Submitted by MARIANA PIATTO BERTON null (mapberton@gmail.com) on 2017-08-30T18:09:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 merged (1).pdf: 1918881 bytes, checksum: 61d779cd34fb3b01057ec32e78aa948d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-08-30T18:32:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 berton_mp_dr_jabo.pdf: 1918881 bytes, checksum: 61d779cd34fb3b01057ec32e78aa948d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-30T18:32:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 berton_mp_dr_jabo.pdf: 1918881 bytes, checksum: 61d779cd34fb3b01057ec32e78aa948d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este estudo propôs avaliar uma outra forma de detecção de variações estruturais no genoma bovino, as variações no número de cópias CNVs, e sua associação com características de qualidade de carne. O capitulo 1 aborda considerações gerais e revisão de literatura das características de qualidade da carne e de sua inclusão em estudos genômicos, bem como a utilização das variações do número de cópias em estudos de associação com características de interesse econômico para a agropecuária brasileira. O capítulo 2 teve como objetivo explorar diferentes softwares para avaliar diferenças na detecção de CNVs em uma população de bovinos da raça Nelore. A diferença metodológica entre os softwares pode ser a causa da diferença de CNVR detectados em ambos os métodos. Os grupos funcionais enriquecidos significativos foram relacionados a funções de ligações de ATP, bem como estruturas das membranas celulares e resposta do sistema imunológico. A presença de genes do tipo LOC também é bastante interessante, pois estes são genes os quais ainda não foram confirmadas sua função biológica, necessitando de mais estudos para a determinação da mesma. O estudo de diferentes algoritmos na detecção de CNVRs pode divergir dependendo das plataformas e metodologias aplicadas em cada software, como foi observado no presente estudo. A sobreposição dos mesmos nos fornece maior confiabilidade na detecção de regiões de CNVs. O capítulo 3 propôs identificar regiões no genoma de bovinos da raça Nelore que apresentam variações no número de cópias (CNV: Copy Number Variation) e estudar a associação genética entre os CNVs com características quantitativas e qualitativas da carne. O enriquecimento de genes das regiões de CNV revelaram processos biológicos que podem estar envolvidos na qualidade de carne. Várias regiões genômicas foram associadas à QTL relacionadas à deposição de gordura (FABP7) e contração muscular (SLC34A3, TRDN), matriz extracelulares (INS e COL10A1), bem como genes transportadores de creatina (SLC6A18 e SLC6A19) foram identificadas, além das respectivas vias metabólicas. Estas devem contribuir para consolidar características que quando agregadas às informações genômicas, poderão auxiliar a seleção de Nelore (Bos indicus) em relação à qualidade da carne. Além disso, as CNVRs podem ser usadas como ferramenta auxiliar em futuros estudos de GWAS, cuja principal função é procurar mutações causadoras informativas, que vão auxiliar o melhor entendimento dos mecanismos de ação e a fisiologia de características importantes. A sobreposição de CNVs com SNPs aumenta as chances de encontrar regiões mais confiáveis para a detecção de QTLs relacionados com características de interesse. Uma vez detectadas as CNVRs podem ser inseridos em chips personalizados de baixa densidade permitem avaliação genética rentável e acessível para os criadores. / The aim of this study was to evaluate another way to detect structural variations in bovine genome, the variations in CNVs number of copies and its association with meat quality traits. Chapter 1 addresses general considerations and literature review of meat quality traits and their inclusion in genomic studies, as well as the use of variations in the number of copies in association studies with characteristics of economic interest for Brazilian agribusiness. Chapter 2 aimed to explore different softwares to evaluate differences in the detection of CNVs in a population of Nellore cattle. The difference in methodologies between the softwares can be the cause of the difference in CNVR detected in both methods. Significant enriched functional groups were related to ATP binding functions, as well as cell membrane structures and immune system response. The presence of genes of the LOC type is also very interesting, since the biological function of these genes have not been confirmed yet, requiring further studies to determine the same. The study of different algorithms in CNVRs detection can differ depending on the applied platforms and methodologies in each software, as it was observed in this study. The overlaps can provide more reliability in the detection of CNVs regions. Chapter 3 proposed to identify genome regions of Nellore cattle that presented variations in the number of copies (CNV: copy number variation) and to study the genetic association of CNVs with quantitative and qualitative traits in meat. The enrichment of CNV regions genes revealed biological processes which can be involved in meat quality. Several genomic regions were associated with QTL related to fat deposition (FABP7) and muscle contraction (SLC34A3, TRDN), extracellular matrix (INS and COL10A1), as well as creatine transporter genes (SLC6A18 and SLC6A19) were identified, in addition to their respective metabolic pathways. These regions should contribute to consolidate characteristics that when added to genomic information may help the selection of Nellore animals (Bos indicus) for meat quality. Furthermore, CNVRs can be used as an auxiliary tool in further GWAS studies, which will help to better understand the mechanisms of action and the physiology of important traits. The overlap of CNVs with SNPs increases the chances of finding more reliable regions to the detection of QTLs related to traits of interest. Once detected, the CNVRs can be inserted in low-density customized chips allowing cost-effect and affordable genetic evaluation for farmers.

L’hypertension artérielle essentielle (HTA) est une pathologie complexe, multifactorielle et à forte composante génétique. L’impact de la variabilité dans le nombre de copies sur l’HTA est encore peu connu. Nous envisagions que des variants dans le nombre de copies (CNVs) communs pourraient augmenter ou diminuer le risque pour l’HTA. Nous avons exploré cette hypothèse en réalisant des associations pangénomiques de CNVs avec l’HTA et avec l’HTA et le diabète de type 2 (DT2), chez 21 familles du Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean (SLSJ) caractérisées par un développement précoce de l’HTA et de la dyslipidémie. Pour la réplication, nous disposions, d’une part, de 3349 sujets diabétiques de la cohorte ADVANCE sélectionnés pour des complications vasculaires. D’autre part, de 187 sujets de la cohorte Tchèque Post-MONICA (CTPM), choisis selon la présence/absence d’albuminurie et/ou de syndrome métabolique. Finalement, 134 sujets de la cohorte CARTaGENE ont été analysés pour la validation fonctionnelle. Nous avons détecté deux nouveaux loci, régions de CNVs (CNVRs) à effets quantitatifs sur 17q21.31, associés à l’hypertension et au DT2 chez les sujets SLSJ et associés à l’hypertension chez les diabétiques ADVANCE. Un modèle statistique incluant les deux variants a permis de souligner le rôle essentiel du locus CNVR1 sur l’insulino-résistance, la précocité et la durée du diabète, ainsi que sur le risque cardiovasculaire. CNVR1 régule l’expression du pseudogène LOC644172 dont le dosage est associé à la prévalence de l’HTA, du DT2 et plus particulièrement au risque cardiovasculaire et à l’âge vasculaire (P<2×10-16). Nos résultats suggèrent que les porteurs de la duplication au locus CNVR1 développent précocement une anomalie de la fonction bêta pancréatique et de l’insulino-résistance, dues à un dosage élevé de LOC644172 qui perturberait, en retour, la régulation du gène paralogue fonctionnel, MAPK8IP1. Nous avons également avons identifié six CNVRs hautement hérités et associés à l'HTA chez les sujets SLSJ. Le score des effets combinés de ces CNVRs est apparu positivement et étroitement relié à la prévalence de l’HTA (P=2×10-10) et à l’âge de diagnostic de l’HTA. Dans la population SLSJ, le score des effets combinés présente une statistique C, pour l’HTA, de 0.71 et apparaît aussi performant que le score de risque Framingham pour la prédiction de l’HTA chez les moins de 25 ans. Un seul nouveau locus de CNVR sur 19q13.12, où la délétion est associée à un risque pour l’HTA, a été confirmé chez les Caucasiens CTPM. Ce CNVR englobe le gène FFAR3. Chez la souris, il a été démontré que l’action hypotensive du propionate est en partie médiée par Ffar3, à travers une interférence entre la flore intestinale et les systèmes cardiovasculaire et rénal. Les CNVRs identifiées dans cette étude, affectent des gènes ou sont localisées dans des QTLs reliés majoritairement aux réponses inflammatoires et immunitaires, au système rénal ainsi qu’aux lésions/réparations rénales ou à la spéciation. Cette étude suggère que l’étiologie de l’HTA ou de l’HTA associée au DT2 est affectée par des effets additifs ou interactifs de CNVRs. / Essential hypertension (HT) is a multifactorial complex disease with a strong genetic component. However, little is known about the effects of copy number variance on HT. We hypothesized common Copy Number Variants (CNVs) could increase or decrease the risk for HT. We performed GWAS of CNVs with HT and, with HT and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), in 21 families of the Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean region of Quebec (FC) affected by early-onset hypertension and dyslipidemia. Replication was tested in a cohort of 3349 unrelated diabetic subjects of Caucasian origin from the ADVANCE trial. Replication was also tested in 187 individuals from the Czech Post-Monica (CPM) cross-sectional survey, ascertained by the presence/absence of albuminuria and/or metabolic syndrome. We performed locus-specific transcriptional analyses in 134 subjects from the CARTaGENE population cohort. We identified two CNV Regions (CNVRs), at 17q21.31, associated with HT and T2D in FC and associated with hypertension in ADVANCE diabetics. A statistical model of association including both CNVRs underlined the main effect size of CNVR1 on insulin resistance, T2D early onset and duration, and risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). CNVR1 appeared to influence LOC644172 expression, whose transcript abundance was associated with the prevalence of HT and T2D, and strongly with the risk of CVD and vascular age (P<2×10-16). Our results suggest carriers of copy-number gain at these 17q21.31 loci, principally at the CNVR1 locus, undergo premature β-cell functional deregulation and insulin resistance, due to increase dosage of the LOC644172 pseudogene, which might in turn affect the regulation of expression of its functional paralog, MAPK8IP1. We also report six different CNVR loci, highly heritable and contributing to the risk of hypertension, in French Canadians. The combined CNV risk score appeared robustly related to prevalence of hypertension (p=2×10-10) and age at diagnosis of hypertension. In FC, this combined CNV risk score model showed a C-statistic of 0.71 for HT and appeared as powerful as Framingham HT risk score in predicting hypertension in individuals aged less than 25. We validated the association of a new locus, 19q13.12 deletion-CNVR, with hypertension, in CPM. FFAR3 surrounds this 19q13.12 deletion-CNVR. It has been demonstrated that in mice, a portion of propionate hypotensive effect is mediated by Ffar3, and involves a cross-talk between the gut microbiota and the renal-cardiovascular system. The identified CNVRs appear to influence genes and QTLs mainly related to immune and inflammatory responses and renal damaged and repair. Some CNVRs are exclusive to primates. This study suggests that additive and interactive actions of multiple copy-number variants are involved in the etiology of hypertension or of hypertension associated with T2D.

L’hypertension artérielle essentielle (HTA) est une pathologie complexe, multifactorielle et à forte composante génétique. L’impact de la variabilité dans le nombre de copies sur l’HTA est encore peu connu. Nous envisagions que des variants dans le nombre de copies (CNVs) communs pourraient augmenter ou diminuer le risque pour l’HTA. Nous avons exploré cette hypothèse en réalisant des associations pangénomiques de CNVs avec l’HTA et avec l’HTA et le diabète de type 2 (DT2), chez 21 familles du Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean (SLSJ) caractérisées par un développement précoce de l’HTA et de la dyslipidémie. Pour la réplication, nous disposions, d’une part, de 3349 sujets diabétiques de la cohorte ADVANCE sélectionnés pour des complications vasculaires. D’autre part, de 187 sujets de la cohorte Tchèque Post-MONICA (CTPM), choisis selon la présence/absence d’albuminurie et/ou de syndrome métabolique. Finalement, 134 sujets de la cohorte CARTaGENE ont été analysés pour la validation fonctionnelle. Nous avons détecté deux nouveaux loci, régions de CNVs (CNVRs) à effets quantitatifs sur 17q21.31, associés à l’hypertension et au DT2 chez les sujets SLSJ et associés à l’hypertension chez les diabétiques ADVANCE. Un modèle statistique incluant les deux variants a permis de souligner le rôle essentiel du locus CNVR1 sur l’insulino-résistance, la précocité et la durée du diabète, ainsi que sur le risque cardiovasculaire. CNVR1 régule l’expression du pseudogène LOC644172 dont le dosage est associé à la prévalence de l’HTA, du DT2 et plus particulièrement au risque cardiovasculaire et à l’âge vasculaire (P<2×10-16). Nos résultats suggèrent que les porteurs de la duplication au locus CNVR1 développent précocement une anomalie de la fonction bêta pancréatique et de l’insulino-résistance, dues à un dosage élevé de LOC644172 qui perturberait, en retour, la régulation du gène paralogue fonctionnel, MAPK8IP1. Nous avons également avons identifié six CNVRs hautement hérités et associés à l'HTA chez les sujets SLSJ. Le score des effets combinés de ces CNVRs est apparu positivement et étroitement relié à la prévalence de l’HTA (P=2×10-10) et à l’âge de diagnostic de l’HTA. Dans la population SLSJ, le score des effets combinés présente une statistique C, pour l’HTA, de 0.71 et apparaît aussi performant que le score de risque Framingham pour la prédiction de l’HTA chez les moins de 25 ans. Un seul nouveau locus de CNVR sur 19q13.12, où la délétion est associée à un risque pour l’HTA, a été confirmé chez les Caucasiens CTPM. Ce CNVR englobe le gène FFAR3. Chez la souris, il a été démontré que l’action hypotensive du propionate est en partie médiée par Ffar3, à travers une interférence entre la flore intestinale et les systèmes cardiovasculaire et rénal. Les CNVRs identifiées dans cette étude, affectent des gènes ou sont localisées dans des QTLs reliés majoritairement aux réponses inflammatoires et immunitaires, au système rénal ainsi qu’aux lésions/réparations rénales ou à la spéciation. Cette étude suggère que l’étiologie de l’HTA ou de l’HTA associée au DT2 est affectée par des effets additifs ou interactifs de CNVRs. / Essential hypertension (HT) is a multifactorial complex disease with a strong genetic component. However, little is known about the effects of copy number variance on HT. We hypothesized common Copy Number Variants (CNVs) could increase or decrease the risk for HT. We performed GWAS of CNVs with HT and, with HT and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), in 21 families of the Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean region of Quebec (FC) affected by early-onset hypertension and dyslipidemia. Replication was tested in a cohort of 3349 unrelated diabetic subjects of Caucasian origin from the ADVANCE trial. Replication was also tested in 187 individuals from the Czech Post-Monica (CPM) cross-sectional survey, ascertained by the presence/absence of albuminuria and/or metabolic syndrome. We performed locus-specific transcriptional analyses in 134 subjects from the CARTaGENE population cohort. We identified two CNV Regions (CNVRs), at 17q21.31, associated with HT and T2D in FC and associated with hypertension in ADVANCE diabetics. A statistical model of association including both CNVRs underlined the main effect size of CNVR1 on insulin resistance, T2D early onset and duration, and risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). CNVR1 appeared to influence LOC644172 expression, whose transcript abundance was associated with the prevalence of HT and T2D, and strongly with the risk of CVD and vascular age (P<2×10-16). Our results suggest carriers of copy-number gain at these 17q21.31 loci, principally at the CNVR1 locus, undergo premature β-cell functional deregulation and insulin resistance, due to increase dosage of the LOC644172 pseudogene, which might in turn affect the regulation of expression of its functional paralog, MAPK8IP1. We also report six different CNVR loci, highly heritable and contributing to the risk of hypertension, in French Canadians. The combined CNV risk score appeared robustly related to prevalence of hypertension (p=2×10-10) and age at diagnosis of hypertension. In FC, this combined CNV risk score model showed a C-statistic of 0.71 for HT and appeared as powerful as Framingham HT risk score in predicting hypertension in individuals aged less than 25. We validated the association of a new locus, 19q13.12 deletion-CNVR, with hypertension, in CPM. FFAR3 surrounds this 19q13.12 deletion-CNVR. It has been demonstrated that in mice, a portion of propionate hypotensive effect is mediated by Ffar3, and involves a cross-talk between the gut microbiota and the renal-cardiovascular system. The identified CNVRs appear to influence genes and QTLs mainly related to immune and inflammatory responses and renal damaged and repair. Some CNVRs are exclusive to primates. This study suggests that additive and interactive actions of multiple copy-number variants are involved in the etiology of hypertension or of hypertension associated with T2D.