La réussite surprenante du Pérou sur le marché international du café dans un contexte adverse résulte de deux principaux phénomènes : le changement de modèle économique national et la capacité des acteurs péruviens centrer leur stratégie sur la qualité. La réapparition d’un modèle de croissance extravertie à partir des années 1990 a stimulé les activités agricoles d’exportation, au premier rang desquelles figure l’activité caféière. Sur les marchés internationaux, de nouvelles tendances révélatrices d’une conception postmoderne de la qualité émergent et offrent aux acteurs des pays producteurs de nouvelles possibilités de valorisation. Ainsi au Pérou deux stratégies sont adoptées : la domination par les coûts et la différenciation spécialisée. Dans les deux cas la qualité fut placée au centre des stratégies de positionnement. D’un part, Les firmes de négoce ont progressivement améliorée de la qualité normative du café exporté afin d’augmenter le prix moyen de leurs exportations. D’autre part, les organisations de producteurs ont privilégié la commercialisation de cafés équitable et biologique, synonymes de qualité postmoderne. Avec plus du quart de son café exporté en tant que café différencié, le Pérou se retrouve aujourd’hui le premier exportateur mondial de café biologique et l’un des principaux fournisseurs de café équitable. / The amazing Peruvian success on the international coffee market in a difficult context is the result of a change of economic national model and the capacity of the agents to promote a greater quality in their strategies. The return of an extraverti economic growth model since 1990 stimulated export agriculture activities, and particulary the coffee business. New tendancies on the international markets, which are the proof of a postmodern quality conception, appear and contribute to create new possibilities of valorisation. In Peru, the coffee branch has been splited and two different policies had been set up: the cost domination and the specialized differenciation. In both ways, quality is the center of their strategies. Trade firms promote a greater normative quality of their exported coffee in order to increase their benefits. Producers Organisations foster commercialisation of fair trade and organic coffee, symbolizing the introduction of a postmodern quality in their policies. Peru is now the first international producer of organic coffee and one of the major suppliers of fair trade coffee.

Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons utilisé deux modèles mathématiques complémentaires pour simuler le comportement futur des plantations de café sous conditions actuelles ainsi que sous changements climatiques (1979 -2100). Nous avons étudié leurs bilans de carbone, d'eau et d'énergie pour mieux comprendre et prévoir les effets des changements sur la production de café. Comparativement à une plantation en plein soleil, l'ajout d'arbres d'ombrage au dessus des caféiers pourrait permettre d'augmenter les rendements lorsque la température augmente. Cependant, les rendements en grain de caféiers à l'horizon 2100 sont prédits inférieurs aux rendements actuels quelle que soit l'espèce d'arbres d'ombrage ou sa gestion. / In this thesis, we used two complementary mathematical models to simulate the future behavior of coffee plantations under climate change (1979 - 2100). We studied their carbon, water, and energy balances to better understand and predict the effects of these changes on coffee production. The addition of shade trees above the coffee layer leadto higher yield compared to full sun management under increased temperature.However, coffee yield was predicted to decrease compared to current levels by 2100,whatever the shade tree species or management.

La Pyrale du Café, Prophantis smaragdina Butler (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae), est un ravageur des cultures de café présent en Afrique subsaharienne. A La Réunion, P. smaragdina est le principal insecte ravageur de la culture du caféier ‘Bourbon Pointu’, café de haute qualité reconnu à l'échelle internationale. Le plan gouvernemental ECOPHYTO, ajouté aux enjeux environnementaux, contraignent les producteurs de café à réduire l'utilisation de pesticides qui est la seule solution efficace actuelle contre P. smaragdina. Cette thèse a été entreprise afin d'améliorer nos connaissances sur la bio-écologie et l'écologie chimique de P. smaragdina afin de développer une méthode de lutte biologique contre cet insecte. L'étude de la biologie a montré que la population de P. smaragdina était la plus importante au début de la période de fructification c'est-à-dire en janvier. Une corrélation positive entre la température et la densité de population a été montrée. Quatre parasitoïdes de P. smaragdina ont été identifiés à La Réunion. Parmi eux, Pristomerus rivier (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) est révélé comme parasitoïde candidat pour une éventuelle lutte contre P. smaragdina par l'utilisation d’ennemis naturels. Les observations du comportement d’accouplement ont montré que, comme la plupart des lépidoptères hétérocères, la femelle attirait le mâle par l'émission d'une phéromone sexuelle. Quatre molécules suspectés de composer la phéromone femelle ont été identifiées par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplé à la spectrométrie de masse (GC/MS). Les tests d'électroantennographie (EAG) ont montré que le composé majoritaire identifié induisait une réponse significative des antennes mâles, le faisant candidat pour être le composé majoritaire de la phéromone femelle de P. smaragdina. Les tests de piégeage au champ avec les composés identifiés n'ont, jusque-là, pas entrainé de captures, probablement à cause d’un composé mineur manquant ou d'un mauvais ratio de composés dans les pièges. Il est suggéré que le mâle P. smaragdina émet une phéromone pendant le comportement de cour. L'analyse GC/MS des composés volatiles de pinceaux androconiaux des mâles a mis en évidence cinq composés aromatiques. Les tests EAG des composés identifiés sur les antennes des mâles et des femelles suggèrent que le créosol pourrait jouer un rôle sur les comportements du mâle et de la femelle. / The Coffee berry moth, Prophantis smaragdina (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae) is an important pest of coffee mainly recorded in sub-Saharan Africa. In Reunion Island, P. smaragdina is the only insect pest of coffee. P. smaragdina larvae, by eating coffee cherry albumen, cause major yield losses in ‘Bourbon Pointu’ (BP) production, which is a high value-added and internationally known coffee. Governmental ECOPHYTO plan, added to environmental concerns, constrain coffee farmers to reduce insecticide spraying which is, until now, the only efficient control method of P. smaragdina. This thesis was undertaken to improve our knowledge of the bio-ecology and chemical ecology of P. smaragdina to develop an efficient and economically sustainable biocontrol method against this insect. Our bio-ecology study showed that P. smaragdina population was the most abundant at the beginning of BP fructification period i.e in January. A positive correlation between temperature and P. smaragdina population density was showed. Four parasitoids of P. smaragdina in Reunion were identified. Among them, Pristomerus rivier (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) is a potential candidate for P. smaragdina biocontrol. Mating behaviour observations showed that, as most of moths, the female emits a sexual pheromone to attract males for mating. Four compounds suspected to compose the female pheromone identified using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/ MS). Electroantennography (EAG) test on male showed that the major identified compound induced a response of male antennae, it could be the major compound of P. smaragdina female pheromone. Field trapping tests with identified compounds, until now, did not yield any captures, probably because of a lack of minor pheromone components or because of erroneous compounds ratios used in traps. A study of P. smaragdina courtship behaviour suggested that the male of P. smaragdina emits pheromone. Five aromatic compounds were identified in male hair pencil volatiles by GC/MS. EAG tests of those compounds on male and female antennae suggest that creosol could play a role on male and female behaviour.

Direct Write (DW) defines an emerging group of technologies that allow the printing of electronic and other functional components out of vacuum, directly onto conformal surfaces. Both ink-jet and nozzle deposition technologies, which are seen to be complementary for the wide range of materials and processing required by industry, are employed in this project.Silver neodecanoate salt is sensitive to both light source, including ultra violet light (UV) and heat source, and is a good inkjet printing precursor when dissolved in xylene. We have studied the electrical properties of inkjet printed silver samples, derived from silver neodecanoate ink, and investigated the influence of UV treatment before thermal curing the silver samples. UV exposure at room temperature is believed to control the nucleation of silver particles. In addition we have studied the influence of thermal pre-treatment on the printed samples. This pre-treatment is thought to assist the neodecanoate precursor to form a uniform distribution of silver nanoparticles. The influence of UV exposure, thermal pre-treatment and the thermal curing conditions on subsequent track microstructure, and its influence on electrical resistivity is reported for glass substrates. Furthermore, a series of extruding experimental at different nozzle offset and pumping pressure settings are conducted based on the rheological property of silicone oil and silver paste to find the ideal condition for producing continuous tracks with good shape. These findings are used to simulate a computer model for further applications.

For producers motivated by their new status as self-employed, landowning, capitalist coffee growers, specialty coffee presents an opportunity to proactively change the way they participate in the international market. Now responsible for determining their own path, many producers have jumped at the chance to enhance the value of their product and participate in the new “fair trade” market. But recent trends in the international coffee price have led many producers to wonder why their efforts to produce a certified Fair Trade and organic product are not generating the price advantage they had anticipated. My study incorporates data collected in eighteen months of fieldwork, including more than 45 interviews with coffee producers and fair trade roasters, 90 surveys of coffee growers, and ongoing participant observation to understand how fair trade certification, as both a market system and development program, meets the expectations of the coffee growers. By comparing three coffee cooperatives that have engaged the Fair Trade system to disparate ends, the results of this investigation are three case studies that demonstrate how global processes of certification, commodity trade, market interaction, and development aid effect social and cultural change within communities. This study frames several lessons learned in terms of 1. socioeconomic impacts of fair trade, 2. characteristics associated with positive development encounters, and 3. potential for commodity producers to capture value further along their global value chain. Commodity chain comparisons indicate the Fair Trade certified cooperative receives the highest per-pound price, though these findings are complicated by costs associate with certification and producers’ perceptions of an “unjust” system. Fair trade-supported projects are demonstrated as more “successful” in the eyes of recipients, though their attention to detail can just as easily result in “failure”. Finally, survey results reveal just how limited is the market knowledge of producers in each cooperative, though fair trade does, in fact, provide a rare opportunity for producers to learn about consumer demand for coffee quality. Though bittersweet, the fair trade experiences described here present a learning opportunity for a wide range of audiences, from the certified to the certifiers to the concerned public and conscientious consumer.

The purpose of this thesis was to examine how liberalization and the introduction of pro-poor policies can be successful in post-conflict countries using the Rwanda coffee market as a case study. My research supports the notion that economic development, political stability and peace can be a result of liberalization when policies that are pro-poor and focus on the largest sector of the population are created. The study examines why and how Rwanda chose to liberalize their economy in the way they did by focusing on the intentions of the actors and the effects their actions have had on the coffee market and country as a whole. The findings suggest that Rwanda’s coffee market liberalization has been successful and has contributed to stability and economic development in Rwanda. The conclusion indicates that pro-poor liberalization policies with the assistance from a variety of actors and institutions can lead developing countries on the path to development in ways the international community has not seen before.

This thesis offers a comprehensive view of coffee trading on commodity markets. To describe the behavior of prices and their volatility, ARCH and GARCH models are used. These models analyse coffee prices of selected regions in Ethiopia, the birth place of coffee. The thesis connects the characteristics of soft commodity with current knowledge of financial econometrics. It also describes the effects of changes in exchange rates and oil prices on the price of coffee. Price volatility is examined with regard to deregulation and reforms on this market within the last three decades. Developments in the developing world caused a significant need for the progression and identification with the hedging instruments. These are closely linked to the globalized market with coffee, so it is conversely possible to absorb the shocks on small growers, who are significantly impacted by the globalized world.

This thesis is done during the spring semester 2017 for the Bachelor of Science in Innovation and Design programme at Karlstads University. The contractor of the thesis project was 3TEMP AB, based in Arvika, Sweden. 3TEMP has a vision that with a new type of product they will be able to establish themselves on a new market, the domestic market.  They have plans on a coffee machine that can be integrated into new bought and currently existing kitchens. The company already have solutions to how the product's main function should operate, what is needed is a concrete concept.  The purpose of the project has been to produce a concept on an integrated coffee machine that guides the user to proper use and simplifies maintenance. In order to achieve this, the design process has been used. The design process included a preliminary study, idea generation, concept development, concept evaluation and finally construction. Based on the client's requirements, what has emerged from user interviews and market analyzes, a product specification has been produced. The requirements of the product specification was certain measurements, the product must be user friendly, product self cost and 3TEMP's existing brewing mechanism must be applied.   The idea generation has been conducted together with classmates and other students who studies innovation and design. The people chosen for the idea generation are all involved in the product development process and are familiar with the methodology used.The ideas that emerged from the generation have been combined with each other in different designs. The ideas combined have been compiled into several concepts that then were evaluated using an elimination matrix, relative decision matrix and a criteria weight matrix. The final selection of concept was made by the contractor.   The definitive concept include elements from the contractor's design of their existing products, in order for the product to suit the company's identity. The chosen concept has been tested with physical models to ensure that 3TEMP's existing technology should fit in the design and that all dimensions are correct. A more detailed model was made, as well as a CAD model to visualize the concept. A sectioned image created in CAD displays the layout of the product. Rendered images of the product were made where the product is seen integrated in a kitchen.

The thesis presents and applies modern theory of hedging. It determines optimal hedging strategies for Strabucks and GlencoreXstrata corporations on coffee bean and high-grade copper markets. Through these two case studies the theoretical models are tested and assessed based on their relevance to business needs.

The main aim of this thesis was to create a business plan to open an Italian bakery and coffee bar and discover the viability of the plan. Thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. The practical part is formed on basis of theoretical information that characterizes business, environment of business in the Czech and Italy and main points of structure of the business plan. The practical part is formed by own business plan. This part describes goals, marketing plan, financial analysis, SWOT analysis, risk analysis and supplement. In part of conclusion readers learns if the business plan will be suitable for implementation.