranoid feelings were induced. These results suggest that semantic processing of people with delusional-like ideation can be modulated by their current mental state. The implications for delusion formation and maintenance are explored. / In conclusion, both the results of the jump to conclusion and those of the semantic processes studies lend further support to the idea of a continuum between clinical delusions and delusional-like ideation. / Des expériences qui ressemblent aux idées délirantes psychiatriques peuvent être observées dans la population générale saine. Ces expériences, ci-nommées idées de type délirantes, ne sont pas les seuls faits en accord avec l'idée qu'il existe un continuum entre les idées délirantes et la normalité. Des études précédentes suggèrent qu'au moins deux types de biais cognitif sont communs aux patients et aux personnes saines: 1/la tendance à tirer des conclusions hâtives qui pourrait jouer un rôle dans la formation des idées délirantes et 2/les processus sémantiques anormaux qui pourraient conduire à la persistance de ces idées. La présente thèse a pour objectif d'explorer ces deux biais et d'évaluer s'ils soutiennent l'idée de continuum. De plus, l'influence de sentiments paranoïdes sur ces biais cognitifs est évaluée chez ces participants sains. / La tendance à tirer des conclusions hâtives a été testée avec une tache de raisonnement. Les personnes saines ayant des idées de type délirantes nécessitaient moins d'information pour arriver à une conclusion que ceux sans idées de type délirantes, ce qui réplique les résultats trouvés chez les patients délirants. De plus, les sentiments paranoïdes renforçaient le lien entre les idées de type délirantes et le saut aux conclusions des participants. Les résultats montrent aussi que les participants avec des idées de type délirantes tirent de nouvelles conclusions hâtives, ce qui n'était pas significatif lorsque les sentiments paranoïdes n'étaient pas induits. Ces résultats soutiennent l'idée du continuum ainsi que l'hypothèse proposant que tirer des conclusions hâtives pourrait participer à la formation des idées délirantes. / D'autre part, les processus sémantiques des participants sains ont été évalués en enregistrant le potentiel cérébral évoqué qu'est la N400, dans une tache de catégorisation sémantique. Quand des sentiments paranoïdes étaient induits, les scores d'idées de type délirantes étaient associés à de plus petites amplitudes brutes de N400, rappelant les résultats observés chez les patients. L'analyse des composantes indépendantes du potentiel N400 montre que les idées de type délirantes avaient une influence sur la N400, même lorsque les sentiments paranoïdes n'étaient pas induits chez les participants. Ces résultats suggèrent que les processus sémantiques des personnes avec des idées de type délirantes pourraient donc être modulés par leur état mental. Les implications pour la formation et la maintenance des idées délirantes sont explorées. / En conclusion, les résultats des études sur le fait de tirer des conclusions hâtives et ceux des études sur les processus sémantiques soutiennent l'idée de continuum entre les idées délirantes pathologiques et les idées de type délirantes.

Current physiological measures of sexual arousal are intrusive, hard to compare between genders, quantitatively problematic and not clinically useful. The goal of this thesis was to examine alternative methods of measuring sexual arousal through the use of ultrasonography and thermography. In the first empirical study, the validity of clitoral ultrasound as a measure of female sexual arousal was examined. Results indicated that standard ultrasound measures (peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity and resistance index) did not differentiate participants in the sexual arousal condition from those in a pleasant arousal control condition. Furthermore, none of the ultrasound measures were correlated with self-reported sexual arousal. In the second empirical investigation, thermography was evaluated as a measure of sexual arousal in both men and women. Results from this study demonstrated that genital temperature as measured by thermography could detect and differentiate sexual arousal from neutral and pleasant arousal control conditions. In addition, genital temperature was significantly correlated with self-reported sexual arousal for both men and women. In the third empirical investigation, the use of thermography as a measure of sexual arousal was examined in a sample of 30-45 year old men and women. Results were similar to the second study in that genital temperature was significantly greater for participants in the sexual arousal condition as compared to neutral, pleasant arousal and anxiety control conditions. Additionally, continuous measurement of self-reported sexual arousal was significantly correlated with genital temperature change for both men and women. Together, this body of work demonstrates the potential utility of thermography as a measurement tool to study sexual arousal. / Les mesures courantes étudiants l'excitation sexuelle posent des difficultés en ce qui concerne la comparaison des sexes, et sont indiscrètes, quantitativement problématiques et cliniquement inutiles. L'objectif de cette thèse était d'examiner des méthodes alternatives qui mesurent l'excitation sexuelle, à travers l'utilisation de l'ultrasonographie et de la thermographie. Dans la première étude empirique, la validité des ultrasons clitoridiens comme mesure d'excitation sexuelle féminine à été examiné. Les résultats ont indiqué que les mesures standards d'ultrasons (vélocité systolique maximale, vélocité diastolique terminale et l'index de résistance) n'ont pas différencié les participants de la condition d'excitation sexuelle avec ceux du groupe témoin d'excitation plaisante. En outre, aucune des mesures d'ultrasons était en corrélation avec les degrés d'excitation sexuelle perçus. Lors de la seconde investigation empirique, la thermographie comme mesure d'excitation sexuelle chez les hommes et les femmes a été évalué. Les résultats de cette étude ont démontré que la température génitale mesuré par la thermographie pouvait détecter et différencier l'excitation sexuelle des autres formes d'excitations. De plus, la température génitale a corrélé significativement avec les degrés d'excitation sexuelle perçus chez les hommes et les femmes. Durant la troisième expérience, l'usage de la thermographie comme mesure d'excitation sexuel a été examiné avec un échantillon d'hommes et de femmes âgé(e)s entre 30-45 ans. Les résultats étaient similaires à ceux de la seconde expérience, où la température génitale étaient significativement plus élevée chez le groupe soumis aux conditions d'excitation sexuelle que chez le groupe témoin soumis à des conditions neutres, d'excitation plaisante ou d'anxiété. En outre, la mesure continue d'excitation sexuelle perçue était en corrélation significative avec le c

Recent epidemiological studies suggest that the rates of depressive disorders are increasing among Chinese adolescents, and are now comparable to Western samples of adolescents. An estimated 16-26 million of Mainland Chinese children and adolescents suffer from depression, prompting increased public concern. As societal and cultural changes play a profound role in the development of mental health problems in adolescence, researchers have recently begun to examine how such changes have influenced the etiology of depression amongst Chinese adolescents. However, given profound cultural, social, political, and economic differences, Western theoretical models of depression cannot automatically be extended to Chinese adolescents. At the same time, there are several reasons why Western theoretical models of depression may be relevant to Chinese youth, including: (1) an influx of individualistic values may challenge long-standing collectivistic values; (2) similar epidemiological increases in the prevalence of depression among adolescents have occurred across cultures; and (3) Chinese adolescents experience similar stressors to those of Western adolescents. The purpose of the dissertation is to examine vulnerability factors to depression among Chinese adolescents within a stress generation framework using a multi-wave longitudinal design. The research described in Chapter 2 investigates the role that autonomy and stress play in the development of depressive symptoms. More specifically, the research examines whether dependent interpersonal stressors mediate the relationship between lower levels of perceived choice in one's actions or awareness of oneself, and subsequent increases in depressive symptoms. Additionally, we examine model specificity to better discriminate etiological risk factors for depression and anxiety, and the results of hierarchical linear modeling indicate that the relationship between lower levels of self-awareness and higher levels of depressive symptoms is mediated by a greater occurrence of dependent, but not independent, interpersonal stress. The results also indicate non-specificity. Overall, findings suggest that lack of autonomy in Chinese adolescents generates stress, and increases one's vulnerability to develop depressive and anxious symptoms. The research described in Chapter 3 examines underlying mechanisms that mediate the prospective relationship between self-concept clarity, stress, and depressive symptoms. Main effect analyses indicate that lower self-concept clarity predicted higher levels of depressive symptoms over time. Further, multilevel analyses reveal that stress mediates the relationship between self-concept clarity and subsequent depressive symptoms. At the same time, gender analyses indicate that the mediation effect may be driven by boys as opposed to girls indicating that there may be other pathways that contribute to depression among adolescent girls.The research presented in the current dissertation has important implications. Results from Chapters 2 and 3 suggest the etiological models developed in Western contexts may be relevant to understanding psychopathology among Chinese youth. Such insight may, ultimately, provide insight about which vulnerability factors to target when developing prevention, intervention, and treatment programs for adolescents in mainland China. / Des études épidémiologiques récentes suggèrent que la prévalence des troubles dépressifs chez les adolescents chinois augmente, et est maintenant comparable à celle des échantillons occidentaux. On estime que de 16 à 26 millions d'enfants et adolescents chinois continentaux souffrent de dépression, un constat inquiétant. Les changements sociétaux et culturels jouent un rôle important dans le développement des troubles de santé mentale chez les adolescents, et les chercheurs ont récemment commencé à examiner comment ces changements ont influencé l'étiologie de la dépression chez ces adolescents. Cependant, étant données des profondes différences culturelles, sociales, politiques, et économiques, les modèles théoriques occidentaux de la dépression ne peuvent pas automatiquement s'appliquer aux adolescents chinois. Il y a néanmoins plusieurs raisons pour lesquelles les modèles occidentaux pourraient être pertinents, notamment : (1) la dispersion de valeurs individualistes pourrait défier les valeurs collectivistes traditionnelles; (2) l'augmentation de la prévalence de la dépression chez les adolescents a également été observée dans divers contextes culturels; et (3) les adolescents chinois font face à des agents stressants similaires à ceux des adolescents occidentaux. Le but de la présente dissertation est d'examiner les facteurs de vulnérabilité à la dépression chez les adolescents chinois dans un cadre théorique de création de stress en utilisant un modèle de recherche longitudinal multi-vagues. L'étude décrite au Chapitre 2 investigue les rôles de l'autonomie et du stress dans le développement de symptômes dépressifs. Plus spécifiquement, l'étude examine si le stress de nature interpersonnelle dépendante médie la relation entre la perception d'un bas niveau de contrôle sur les actions individuelles et la conscience de soi, et l'augmentation subséquente des symptômes de dépression. De plus, nous avons examiné la spécificité de ces modèles pour mieux discriminer les facteurs de risque à la dépression et à l'anxiété. Les résultats des analyses linéaires hiérarchiques suggèrent que la relation entre un bas niveau de conscience de soi et un haut niveau de symptômes de dépression est médiée par l'incidence de stress interpersonnel de nature dépendante, et non indépendante. Les résultats indiquent également la non-spécificité des modèles. Globalement, les résultats suggèrent que le manque d'autonomie des adolescents chinois est source de stress, et augmente le niveau de vulnérabilité à la dépression et à l'anxiété. L'étude décrite au Chapitre 3 examine les mécanismes sous-jacents qui médient la relation prospective entre la clarté du concept de soi, le stress, et les symptômes dépressifs. Les analyses des effets principaux suggèrent qu'un bas niveau de clarté du concept de soi prédit de plus hauts niveaux de symptômes de dépression au fil du temps. De plus, les analyses de modèles linéaires hiérarchiques révèlent que le stress médie la relation entre la clarté du concept de soi et les symptômes de dépression subséquents. Simultanément, les analyses examinant l'effet du sexe des participants indiquent que l'effet de médiation pourrait être attribuable aux garçons plutôt qu'aux filles, suggérant que d'autres contributeurs à la dépression pourraient être en jeu pour les filles.La recherche décrite dans la présente dissertation a d'importantes implications. Les résultats rapportés aux Chapitres 2 et 3 suggèrent que les modèles étiologiques développés en Occident pourraient être pertinents pour comprendre la psychopathologie chez les jeunes chinois. Ceci pourrait ultimement offrir des pistes pour déterminer quels facteurs de vulnérabilité cibler dans le développement d'outils de prévention, d'interventions, et de programmes de traitement pour les adolescents chinois continentaux.

Dyspareunia (pain during intercourse) is highly prevalent in postmenopausal women and constitutes one of the most common presenting complaints in menopause clinics. Traditionally, postmenopausal dyspareunia has been almost exclusively attributed to declining endogenous estrogen levels and consequent vulvovaginal atrophy. This view still predominates today despite the lack of conclusive supporting evidence. The first chapter of this thesis critically reviews the literature on postmenopausal dyspareunia, examining the widely held conceptualization that postmenopausal dyspareunia is a direct symptom of hormonal decline. This review suggests that postmenopausal dyspareunia, similar to premenopausal dyspareunia, can be conceptualized as a pain syndrome. This conclusion motivated the collection of data from 182 postmenopausal women who suffered from pain during intercourse. A biopsychosocial protocol collecting hormonal, gynecologic, pain, as well as individual and interpersonal psychosocial data was carried out. Chapter two presents a systematic description of the clinical pain and medical attributes of postmenopausal dyspareunia. Cluster analytic techniques applied to these data suggest that several subtypes of postmenopausal dyspareunia can be distinguished. Chapter three investigates biopsychopsychosocial correlates of postmenopausal dyspareunic pain. Results demonstrate that the traditional hypoestrogen and vulvovaginal atrophy conceptualization of postmenopausal dyspareunia may be an insufficient explanatory model. Postmenopausal dyspareunic pain is also correlated with cognitive, affective, and dyadic factors. Overall, the results provide evidence that dyspareunia in postmenopausal women is a heterogenous disorder and underlines the need for research and clinical effort that integrates biological, psychological, and relationship factors to address the complexity of this condition. / La dyspareunie (douleurs ressenties au cours des rapports sexuels) est très répandue chez les femmes post-ménopausées et constitue l'une des principales plaintes formulées par les femmes dans les cliniques de la ménopause. La dyspareunie post-ménopausique a traditionnellement été attribuée presque exclusivement à la baisse des niveaux d'oestrogènes endogènes et l'atrophie vulvo-vaginale qui en résulte. Ce point de vue prédomine encore aujourd'hui malgré l'absence de preuve permettant de l'établir de façon concluante. Le premier chapitre de cette thèse analyse de façon critique la littérature portant sur la dyspareunie post-ménopausique, examinant la conceptualisation largement répandue selon laquelle la dyspareunie post- ménopausique est un symptôme directement attribuable à une baisse hormonale. Cette analyse donne à penser que la dyspareunie pré-ménopausique, à l'instar de la dyspareunie post-ménopausique, peut être conceptualisée comme un syndrome douloureux. Cette conclusion nous a conduit à collecter des données auprès de 182 femmes post-ménopausées éprouvant de la douleur lors des rapports sexuels. Un protocole biopsychosocial de collecte de données hormonales, gynécologiques, et de la douleur, ainsi que de données psychosociales individuelles et interpersonnelles fut mis en œuvre. Le deuxième chapitre présente une description systématique de la douleur clinique et des caractéristiques médicales de la dyspareunie post-ménopausique. Des techniques d'analyse de groupement appliquées à ces données indiquent qu'il est possible de distinguer plusieurs sous-types de dyspareunie post-ménopausique. Le troisième chapitre examine les corrélats biopsychosociaux de la douleur dyspareunique post-ménopausique. Les résultats démontrent que la conceptualisation traditionnelle de la dyspareunie post-ménopausique fondée sur l'hypo-œstrogénie et l'atrophie vulvo-vaginale pourrait bien s'avérer un modèle explicatif incomplet. Par ailleurs, la douleur dyspareunique post-ménopausique est aussi corrélée à des facteurs cognitifs, affectifs et dyadiques. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats tendent à confirmer que la dyspareunie chez les femmes post-ménopausées constitue un trouble hétérogène, et témoignent de la nécessité pour la recherche et le travail clinique d'adopter une approche qui intègre les facteurs biologiques, psychologiques et relationnels afin de pouvoir appréhender ce problème dans toute sa complexité.

No description available.

<p> This research is a qualitative study that investigated the experience of art-making in substance abuse recovery from the perspective of existential art therapy. The purpose of this study was to explore and develop a theory about how art therapy may impact individuals in recovery from substance abuse. Six participants who utilized art as part of their recovery were interviewed, and their responses to a questionnaire concerning their use of art making as part of their recovery from substance abuse were recorded. This research used Greening's <i>Four Existential Challenges: Three Responses to Each </i> (1992) as the basis from which to examine the participants' subjective experience of developing creative responses to existential challenges from their use of art in their recovery. </p><p> This study employed grounded theory to analyze the data that were collected. The participant responses were coded and six major themes emerged pertaining to the ways in which art aids in long-term recovery: life changes, changes in relationships, being alive, personal freedom, meaning and contribution to their world, and connection vs. isolation. The theme of life changes was broken down into five subthemes: physical, emotional, cognitive and spiritual, and changes in the way life is lived. The theme of being alive was broken down into four subthemes: changes in feelings, senses, intuition, and attitude toward living. </p><p> The participants' responses to the research questions suggest that they successfully used art as a means by which to transcend creatively the existential challenges that they faced in recovery. The participants also indicated that their making art in recovery led them to embrace creative responses to the challenges of sustaining their recovery. Based upon the data, the emergent theory identifies several ways that art aids in the long-term recovery process. The theory begins to offer an explanation of the ways in which one's making art can support sustained recovery from substance abuse and facilitate significant changes in the way life is lived, including one's relationships, personal freedom, and meaning.</p>

<p> This study examines how posttraumatic stress (PTS) and depressive symptoms co-occur during early adolescence. Data for participants in the present study were drawn from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being. A latent profile analysis (LPA) was conducted on the data from 818 adolescents aged 11 to 14 who self-identified as Black, Latino, or White. A three-class solution was selected as an optimal fit for the data based on fit indices and ease of interpretation. The LPA indicated that PTS and depressive symptoms tended to co-occur in a dimensional manner, with the classes differing only in terms of the severity level of symptoms endorsed. No unique PTS or depression classes were supported. The three classes were thus named as minimal distress, moderate distress, and severe distress. Risk and protective factors associated with membership to each latent class were assessed using multinomial logistic regression. Gender and relational factors had the strongest associations with latent class membership. These results suggest that categorical measures of PTS and depression do not accurately represent how these constructs occur in early adolescence. In addition, several important factors are associated with severity of PTS and depressive symptoms and could be used to target interventions. </p>

<p> The present study examines two theories of the development of binge eating disorders among a clinical population with a diagnosis of Binge Eating Disorder and Bulimia Nervosa. Specifically, this study addresses whether a behavioral theory or affective theory predicts binge eating behavior in adult women. One theory draws upon Linehan's (1993) established trajectory from the experience of an invalidating childhood environment to the development of emotion dysregulation and subsequent Borderline Personality Disorder and the suicidal and para-suicidal behavior associated with BPD (Linehan, 1993; Mountford, Corstophine, Tomlinson, &amp; Waller, 2007). The second examined theory is the dietary restraint theory which theorizes that a prolonged period of dietary restraint creates physiological and psychological deprivation that leads to dysregulation of appetite and vulnerability to binge eating (Polivy &amp; Herman, 1985). It is hypothesized that an affective theory of the development of binge eating disorder will predict more binge eating behavior than a behavioral theory of binge eating behavior development. The sample is made up of baseline data gathered at a Chicago hospital and consists of participants in a randomized clinical trial for the treatment of an eating disorder. As a component of the screening evaluation, each participant was administered the Eating Disorder Evaluation-Questionnaire (EDE-Q), the Invalidating Childhood Environment Scale (ICES), and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). A regression analysis was conducted to analyze the relationship between dietary restraint, an invalidating childhood environment and binge eating behavior in adults. Based on the literature, there is evidence in support of both theories (Engelberg, Gauvin, &amp; Steiger, 2005; Fairburn, 1997; Haslam, Mountford, Meyer, &amp; Waller, 2008; Huon, 1996; Kaye, Gendall, &amp; Strober, 1998; Killen et al., 1994; Killen et al., 1996; Mountford et al., 2007; Patton, Johnson-Sabine, Wood, Mann, &amp; Wakeling, 1990; Polivy &amp; Herman, 1985; Steiger et al., 2005; Stice, Killen, Hayword, &amp; Taylor, 1998; Stice, Presnell, &amp; Spangler, 2002; Wilson, Fairburn, Agras, Walsh, &amp; Kraemer, 2002). This study adds a concurrent comparison of two theories. This study has implications for determining appropriate treatment for an individual with binge eating behavior based on their scores on the EDE-Q, ICES, and DERS and informing clinicians about treating BED, likely in the DSM-V.</p>

<p> Adolescence represents a key developmental period when the interplay between temperament and parenting may be most apparent and has implications for adolescents' adjustment. The current study utilized a cross-lagged, biometric model to explore the reciprocal relationship between Adolescent Negative Emotionality and Parental Negativity across adolescence. Analyses examined stability and change in Adolescents' Negative Emotionality and Parental Negativity over a three year period, as well as the impact of each construct on each other over time. To gain further understanding of the mechanisms that underlie links between temperament and parenting, genetic and environmental contributions to stability and change in each construct were also examined. </p><p> This study focused on a subset of the families within the Nonshared Environment in Adolescent Development (NEAD) project (N=395) who were assessed twice, 3 years apart. This sample included 5 sibling pair types that resided in nondivorced or stepfamilies: Monozygotic (N=63) and Dizygotic (N=75) twin pairs, and Full Sibling (N=153), Half Sibling (N=60 pairs), and Unrelated Sibling (N=44) pairs. </p><p> Overall findings for mothers and fathers indicated that: (1) there is moderate stability in Negative Emotionality and Parental Negativity over time, (2) Negative Emotionality and Parental Negativity influence each other over time; and (3) genetic and environmental factors account for variance in Negative Emotionality and Parental Negativity within each age examined, and contribute to stability and change. These findings support the presence of bidirectional effects between Parental Negativity and Adolescent Negative Emotionality, and underscore the importance of the parent-child relationship during adolescence.</p>