A borracha natural é uma matéria-prima importante na fabricação de urna variedade de artefatos. Atualmente, o Estado de São Paulo é o maior produtor de borracha natural do país. Para as indústrias de transformação de materiais poliméricos é importante que a matéria-prima tenha qualidade e uniformidade. Neste sentido, esse trabalho avaliou as variações intra e interclonais e os efeitos do tipo de coagulação e do porta-enxerto nas propriedades da borracha natural, visando à avaliação da uniformidade da mesma. Foram estudados diferentes clones de seringueira como o RRIM 600, IAN 873 e GT 1. O projeto foi desenvolvido em colaboração com o Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC), que vem avaliando a interação genótipo versus ambiente de clones seringueira [Hevea brasilienses (Willd. Ex Adr. de Juss.) Muell. Arg.] recomendados para o plantio no Estado de São Paulo. A avaliação da borracha natural foi realizada através de ensaios padrões e técnicas de espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC), análise termogravimétrica (TG), análise termo dinâmico-mecânica (DMTA) e nanoindentação. Os resultados mostraram que as propriedades da borracha são uniformes dentro de um mesmo clone. Já o estudo da variação interclonal das propriedades avaliadas mostrou que existem diferenças significativas entre as borrachas dos clones para todas as propriedades estudadas. As propriedades da borracha são uniformes independentemente do porta-enxerto (RRIM 600, PB 235, SNS, GT 1, IAN 873), utilizado nos clones, com exceção da viscosidade Mooney. No estudo do efeito dos tratamentos de estocagem e coagulação, os resultados mostraram que a coagulação química do látex resulta em borrachas com altos valores de plasticidade e viscosidade. Já para as amostras coaguladas espontaneamente, observou-se que aquelas estocadas por períodos não superiores a 7 dias apresentaram melhores propriedades de plasticidade, viscosidade e PRI, de acordo com as normas da ABNT e da literatura internacional. No estudo das propriedades da borracha natural via técnica de nanoindentação, concluiu-se que a técnica é uma ferramenta que deve ser melhor explorada para a determinação das propriedades da borracha em nanoeseala. De uma forma geral, o trabalho desenvolvido nesta tese de doutorado apresenta resultados inéditos de um estudo sistemático sobre a variação das propriedades da borracha natural e vem contribuir com mais uma etapa do estudo que vem sendo feito pela Embrapa e pelo IAC de avaliação dos aspectos agronômicos da seringueira e das propriedades do produto pós-colheita / Natural rubber is an important raw material used for manufacturing a large variety of products. Nowadays the state of São Paulo is the largest producer of natural rubber in Brazil. Polymeric material industries need raw materiais with high quality and uniformity. In this sense, the proposal of this work was to study and evaluate the properties of natural rubber in order to assess the quality of the product. In the study reported here, the intra and inter dona! variations were analyzed systematically. In addition, the effect of rootstocks and methods of coagulation on the properties of natural rubber were investigated. This project was developed in collaboration with Agronomic Institute of Campinas that investigates the agronomic aspects of rubber tree [Hevea brasilienses (Willd. Ex Adr. de Juss.) Muell. Arg.] clones for wide-scale plantation in various regions of São Paulo State. The evaluation of natural rubber\'s quality was done using standard methods of industry and other techniques such as infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA), dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMTA) and nanoindentation. Results showed that the properties of natural rubber do not change among trees of the same clone. Besides, it was found that the rootstocks (RRIM 600, PB 236 SNS, GT 1 and IAN 873) have no marked influence in the properties of natural rubber clones (RRIM 600 and PB 235). On the other hand, the results of interclonal study have shown highly and significant variations among clones for the rubber properties evaluatcd. Other investigation carried out was the effect of coagulation and storage. Results showed that chemical coagulation and larger periods of storage yields rubber with high values of plasticity and viscosity. Nanoindentation studies of natural rubber demonstrated that this technique might be improved to study elastomers at nanoscale levei. In this sense, the work developed shows a systematic study on the evaluation of natural rubber clones that has not previously performed. It contributes with one more step in the study that has been developed by Embrapa and IAC to improve the quality of natural rubber in São Paulo

Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar o desempenho mecânico e térmico de compostos de borracha natural de diferentes tipos de clones (GT 1, IAN 873, PB 235 e RRIM 600). A qualidade do látex de borracha natural dos diferentes clones de seringueiras (Hevea brasiliensis) recomendados para o Estado de São Paulo, foram avaliadas por ensaios padrões (plasticidade Wallace, PRI, viscosidade Mooney, % de cinzas, extrato acetônico e % de nitrogênio). Estas borrachas foram formuladas em cilindro e vulcanizadas com tempos de 5, 7 e 9 minutos. A avaliação do desempenho mecânico e térmico dos diferentes compostos de borracha natural foram realizados por Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC), Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA), propriedades mecânicas de tração e dureza, caracterização por Análise Térmica-Dinâmico-Mecânica (DMT A), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Espectroscopia no Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR). O desempenho mecânico e térmico foram comparados e correlacionados com as características da borracha crua. Os valores obtidos para temperatura de transição vítrea (Tg), foram inferiores a -56&#176C para as borrachas vulcanizadas e de -62&#176C para as borrachas cruas, a blenda crua apresentou um menor valor (92,5&#176C), devido a uma maior mastigação para a homogeneização da amostra, não apresentando grandes variações em relação ao tempo de vulcanização e ao tipo de clone. Os ensaios de tração mostraram que um dos clones mais produtivos (RRIM 600) obteve o melhor desempenho mecânico. As borrachas formuladas, obtiveram no ensaio de dureza valores próximos de 60 Shore A, não variando em relação ao tempo de vulcanização e ao tipo de clone. Todas as amostras estudadas ficaram dentro dos padrões de qualidade exigidos. De acordo com os resultados obtidos neste trabalho e com a literatura, todos os clones estudados, incluindo os mais produtivos (PB 235 e RRIM 600) podem ser utilizados nas indústrias de artefatos de borracha separadamente ou na forma de blenda. / The objetive of this work was to study the mechanical and thermal performance of natural rubber composites of different types of clones (GT 1, IAN 873, PB 235 and RRIM 600). The latex quality of different natural rubber dones (Hevea brasiliensis) recommended for plantation in the State of São Paulo were evaluated by standards methods (Wallace plasticity, PRI, Mooney viscosity, content percentage, acetonic extract and nitrogen content percentage). These rubbers were formulated and prepared in a mill and vulcanized at different times (5, 7 and 9 min.). The evaluation of the mechanical and thermal performance of different natural rubber composites was carried out by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermo gravimetry (TGA), mechanical properties (tensile and hardness tests), dynamic mechanic thermal analysis (DMTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourrier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The mechanical and thermal performance were compared and correlated with the characteristics of the raw rubber. The values obtained for glass transistion temperature (Tg) were found to be bellow -56&#176C for vulcanized rubbers and of 62&#176C for raw rubbers, without having great variations in relation to the vulcanization time and type of done. The tensile tests showed that the best performance was obtained for the most productive clone (RRIM 600). Hardness test values obtained were close to 60, without varying in relation to the vulcanization time and the type of clone. Ali the samples studied were in agreement with standard specifications required for application in the rubber industry. According to these results and related Iiterature, all clones including the most productive ones (PB 235 and RRIM 600) can be used in the rubber industry in blended or unblended forms.

<p>We establish several properties of higher commutators, which were<br />introduced by A. Bulatov, in congruence permutable varieties. We use these<br />commutators to prove that the clone of polynomial functions of a finite Mal&rsquo;cev<br />algebra whose congruence lattice is of height at most 2, can be described by a<br />finite set of relations. For a finite nilpotent algebra of finite type that is a product<br />of algebras of prime power order and generates congruence modular variety, we<br />are able to show that the property of affine completeness is decidable. Moreover,<br />polynomial equivalence problem has polynomial complexity in the length of the<br />input polynomials.</p> / <p>Ustanovljavamo osobine viˇsih komutatora, koje je uveo A. Bulatov,<br />u kongruencijki permutabilnim varijetetima. Te komutatore koristimo da bi<br />dokazali da se klon polinomijalnih funkcija konaˇcne Maljcevljeve algebre ˇcija je<br />mreˇza kongruencija visine najviˇse dva moˇze opisati konaˇcnim skupom relacija. Za<br />konaˇcne nilpotentne algebre konaˇcnog tipa koje su proizvod algebri koje imaju red<br />stepena prostog broja i koje generiˇsu kongruencijki modularan varijetet pokazu-jemo da je osobina afine kompletnosti odluˇciva. Takod&macr;e, pokazujemo za istu klasu<br />da problem polinomijalne ekvivalencije ima polinomnu sloˇzenost u zavisnosti od<br />duˇzine unetih polinomijalnih terma.</p>

Las células madre mesenquimales (MSC) son un grupo heterogéneo de células multipotentes que pueden ser aisladas de distintos tejidos. Las MSC tienen propiedades inmunológicas únicas, que han hecho de éstas células un foco de interés en el campo de la terapia celular. Esta función inmunomoduladora de las MSC, fue descrita por primera vez en el año 2000 por Lietchty KW, pero los mecanismos mediante los cuales las MSCs ejercen dicha función inmunomoduladora son, todavía, desconocidos. El contacto célula-célula o la liberación de factores solubles pueden ejercer un papel esencial. En cuanto a la terapia celular con MSCs, el primer ensayo clínico fue en 1995 y, desde ese momento, el número de ensayos ha ido en aumento, hasta que, a día de hoy, hay en curso más de 200 ensayos clínicos para distintas enfermedades. No obstante, debido al bajo número de pacientes tratados, no se ha podido establecer una conclusión definitiva de la seguridad del tratamiento con dichas células. Por otro lado, la mayoría de los trabajos publicados relacionados con MSCs, son trabajos en los cuales se han utilizado poblaciones heterogéneas de MSCs y no poblaciones homogéneas clonogénicas. Publicaciones recientes han demostrado la capacidad de las MSCs para aumentar in vitro la frecuencia de células Treg, postulándose que éste puede ser precisamente uno de los principales mecanismos responsables de la inmunomodulación ejercida por las MSCs. Ello podría tener importantes implicaciones clínicas, tanto en el campo de los alotransplantes, para tratar el rechazo inmunológico mediante el establecimiento o inducción del proceso de tolerancia inmunológica, como en patologías autoinflamatorias/ autoinmunes, al reestablecer la tolerancia inmunológica perdida; e incluso, permitiría reducir la dosis de los fármacos inmunosupresores habitualmente utilizados en estas enfermedades, con la consiguiente disminución de efectos secundarios. En este trabajo se lleva a cabo el estudio de comparación de cinco clones de MSC derivados de tejido adiposo. En dicho se han comparado marcadores de membrana, perfiles de citocinas, capacidad para inhibir las distintas poblaciones del Sistema Inmunitario, así como su efecto sobre la población Treg. Además, se realizaron ensayos para determinar el efecto sobre la viabilidad de linfocitos. La conclusión final de este trabajo es, brevemente, que los distintos clones poseen capacidades diferentes de inmunomodulación, a todos los niveles. Estas diferencias pueden ser aprovechadas en pro de una optimización de los protocolos de terapia celular con el objetivo último de realizar las mismas de una forma más eficaz, personalizada y reproducible.

Code clones are duplicate fragments of code that perform the same task. As software code bases increase in size, the number of code clones also tends to increase. These code clones, possibly created through copy-and-paste methods or unintentional duplication of effort, increase maintenance cost over the lifespan of the software. Code clone detection tools exist to identify clones where a human search would prove unfeasible, however the quality of the clones found may vary. I demonstrate that the performance of such tools can be improved by normalizing the source code before usage. I developed Normalizer, a tool to transform C source code to normalized source code where the code is written as consistently as possible. By maintaining the code's function while enforcing a strict format, the variability of the programmer's style will be taken out. Thus, code clones may be easier to detect by tools regardless of how it was written. Reordering statements, removing useless code, and renaming identifiers are used to achieve normalized code. Normalizer was used to show that more clones can be found in Introduction to Computer Networks assignments by normalizing the source code versus the original source code using a small variety of code clone detection tools.

Le cannabis (*Cannabis sativa* L.), plante domestiquée depuis des millénaires, possède une importance économique et sociétale considérable. Utilisée pour ses fibres, son huile, ses graines et ses propriétés médicinales et psychoactives, elle est aujourd'hui au cœur d'une industrie en pleine expansion. Malgré son importance croissante, la culture du cannabis souffre d'un manque de connaissances fondamentales. La production de plants uniformes et de qualité constante est un défi majeur, influencé par des interactions entre différents facteurs génétiques et environnementaux. La culture *in vitro* se présente comme une solution prometteuse pour la production de clones uniformes. Cependant, les variations somaclonales - les variations entre clones induites par des modifications génétiques ou épigénétiques - peuvent altérer la fidélité génétique et épigénétique des clones. Les facteurs épigénétiques, tels que la méthylation de l'ADN, jouent un rôle crucial dans la régulation de l'expression des gènes et peuvent être à l'origine de la variation somaclonale. Comprendre la méthylation de l'ADN au sein des clones de cannabis cultivés *in vitro* est donc essentiel pour garantir la stabilité et l'uniformité à long terme de la production de molécules d'intérêt chez le cannabis. Ce mémoire vise à évaluer la variabilité du méthylome chez une population de clones de cannabis *in vitro*. Pour ce faire, nous avons développé une méthode abordable, appelée CREAM (Comparative Restriction Enzyme Analysis of Methylation), permettant d'analyser les profils de méthylation de l'ADN chez plusieurs individus. Le premier chapitre de ce mémoire présente une revue de littérature approfondie sur les sujets suivants : le cannabis, son importance et les défis liés à sa production; la culture *in vitro* et les paramètres affectant l'uniformité des clones; les facteurs épigénétiques et la méthylation de l'ADN; les approches de séquençage et d'analyse de la méthylation de l'ADN à l'échelle du génome. Le deuxième chapitre, sous forme d'article intégré au mémoire, décrit le développement et la validation de la méthode CREAM, ainsi que son application à l'étude d'une population de 78 clones de cannabis. Les résultats obtenus révèlent une variabilité du méthylome au sein de la population, soulignant l'importance de la surveillance épigénétique pour la production de cannabis de qualité constante. En somme, ce mémoire apporte des contributions importantes à la compréhension de la méthylation de l'ADN dans les clones de cannabis cultivés *in vitro*. Nos résultats permettront d'améliorer les pratiques de culture et de sélection pour la production de plants uniformes et de qualité supérieure chez une variété d'espèces. / Cannabis (*Cannabis sativa* L.), a plant that has been domesticated for thousands of years, is of considerable economic and social importance. Used for its fibers, oil, seeds and medicinal and psychoactive properties, it is now at the heart of a booming industry. Despite its growing importance, cannabis cultivation suffers from a lack of fundamental knowledge. Producing uniform plants of consistent quality is a major challenge, influenced by interactions between different genetic and environmental factors. Tissue culture offers a promising solution for the production of uniform clones. However, somaclonal variations - variations between clones induced by genetic or epigenetic modifications - can alter the genetic and epigenetic fidelity of clones. Epigenetic factors, such as DNA methylation, play a crucial role in regulating gene expression and may be at the origin of somaclonal variation. Understanding DNA methylation in cannabis clones produced in tissue culture is therefore essential to ensure long-term stability and consistency in the production of molecules of interest in cannabis. This memoir aims to assess methylome variability in a population of *in vitro* cannabis clones. To this end, we have developed an affordable method, called CREAM (Comparative Restriction Enzyme Analysis of Methylation), to analyze DNA methylation profiles in several individuals. The first chapter of this memoir presents an in-depth literature review on the following topics: cannabis, its importance and the challenges associated with its production; tissue culture and parameters affecting clone uniformity; epigenetic factors and DNA methylation; genome-wide approaches to DNA methylation sequencing and analysis. The second chapter, in the form of a scientific article, describes the development and validation of the CREAM method, and its application to the study of a population of 78 cannabis clones. The results obtained reveal methylome variability within the population, underlining the importance of epigenetic monitoring for the production of cannabis of consistent quality. In sum, this memoir makes an important contribution to the understanding of DNA methylation in tissue culture-grown cannabis clones. Our results will help improve cultivation and breeding practices for the production of uniform, high-quality plants in a variety of species.

Devido à grande diversidade de microrganismos desconhecidos no meio ambiente, 99% deles não podem ser cultivados nos meios de cultura tradicionais dos laboratórios. Para isso, projetos metagenômicos são propostos para estudar comunidades microbianas presentes no meio ambiente, a partir de técnicas moleculares, em especial o seqüenciamento. Dessa forma, para os próximos anos é esperado um acúmulo de seqüências produzidas por esses projetos. As seqüências produzidas pelos projetos genomas e metagenomas apresentam vários desafios para o tratamento, armazenamento e análise, como exemplo: a busca de clones contendo genes de interesse. Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem algébrica que define e gerencia de forma dinâmica as regras para a seleção de clones em bibliotecas genômicas e metagenômicas, que se baseiam em álgebra de processos. Além disso, uma interface web foi desenvolvida para permitir que os pesquisadores criem e executem facilmente suas próprias regras de seleção de clones em bancos de dados de seqüências genômicas e metagenômicas. Este software foi testado em bibliotecas genômicas e metagenômicas e foi capaz de selecionar clones contendo genes de interesse. / Due to the wide diversity of unknown organisms in the environment, 99% of them cannot be grown in traditional culture medium in laboratories. Therefore, metagenomics projects are proposed to study microbial communities present in the environment, from molecular techniques, especially the sequencing. Thereby, for the coming years it is expected an accumulation of sequences produced by these projects. Thus, the sequences produced by genomics and metagenomics projects present several challenges for the treatment, storing and analysis such as: the search for clones containing genes of interest. This work presents an algebraic approach that defines it dynamically and manages the rules of the selection of clones in genomic and metagenomic libraries, which are based on process algebra. Furthermore, a web interface was developed to allow researchers to easily create and execute their own rules to select clones in genomic and metagenomic sequence database. This software was tested in genomics and metagenomics libraries and it was able to select clones containing genes of interest.

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-16T16:09:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gheysa Coelho Silva.pdf: 1993608 bytes, checksum: fb8764341d9f83a94b65cdbfa671783a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-16T16:09:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gheysa Coelho Silva.pdf: 1993608 bytes, checksum: fb8764341d9f83a94b65cdbfa671783a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-14 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The work had as aimed (1): to quantify the genetic divergence between seven varieties patterns and eleven clones sugar-cane RB through techniques united and multivariate with base in ten characters agroindustrial.; (2) to evaluate the relationships among the agronomic and technological characters about the productivity in cane and sugar, and to identify your direct and indirect effects, to aid the process of selection of clones RB of sugar-cane. The experiment was developed in the agricultural area in sugar mill Trapiche - Sirinhaém-PE, during the agricultural year 2005/2006. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four repetitions and eighteen genotypes constituted by seven varieties patterns. Were appraised in cane-plant for the agricultural production the characters NC, DC, AC, PMC and TCH. To determinate of the technological characteristics BC, PC, FIB, PUR and TPH were measured. The widespread distance of Mahalanobis was used as dissimilarity measure. Were considered the correlations, and they were made the trail analyses. Were applied the hierarchical method of medium connections (UPGMA) and the method of optimization of Tocher. The results evidenced that the methodology allows to identify genotypes of larger genetic divergence for use in programs of improvement of the sugarcane, allowing to suggest possible crossings between the most divergent clones and productive RB992542 and RB992558 with the variety SP79-1911 and of the clone RB992558 with the variety RB92579. The characters PC, TCH, BC and AC were the main ones decisive in the quantification of the genetic divergence. The characters PMC, AC and DC should be considered in the selection of clones RB seeking improvement in the sugarcane productivity, as well as TCH and PC they can be selected seeking increase of the productivity of sugar. Indirectly, the selection through height and diameter of stems makes possible efficient answer for improvement of the sugarcane productivity. / Objetivou-se com este trabalho: (1) quantificar a divergência genética entre sete variedades-padrões e onze clones RB de cana-de-açúcar, por meio de técnicas uni e multivariadas, com base em dez caracteres agroindustriais. (2) avaliar as relações entre os caracteres agronômicos e tecnológicos sobre a produtividade em cana e açúcar e identificar seus efeitos diretos e indiretos para auxiliar o processo de seleção de clones RB de cana-de-açúcar. O experimento foi conduzido na área agrícola da Usina Trapiche - Sirinhaém/PE, durante o ano agrícola 2005/2006. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições e dezoito genótipos. Foram avaliados em cana-planta para a produção agrícola os caracteres NC, DC, AC, PMC e TCH. Para determinação das características tecnológicas foram mensuradas BC, PC, FIB, PUR e TPH. A distância generalizada de Mahalanobis foi utilizada como medida de dissimilaridade. Foram aplicados o método hierárquico de ligações médias (UPGMA) e o método de otimização de Tocher. Estimaram-se as correlações e fizeram-se as análises de trilha. Os resultados evidenciaram que a metodologia permite identificar genótipos demaior divergência genética para utilização em programas de melhoramento da cana-de- açúcar, permitindo sugerir possíveis cruzamentos entre os clones mais divergentes e produtivos RB992542 e RB992558 com a variedade SP79-1911 e do clone RB992558 com a variedade RB92579. Os caracteres PC, TCH, BC e AC foram os principais determinantes na quantificação da divergência genética. Os caracteres PMC, AC e DC devem ser considerados na seleção de clones RB visando melhoria na produtividade de cana-de-açúcar, assim como TCH e PC podem ser selecionados visando aumento da produtividade de açúcar.Indiretamente, a seleção via altura e diâmetro de colmos possibilita resposta eficiente para melhoria da produtividade de cana-de-açúcar.

In recent years, it has been observed that software clones and plagiarism are becoming an increased threat for one?s creativity. Clones are the results of copying and using other?s work. According to the Merriam – Webster dictionary, “A clone is one that appears to be a copy of an original form”. It is synonym to duplicate. Clones lead to redundancy of codes, but not all redundant code is a clone.On basis of this background knowledge ,in order to safeguard one?s idea and to avoid intentional code duplication for pretending other?s work as if their owns, software clone detection should be emphasized more. The objective of this paper is to review the methods for clone detection and to apply those methods for finding the extent of plagiarism occurrence among the Swedish Universities in Master level computer science department and to analyze the results.The rest part of the paper, discuss about software plagiarism detection which employs data analysis technique and then statistical analysis of the results.Plagiarism is an act of stealing and passing off the idea?s and words of another person?s as one?s own. Using data analysis technique, samples(Master level computer Science thesis report) were taken from various Swedish universities and processed in Ephorus anti plagiarism software detection. Ephorus gives the percentage of plagiarism for each thesis document, from this results statistical analysis were carried out using Minitab Software.The results gives a very low percentage of Plagiarism extent among the Swedish universities, which concludes that Plagiarism is not a threat to Sweden?s standard of education in computer science.This paper is based on data analysis, intelligence techniques, EPHORUS software plagiarism detection tool and MINITAB statistical software analysis.

We introduce a special set of relations on a finite set, called clausal relations. A restricted version of the Galois connection between polymorphisms and invariants, called Pol-CInv, is studied, where the invariant relations are clausal relations. Clones arising from this Galois connection, so-called C-clones, are investigated. Finally, we show that clausal relations meet a sufficient condition that is known to ensure polynomial time solvability of the corresponding CSP.