Based on the author's Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Duisburg-Essen. / Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. / Dickson, Robert, Committee Chair ; Barry, Bridgette, Committee Member ; Fahrni, Christoph, Committee Member ; Fernandez, Facundo, Committee Member ; Srinivasarao, Mohan, Committee Member.

Dusty star forming galaxies (DSFGs), characterized by their far-infrared (far-IR) emission, undergo the largest starbursts in the Universe, contributing to the majority of the cosmic star formation rate density at z = 1−4. The Herschel Space Observatory for the first time was able observe the full far-IR dust emission for a large population of high-redshift DSFGs, thereby accurately measuring their star formation rates. With gravitational lensing, we are able to surpass the Herschel confusion limit and probe intrinsically less luminous and therefore more normal star-forming galaxies. With this goal in mind, we have conducted a large Herschel survey, the Herschel Lensing Survey, of the cores of almost 600 massive galaxy clusters, where the effects of gravitational lensing are the strongest. In this thesis, I present follow-up studies of gravitationally lensed Herschel-detected DSFGs by utilizing multi-wavelength data from optical to radio. Specifically, I characterize the star forming properties of gravitationally lensed DSFGs by using these three subsamples: (1) A gravitationally lensed DSFG galaxy at z = 0.6 in one of the most massive galaxy clusters, Abell S1063 (at z = 0.3), (2) One of the brightest sources in HLS, which is a system of two strongly gravitationally lensed galaxies, one at z = 2.0 (optically faint gravitational arc) and the other at z = 4.7 (triply-imaged galaxy), (3) A sample of the brightest sources in HLS at z = 1−4, in which we detect rest-frame optical nebular emission lines (e.g. Hα, Hβ, [OIII]λλ4959,5007) by utilizing near-IR spectroscopy. The main results from these studies are as follows: (1) In the cluster-lensed DSFG at z = 0.6, discovered in the core of Abell S1063, we identify a luminous (SFR = 10 M⊙/yr) giant (D~1 kpc) HII region similar to those typically found at higher redshift (z~2). We show that the HII region is embedded in a rotating disk and likely formed in isolation, rather than through galaxy interaction, which is observed in local galaxies. We can use this source as a nearby laboratory for star forming regions at z ~ 2, in which more detailed follow-up of this source can help us to understand their origin/properties. (2) We discovered that one of the brightest sources in HLS is a blend of two cluster-lensed DSFGs, one at z = 2.0 (an optically faint arc) and the other at z = 4.7 (triply-imaged galaxy), implying that a sample of bright Herschel sources may have such multiplicity. In the z = 2.0 arc, the sub-arcsecond clumps detected in the SMA image surprisingly do not correspond to the clumps in the JVLA CO(1-0) image. When investigating the CO(1-0) velocity structure, there is a substantial amount of molecular gas (likely a molecular wind/outflow) we find that we find is not associated with star formation. This suggests that the CO morphology in DSFGs could be strongly influenced by molecular outflows resulting in the over-prediction of the amount of the molecular gas available for star formation. In the z = 2.0 arc, we also constrain αCO~4. While this value is normal for galaxies like the Milky Way, it is quite unusual for ULIRGs. This hints that the physical conditions may be much different in the arc from other ULIRGs, which usually have αCO ≈ 0.8.(3) We successfully detect rest-frame optical emission lines in 8 gravitationally lensed DSFGs at z = 1−4 using ground-based near-IR spectroscopy with Keck, LBT and Magellan. The luminosities of these lines are substantially less than what the far-IR derived star formation rates predict, suggesting that these DSFGs have large dust attenuations. The difference in the star formation rates is a factor of 30 x (AV= 4), which is larger than previously reported for DSFGs at z > 1. One galaxy (z = 1.5) in the sample showed the largest suppression with a factor of 550x (AV = 7), which is similar to local ULIRGs. Future prospects: Herschel provided a glimpse into the star formation of DSFGs, but only the brightest at z > 2 could be studied in detail without gravitational lensing. ALMA will revolutionize the study of DSFGs with its high spatial resolution submm/mm imaging of their dust continuum and molecular gas, and it will begin to unravel their physical properties. In order to detect nebular emission lines in fainter higher redshift sources, 20-30 meter class telescopes, with next generation near-IR spectrographs, will be necessary. JWST will play a significant role as it will target rest-frame optical nebular emission lines in DSFGs unobtainable from the ground as well as weaker Hydrogen series lines (such as Paschen and Brackett series) to better understand their instantaneous star formation and dust attenuation.

Hexanuclear transition metal clusters are a distinct class of chemical compounds that have some very interesting chemical and physical properties. Of recent interest in this field has been the [Re₆(μ₃-Se)₈]²⁺ cluster core. This Lewis acidic cluster core contains six substitutable coordination sites, and site differentiation can be accessed through protecting group ligands. The Lewis acidity has been shown to activate unsaturated cluster-bound ligands, and the expanded atom-like structure and high symmetry of the cluster core has potential use in synthesizing some fascinating and novel hybrid materials. Little work has been performed in establishing the scope of these chemical transformations. The work herein describes the efforts and successes of such work. Chapter 1 provides the essential background required for understanding the [Re₆(μ₃-Se)₈]²⁺ cluster core's synthesis, properties, and currently known research directions and successes. This chapter first introduces hexanuclear clusters in a general format, then focuses on the established catalytic and material capabilities that have been determined using this specific cluster core. Chapter 2 discusses the synthesis, characterization, and hydrogen-bonded assemblies formed from [Re₆(μ₃-Se)₈]²⁺ cluster-isonicotinic acid cluster complexes. These complexes have potential uses as hybrid inorganic/organic linkers for the generation of luminescent Lewis acidic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Prospective applications of such materials include catalysis, separations, and gas storage. Chapter 3 focuses on the novel chemistry of [Re₆(μ₃-Se)₈]²⁺ cluster-activated CH₃CN with N-based nucleophiles to form acetamidines. These ligands are of interest due to their use in medicinal chemistry, CO₂/CS₂ sequestration, and the formation of synthetically-relevant species. Quantitative yields are obtained and single-crystal XRD analyses reveal specific stereochemical outcomes. Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in a cluster-amidine CH₃CN solution removes the ligand as the acetamidinium TFA salt, and the starting cluster solvate is reproduced making a recyclable catalyst. Chapter 4 expands on a project similar to that of chapter 3, except that O-based nucleophiles are utilized for specific cluster isomers. The newly formed ligands, imino esters, are of interest in organic synthesis as valuable starting materials for the generation of β-lactams and heterocycles. ³¹P NMR and single–crystal XRD reveal Z stereochemistry is preferred in the cis isomer, but conflicting results for the hexasubstituted isomer leave stereochemical analyses unresolved. Chapter 5 attempts to incorporate the chemistry established in chapters 2-4 to provide some fresh and interesting research outlooks possible with the [Re₆(μ₃-Se)₈]²⁺ cluster core. Incorporation of the cluster into MOFs is discussed, and the possibility of post-synthetic modifications for metal sequestration, catalysis, and sensing is explained. Appendix A provides all the NMR data obtained for synthesized materials with peak picks and integrations provided. Appendix B entails all crystallographic information for structures determined after syntheses. Appendix C provide high-resolution mass spectra.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The thesis takes as its focus collaborative regional organisational networks. It is argued that in knowledge intensive sectors, such collaboration clusters are an important factor for being competitive in a global economy. To substantiate this claim, both a regional case study of the KwaZulu-Natal Information and Communications and Electronics Technology (ICTE) cluster forum is undertaken and a single firm case of MicroVision Software, a member of the cluster forum. The introductory chapter provides background about the global extent of collaborative activity especially in the high technology and knowledge-intensive sectors. Chapter 2 examines how regions across the world have developed strategies to grow and maintain their economic strengths in the knowledge economy. This is primarily described through two reference cases studies. The case of the Humberside Training and Enterprise Council (TEC) conducted by Fryer, comprising around 70 organisations, is an example of how the principles of complexity theory can be implemented to yield a network model based on autonomy, connectivity, feedback, community and leadership. This case provides a reference model for how to provide an enabling environment for collaborative knowledge networks. The flat panel display (FPD) research done by Spencer demonstrates the effectiveness of successful regional strategies for convergent, knowledge-diffusion networks. Spencer’s work shows that whilst most FPD technologies were initially invented in US laboratories in the 1960s, all portable computers produced after 1989 contained Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) screens that were primarily manufactured in Asia. Spencer found that regions were most competitive when the regional knowledge-diffusion networks are at their highest density levels and when guided by a strategic centre. Chapter 3 turns to the macro case study of the KZN ICTE Cluster Forum. The forum was established to address factors identified in a study commissioned by the KZN DEDT, which found that whilst the electronics sector in KZN has many innovative firms and skilful graduates, knowledge diffusion networks are virtually non-existent. The case study shows how this forum tried to encourage collaboration, but failed to accomplish most of its goals. Chapter 4 provides a micro case study of a particular organisation, MicroVision Software, that participated in the KZN ICTE Cluster Forum. The case takes the form of participatory or action research, because it is about the author's own journey as an entrepreneur. The case study shows the critical role that network ties and networked organisation played in the projects undertaken. It is shown how the organisation underwent many phases of re-invention as a result of changes in the ICT environment. It is argued that the various education management systems developed, which involve large systems integration challenges, can only succeed if a clustered organisation is developed around it. The concluding chapter considered how the ICTE Cluster Forum could be re-invigorated, given the lessons from the reference case studies. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis fokus op organisatoriese streeksamewerkingsnetwerke. Hierin word daar argumenteer dat in kennis intensiewe sektore in die globale ekonomie sulke samewerkingsnetwerke ‘n sentrale kompeterende faktor is. Om hierdie stelling te bevestig word twee gevallestudies ondersoek, naamlik die KwaZulu-Natal Information and Communications and Electronics Technology (ICTE) groepsforum en ‘n enkele firma, MicroVision Software, wat ‘n lid is van hierdie forum. Die inleidende hoofstuk skets die agtergrond van die globale omvang van samewerkingsnetwerke met die klem op die hoë tegnologie- en kennis- intensiewe sektore. Hoofstuk 2 ondersoek hoe streke wêreldwyd strategieë ontwikkel het om hulle ekonomieë te groei en hulle ekonomiese voordeel te handhaaf in die kennis- ekonomie. Dit word hoofsaaklik beskryf met die hulp van twee gevallestudies wat as verwysingspunt dien vir die latere gevallestudies wat uitgevoer is. Die geval van Humberside Training and Enterprise Council (TEC), ‘n ondersoek van ongeveer 70 organisasies deur Fryer, is ‘n voorbeeld van hoe die beginsels van kompleksiteitsteorie geimplimenteer kan word om ‘n netwerkmodel te vestig wat geskoei is op outonomie, konneksies, terugvoerlusse, en leierskap. Die geval bied ‘n verwysingsraamwerk vir die skep van ‘n vrugbare omgewing vir samewerkende kennisnetwerke. Die platpaneelskerm (Flat Panel Display) industrie navorsing deur Spencer demonsteer die effektiwiteit van suksesvolle streekstrategieë vir uiteenlopende, kennisgebaseerde verspreidingsnetwerke. Spencer se werk illustreer dat alhoewel die meeste platpaneelskerm-navorsing aanvanklik in Amerikaanse laboratoria plaasgevind het, alle skootrekenaars wat na 1989 vervaardig is, vloeikristalskerms (LCD) wat van Asië afkomstig was bevat het. Spencer het bevind dat areas hoogs kompeterend was wanneer kennisgebaseerde verspreidingsnetwerke op sy hoogste digtheidsvlakke was en deur ‘n strategiese sentrum bestuur is. Hoofstuk 3 fokus op die makro gevallestudie van die KZN ICTE groepsforum. Die forum is gestig om kwessies wat geїdentifiseer is in ‘n studie aangevra deur die KZN DEDT aan te spreek. Dié studie het bevind dat alhoewel die elektronika sektor in KZN bestaan uit baie innoverende firmas en bedien is deur bekwame graduandi, het kennisgebaseerde verspreidingsnetwerke feitlik nie bestaan nie. Die studie toon hoe hierdie forum samewerking aangemoedig het, maar tog gefaal het in die meeste van sy doelwitte. Hoofstuk 4 bied ‘n mikro gevallestudie van ‘n spesifieke maatskappy, Microvision Software, wat deel was van die KZN ICTE groepsforum. Dit handel oor die outeur se eie wedervaringe as ‘n entrepreneur en is dus aksie navorsing. Dié gevallestudie belig die kritiese rol wat netwerke gespeel het in die sukses van die projekte wat die maatskappy onderneem het. Dit wys hoe die maatskappy verskillende fases van herontdekking en herposisionering as gevolg van voortdurende verandering in die inligtingstegnologie-landskap ondergaan het. Daar word geargumenteer dat die verskeie opvoedkundige bestuurstelsels ,wat grootskaalse integrasieuitdagings bied, slegs suksesvol kan wees wanneer daar ‘n samewerkingsnetwerk daar rondom gevestig word. Die finale hoofstuk oorweeg die moontlikhede van herlewing en bemagtiging van die ICTE groepsforum.

We carried out a three year (2013-2015) observational campaign at the Danish 1.54-m Telescope at the ESO observatory at La Silla in Chile in which we obtained ~1000 astronomical images in the field of 11 Galactic globular clusters. The selection of these stellar systems was focused mainly on the visibility of the targets and their relevant physical properties available in the catalogues, among them were considered the density, variable stars known, colour-magnitude diagrams, and luminosity. The telescope was equipped with an electron-multiplying CCD (EMCCD) with the aim of taking very short exposure-time images. The camera was configured to take 10 frames per second. Due to this, the brighter stars observed were not affected by saturation, it helped to give higher signal to noise ratio to the fainter stars and, importantly, it minimised the effects of the atmospheric turbulence such as blending between stars in the crowded fields. To produce normal-exposure-time images (minutes) we implemented the shift-and-add technique that also enabled us to produce images with better angular resolution than previously achieved with conventional CCDs on ground-based telescopes, and even enabled us to produce images with angular resolution close to that obtained with space telescopes. The detection of the stars in each of the globular clusters and the photometry was performed via difference image analysis by using the DanDIA pipeline whose procedures and mathematical techniques have been demonstrated to produce high-precision time-series photometry of very crowded stellar regions. We produced time-series photometry for ~15000 stars in the fields observed which were statistically analysed in order to automatically extract variable stars. Our aim is to complete, or improve, the census of the variable star population in the globular clusters. In NGC 6715, we found light curves for 17 previously known variable stars near the edges of our reference image (16 RR Lyrae and 1 semi-regular) and we discovered 67 new variables (30 RR Lyrae, 21 long-period irregular, 3 semi-regular, 1 W Virginis, 1 eclipsing binary, and 11 unclassified). This cluster was particularly interesting because apart from the results obtained, it shows the benefits of using the EMCCD cameras and the shift-and-add technique. It is a cluster studied several times including data obtained with the OGLE survey and also with the Hubble Space Telescope and our discoveries were still new. Our new RR Lyrae star discoveries help confirm that NGC 6715 is of intermediate Oosterhoff type. In the other 10 globular clusters, we obtained light curves for 31 previously known variable stars (3 L, 2 SR, 20 RR Lyrae, 1 SX Phe, 3 cataclysmic variables, 1 EW and 1 NC) and we discovered 30 new variables (16 L, 7 SR, 4 RR Lyrae, 1 SX Phe and 2 NC). In NGC 6093, we analysed the famous case of the 1860 Nova, for which no observations of the Nova in outburst have been made until the present study. Ephemerides and photometric measurements for the variable stars are available in electronic form through the Strasbourg Astronomical Data Centre.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Ciência da Computação, 2007. / Submitted by Luis Felipe Souza (luis_felas@globo.com) on 2009-01-09T13:17:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_2007_JorgeSchtoltz.pdf: 2102171 bytes, checksum: a4bba0ce43d48ec2f9d4854022bc8eb4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Georgia Fernandes(georgia@bce.unb.br) on 2009-03-04T14:38:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_2007_JorgeSchtoltz.pdf: 2102171 bytes, checksum: a4bba0ce43d48ec2f9d4854022bc8eb4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2009-03-04T14:38:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_2007_JorgeSchtoltz.pdf: 2102171 bytes, checksum: a4bba0ce43d48ec2f9d4854022bc8eb4 (MD5) / O escalonamento estático de um programa, representado por um grafo dirigido acíclico de tarefas, em um ambiente multiprocessado, tem o objetivo de minimizar o tempo de conclusão do programa. Apesar das pesquisas nesta área terem obtido heurísticas eficientes, encontrar um escalonamento ótimo é um problema NP - Completo. Clusters de workstations podem ser utilizados no processamento paralelo de programas e devido à complexidade de integração entre os programas, o monitoramento e a simulação são efetuados através de ferramentas que gerenciam o cluster e a execução dos programas paralelos. Dentre as ferramentas analisadas, o PM2P, será utilizado como base de estudo devido ao conhecimento da ferramenta. O objetivo deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento e implementação na ferramenta citada um monitoramento periódico para verificar a disponibilidade das máquinas do cluster e re-escalonar os programas se houver necessidade ou ganho de desempenho. Para testar este monitoramento foram implementados, devido à carência de algoritmos na ferramenta, três algoritmos estáticos voltados para o escalonamento de tarefas que possam ser representados por um GDA (Grafo Dirigido Acíclico). Estes algoritmos funcionam de forma similar, gerando uma lista em ordem topológica das tarefas e àquelas pertencentes ao mesmo nível, portanto, concorrentes entre si, são ordenadas pelo maior ou menor tempo de execução. As tarefas são distribuídas de acordo com a disponibilidade das máquinas no cluster e o objetivo do algoritmo de escalonamento é manter o makespan gerado igual ao tempo do caminho crítico do grafo. Os resultados dos testes, as conclusões sobre o monitoramento e re-escalonamento serão demonstradas através de tabelas e mapas de Gantt para facilitar a visualização e o entendimento. Foram testados conjuntos de tarefas distintas que representam aplicações exemplo. Foi observado que aplicações rápidas, que finalizam sua execução concomitante ou logo após o tempo gasto para verificar a disponibilidade das máquinas no cluster, o monitoramento e o reescalonamento não são necessários e neste caso é recomendável o reinício da aplicação. Ao contrário, aplicações que demandam mais tempo para sua execução, o monitoramento e o re-início de algum programa no caso de indisponibilidade de uma máquina são importantes, uma vez que a aplicação continua sua execução com a nova arquitetura de máquinas, a partir do ponto de detecção da falha. Apesar do custo adicional para execução da atividade, conclui-se que há vantagens em se ter um cluster monitorado quando da execução dos programas paralelos utilizando a biblioteca MPI. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Static scheduling of a program represented by a directed acyclic graph task on a multiprocessor environment to minimize the program completion time is the goal. It is a wellknown problem of concurrent processing. Although the researches in this area already have reached heuristic efficient to find an optimal scheduling is a NP-Complete problem. The Cluster of Workstations can be used to the parallel processing of programs and due to the program interaction complexity, the monitoring and the simulation are made through frameworks that manage the cluster and the parallel program execution. Among the frameworks analyzed, the framework PM2P, will be used as the base study. The objective of this work is the development and implements a periodic monitoring to verify the machines availability at the cluster and rescheduling the programs whether is necessary or to improve the performance. It has been implemented, to test this periodic monitoring due to the framework algorithms lack new three static algorithms toward the scheduling of programs of tasks that could be represented by DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph). These three algorithms working in a similar way, each one create a topological order list of the tasks and they scheduling the tasks that belongs at the same level of the graph and ordering these tasks by the bigger or smaller execution time criteria. The tasks are sorted and distributed through the cluster machines in accordance with the availability of them. The scheduling goal is getting the graph makespan like the critical path time. The tests results, monitoring conclusions and the scheduling algorithms proposals will be demonstrated with tables and Gantt charts to a best exhibition and comprehension. The tests were over sets of different tasks that representing some real application. It was observed that applications with small execution time finish their at the same time or as soon as the framework check the cluster machines availability. In these cases are not necessary to rescheduling the applications and is recommended restart them. By the other hand, applications with big execution time, the programs monitoring and the restart of some program is important if any machine become unavailability. So, the application continues this execution at the restart point using the other workstations. Nevertheless the additional monitoring overhead, the conclusions show that exist advantages of monitoring the cluster when are executing a parallel programs using the MPI library with a big execution time.

Esta tese tem como objetivo principal analisar o impacto dos recursos existentes clusters vitivinícolas na internacionalização das empresas. O argumento teórico em que se baseia este trabalho é de que o pertencimento a clusters possibilita o acesso a recursos, que influenciam o processo de internacionalização das firmas. Especificamente no setor vitivinícola, diante de uma crescente globalização do mercado, observa-se também uma forte preocupação com a valorização e o fortalecimento da região de origem das vinícolas para a agregação de valor ao produto e a obtenção de um diferencial competitivo junto ao consumidor final. Ressalta-se ainda que, nesse setor, a região de origem pode ser um indicativo de qualidade e um elemento importante no processo decisório de compra do consumidor. Este contexto reforça a necessidade de uma análise dos recursos ligados às aglomerações geográficas e a influência que estes podem exercer na internacionalização das empresas. Esta pesquisa abrange dois estudos no setor vitivinícola, realizados no Brasil e na França de julho de 2009 a junho de 2010. O primeiro, de natureza qualitativa, visou a uma contextualização do setor vitivinícola mundial e nos países investigados. Também se conduziu um estudo de múltiplos casos em seis vinícolas com atuação internacional, sendo três francesas localizadas no cluster da Provence e três brasileiras situadas no cluster da Serra Gaúcha. O estudo quantitativo na França abrange 130 vinícolas localizadas em clusters diferentes, sendo 50 em Languedoc, 21 na Provence, 33 no Vallée du Rhône e 26 de outros clusters franceses. No Brasil, a amostra foi formada por 18 vinícolas, que correspondem à população de vinícolas com atuação internacional pertencentes ao cluster da Serra Gaúcha em 2010. No estudo qualitativo, as evidências confirmaram que os recursos compartilhados e desenvolvidos no âmbito do cluster podem influenciar a internacionalização das vinícolas. Nesse sentido, nos casos brasileiros destacou-se o recurso “relações de cooperação horizontais”, enquanto nos casos franceses predominou a influência da “reputação da região”. Na elaboração de uma estratégia de internacionalização coletiva para as empresas do cluster, identificou-se a importância da governança do cluster no desenvolvimento e implementação desta estratégia. O estudo quantitativo no Brasil apresenta uma análise estatística descritiva do processo de internacionalização das vinícolas exportadoras. Na França, além da análise descritiva, procedeu-se uma análise fatorial dos recursos e o teste das quatro hipóteses de pesquisa propostas. Constatou-se que as empresas localizadas em diferentes clusters apresentaram um desempenho exportador diferente, bem como identificou-se que os recursos do cluster ligados ao fator “terroir e instituições” são percebidos de maneira diferente pelas empresas pertencentes a clusters diferentes. Entretanto, rejeitou-se a hipótese de que empresas com desempenho exportador inferior perceberão os recursos do cluster como mais importantes do que os recursos singulares para a internacionalização da empresa. Também se verificou que as empresas com desempenho exportador superior percebem os recursos singulares ligados ao fator “comercial” como mais importantes do que as empresas de desempenho exportador inferior. Considerando o tempo de internacionalização, os resultados indicam que as empresas com menor tempo de atuação internacional consideram os recursos singulares mais importantes do que os recursos do cluster, enquanto as com maior tempo de internacionalização percebem os recursos do cluster como mais importantes do que os singulares. Os resultados também indicam que recursos do país, como a reputação, podem trazer ma vantagem competitiva no processo de internacionalização das empresas, sendo esse efeito de maior relevância em setores como o vitivinícola. Novas pesquisas poderão se aprofundar no impacto desses recursos no desempenho e na internacionalização das empresas. / This thesis aims to analyse the effects of existing resources related to wine clusters towards the internationalisation process in the wine industry. This work is based on the assumption that ‘belonging to clusters’ facilitates access to resources that influence the internationalisation process. Notably, there is a growing concern over the importance of the region where the companies are based in order to increase the product’s value and achieve competitive potential. It is also worth noting that the ‘region of origin’ may indicate the level of wine quality and thus determine the consumers’ choice. As such, this shows the need to analyse the resources associated with the region and their effects towards the internatiolisation process within the wine industry. This investigation was conducted in Brazil and France from July 2009 to June 2010. The first part of this research is qualitative and addressed generally the international wine industry, and particularly the Brazilian and French contexts. This qualitative study include a multiple case study that involved six wineries with international operation: (i) three companies based in ‘Serra Gaúcha,’ Brazil; and (ii) three companies based in ‘Provence,’ France. The second part of this research is survey conducted in France and Brazil.. In France, this survey included 130 wineries located in different geographical clusters (50 in ‘Languedoc,’ 21 in ‘Provence,’ 33 in ‘Vallée du Rhône’ and 26 amongst other French clusters). In Brazil, the investigation included 18 wineries. The qualitative study showed that the resources shared within the geographical cluster may influence the internationalisation process of wineries. Notably, the resource ‘horizontal cooperation relationships’ predominated in the Brazilian cases, whereas the resource ‘geographical region reputation’ predominated in the French context. In addition to this, the governance of cluster proved to be an important element for the strategy of the internationalisation process. The Brazilian survey includes an statistical analysis, whereas the French survey includes not only an statistical analysis but also hypothesis testing. The analysis showed that companies located in different clusters presented different export performance. In addition, clusters´ resources (eg ‘terroir' and ‘institutions’) are perceived differently in different clusters. Further, companies with superior export performance perceived the ‘singular resources’ associated with the commercial factor as more important than companies with inferior export performance. None the less, the hypothesis that companies, with inferior export performance perceive the resources of the cluster as more important than ‘singular resources’ was not confirmed. The results indicated that national resources (eg ‘reputation’) may lead to competitive advantage within the internationalisation process. Further research may explore the impact of these resources towards the performance and internationalisation process of wineries.

A indústria de software tem características peculiares, seu produto é imaterial, seu caracter é pervasivo e necessita de mão-de-obra bastante específica, mesmo assim sua indústria se concentra em aglomerações produtivas, muitas em locais sem tradição na indústria tecnológica. Este trabalho tem como propósito inicial investigar a aglomeração de empresas de software que caracterizam estes polos produtivos. Para isso foram pesquisados aglomerações de empresas de software no estado de Santa Catarina. Seguindo a metodologia proposta por Paul Krugman foram localizados 5 polos de software nas cidades de Blumenau, Chapecó, Criciúma, Florianópolis e Joinville. Nestes locais buscou-se os fatores relacionados ao surgimento das primeiras empresas e procurou-se por associações de representação da indústria e empresários pioneiros aos quais foram questionadas variáveis relacionadas a emergência destes polos. A questão da aglomeração das indústrias foi vista considerando elementos da emergência que, entre outras características, apresenta as aglomerações como consequência das micro interações entre os atores que geram um comportamento macro e visível. Levou-se em consideração também questões estruturais relacionadas principalmente a governo, indústria e universidade e suas influências nos processos de consolidação destes polos. O estudo identificou que os primeiros polos tiveram grande parte do seu sucesso relacionado a micro interações entre os atores a partir de empresas pioneiras enquanto que em polos mais novos a importância da Universidade e do fomento governamental foram fundamentais. / The software industry has unique characteristics, her product is immaterial, her character is pervasive and requires rather specific workforce, yet the industry concentrates on productive clusters, many in places with no tradition in the technology industry. This paper aims to investigate the agglomeration of software companies that characterize these production clusters. For this purpose agglomerations of software companies in the state of Santa Catarina were researched. Following the methodology proposed by Paul Krugman five software centers were located in the cities of Blumenau, Chapecó, Criciúma, Florianópolis and Joinville. In these clusters we sought factors related to the appearance of the first companies and look for representation associations, the industry pioneers and entrepreneurs who have been questioned variables related to the emergence of these clusters. The issue of agglomeration of industries was seen considering elements of emergency, that among other characteristics, presents the clusters as a result of micro interactions between the actors that generate a macro and visible behavior. It was taken into consideration also structural issues related primarily to government, industry and university and its influence on the processes of consolidation of these clusters. The study identified that the first’s clusters had much of its success related to micro interactions between the actors from the pioneers at the poles while in the younger clusters the importance of University and government were fundamental.

Macrossomia fetal significa feto grande ou com sobrepeso, mais recentemente chamado de recém-nascido grande para idade gestacional. Diversos fatores afetam a distribuição do peso corporal fetal tais como a idade gestacional, tamanho materno, hereditariedade, estado socioeconômico, origem étnica entre tantos outros. Conseqüentemente, observa-se uma morbidade aumentada nesta situação. A tendência temporal da macrossomia foi avaliada em estudos realizados em outros países e mostrou aumento gradativo de sua prevalência, além de uma distribuição geográfica heterogênea. Objetivos: Avaliar a tendência temporal da macrossomia fetal em todo território brasileiro considerando fatores determinantes reconhecidamente responsáveis por interferirem no peso dos recém-nascidos. Mapear e identificar conglomerados de macrossomia fetal no território brasileiro e fatores espacialmente correlacionados.Para investigação da tendência temporal foram realizados levantamentos descritivos sobre 14.509.859 declarações de nascidos vivos do Sistema Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) de 26 Unidades da Federação mais o Distrito Federal. As estatísticas descritivas foram apresentas sob a forma de tabelas para freqüências absolutas e relativas, médias aritméticas e descrições geométricas através de gráficos. Dados de 2.858.627 declarações de nascidos vivos do Sistema Informação sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) do ano de 2004 foram usados para realizar a parte da pesquisa sobre análise geográfica. A estatística espacial foi a metodologia utilizada para testar a presença de conglomerados e identificar sua localização aproximada. A contextualização geográfica espacial foi feita com o modelo Conditional Auto Regressive (CAR) sobre o mapa do Brasil desagregado em microrregiões. A prevalência geral da macrossomia entre 2000 e 2004 foi de 5,4%, iniciando com 6,0 % no ano 2000 e terminando com 5,1 % em 2004. A tendênciatemporal do percentual de macrossomia diminuiu ao longo dos anos, entretanto, o percentual de cesariana mostrou crescimento gradativo entre os estratos de peso de recém-nascidos. As demais variáveis estudadas foram percentuais de pós-termo, mãe adolescente, grau de instrução inferior, situação conjugal, cor da pele e consulta de prénatal infreqüente que mostraram redução gradativa a cada ano entre os estratos de peso dos recém-nascidos. Análises espaciais de 558 microrregiões brasileiras com os dados do SINASC de 2004 mostraram que o índice global de Moran do percentual de macrossomia fetal foi de 0,40. Foram identificados conglomerados de microrregiões com altos percentuais de macrossomia relacionadas com vizinhos de altos percentuais nas regiões norte-nordeste do país, entretanto os conglomerados de baixos percentuais foram encontrados nas regiões sul-sudeste. O modelo final da regressão comprovou a presença de dependência espacial do percentual de macrossomia com as variáveis percentuais de cesariana e grau de instrução inferior mantidas no modelo. A estratégia de especificação clássica foi usada para seleção do modelo final, indicando o modelo de erro espacial para verificação da autocorrelação espacial nos termos de erros. Conclusão: A tendência temporal da macrossomia no Brasil está em declínio, acompanhando tendências favoráveis em vários indicadores de saúde materno-infantil. No entanto, houve aumento de 10% no percentual de cesariana e de 6% no percentual de microssomia no período estudado. Conglomerados geográficos de macrossomia com dependência espacial foram caracterizados nas microrregiões brasileiras com percentuais de cesarianas e grau de instrução inferior contribuindo de forma significativa para este relacionamento espacial. / Fetal macrosomia means large or overweight fetus, more recently called large for gestational age. The birth weight is affected by many conditions such as gestational age, maternal size, hereditary factors, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity among others. Consequently, an increased morbidity is observed in this situation. The macrosomia temporal trend was investigated in studies conducted in other countries and showed gradual increased prevalence with a heterogeneous geographic distribution. Objectives: To evaluate the temporal trends of fetal macrosomia in the Brazilian territory considering the well known determinants that affect birth weight. To map and identify clusters of macrosomia in the Brazilian territory and its spatial correlation factors. Methods: Descriptive data of 14.509.859 birth registries were collected in the Brazilian Live Births Information System from 26 states and the Federal District. Statistics were shown in tables for absolute and relative frequencies, arithmetic means and graphics for geometric descriptions. Data of 2.858.627 birth registries from 2004 were used for the geographic analysis. Spatial statistics methodology was used to identify the clusters and their approximate location. The geographic contextualization was performed with Conditional Auto Regressive (CAR) model over disaggregated map of Brazilian microregions. Macrosomia overall prevalence was 5.4% starting with 6.0% in 2000 and finishing with 5.1% in 2004. The temporal trends of macrossomia percentage decreased during the study period, however, the cesarean percentage increased gradually over the birth weight stratus. The reminded studied variables, post-term delivery percentage, adolescent pregnancy, less than a full elementary education, married status, skim color and infrequent pre-natal care visits shown annual reduction over the birth weightstratus. SINASC 2004 spatial analysis of 558 Brazilian micro regions displayed macrosomia Moran’s I percentage of 0.40. Clusters of high percentage macrosomia micro-regions related to high percentage neighbors were identified in the northnortheast regions of the country, although clusters with low percentage were located in the south-southeast regions. The final regression model showed spatial dependence of macrosomia percentage maintaining cesarean and education variables in the model. The spatial error model was indicated to test the spatial autocorrelation in the terms of error in the final model using the classical specification strategy.The Brazilian macrosomia temporal trend is decreasing accompanied by favorable tendencies in nearly all maternal-infant health indicators, but an increase of 10% in the cesarean percentage and of 6% in microsomia was observed during the study period. Geographic macrosomia clusters with spatial dependence were characterized in the Brazilian micro regions with percentages of cesarean and less than a full elementary education significantly affecting this spatial relationship.