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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore how employees apprehend leadership qualities to develop an effective, cohesive and communicative workgroup in the hybrid environment. By using the employee’s perspective, it will help us to elucidate what a successful leader is in the hybrid environment. Method: We have conducted a case study with a qualitative and abductive approach. The empirical data has been collected through semi-structured interviews with eight different employees who work in a company's customer service and works or has worked in a hybridenvironment. Empirical data has also been collected by using the company's internal documents. To examine the collected empirical data, a thematic analysis has been used. Conclusion: This study indicates that the leader of a hybrid workgroup seems to need functional qualities to integrate several areas while the relational ties it together in a different way. One of the studies' conclusions is that employees perceive different components in each area that are important to elaborate efficiency, cohesion and communication in the hybrid environment, and to do this the study shows that different leadership qualities are important. Another conclusion in the study is that the leadership quality to organize will manage the three areas simultaneously and can in theory be seen as the most important to possess for a successful leader in the hybrid environment. The study also empirical indicates that the leadership qualities of being socially competent, responsive, plainness and determined which only handles two areas simultaneously are important for a leader to be considered successfulin a hybrid environment. The conclusion shows that the leader doesn't always have to develop the three areas simultaneously to be perceived as successful.

The repetition of words, lexical repetition, can be an important marker of cohesion in writing, especially in domains where precision and clarity are valued. Contemporary writing in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) is a such a domain. Nevertheless, lexical repetition is sometimes instinctively misunderstood as a feature of an exaggerated style or simplistic language use.Using a classification system inspired by both previous research on lexical cohesion and the specific needs and characteristics of STEM writing, I analysed 15 project proposals written by STEM students and examined their ways of using and avoiding lexical repetition when referring to key concepts. I then reviewed each text with its author(s) in a semi-structured interview. My aim was to understand the students’ perceptions of lexical repetition as STEM writers and English users.Results of the text analysis show that the more experienced student writers frequently chose lexical repetition to refer to key concepts, and that the less experienced student writers tended to use more paraphrases and pronouns instead. This finding challenges the notion that lexical repetition is a feature of inappropriate or simplistic language use. Results of the interviews show that some students had previously been discouraged from repeating lexical items in writing. However, they mostly recognised the value of lexical repetition in STEM writing to avoid ambiguity and ensure inter-sentential cohesion. The majority of the students in this study used lexical repetition assuredly; they were confident in their English, their purpose, and their understanding of their readers’ needs.Keywords

In many aspects, political theory forms a subjective structure of this abstract science. Perhaps, it is due to the fact that unlike natural sciences or mathematics, social sciences often lack the privilege of testing the theories in absolute and unadulterated conditions. Nonetheless, such nature of the science allows for a certain degree of flexibility, when applying political theories to real-world phenomena. Alliances and coalitions in international relations form the backbone of the theory, concerning IR scholars with two main questions: Why do alliances and coalitions form? And, what keeps alliances and coalitions together? As the core of my research, I examined NATO, as the most prominent and long-lasting alliance of our time, through the prism of alliance formation and cohesion theory introduced by George Liska. In particular, I explored the evolution of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization over the term of its existence, and sought to determine whether Liska's principles still apply to the contemporary situation, and in particular, how may the variables have altered the application of this scholar's theory to our future understanding of alliances. In its essence, this is a comparative study of the same alliance during the different stages of its existence. In particular, the comparison dissects such aspects of alliance theory as alignment, alliance formation, efficacy, and reasons for possible dissolution. As a result, the study led to a conclusion, that despite the permutations around and within NATO, the basic realist principles that may explain the mechanism of this alliance's formation and cohesion still apply to the contemporary organization.

For several years, the use of translation and specifically Machine Translation - including Free Online Machine Translation (FOMT) tools - in L2 curricula has been the subject of ongoing debate. Even though the use of such tools is commonly discouraged in L2 classrooms by educators, the persistence of English as a second language (ESL) students in utilizing the tools has inspired many scholars to investigate whether it is helpful to develop effective strategies that transform FOMT into a teaching/learning tool in the ESL/English for specific purposes (ESP) classroom. Specifically, scholars have examined how FOMT can impact or enhance the writing quality of ESL students' compositions in terms of coherence and cohesion. In line with the same research interests, this project examined ESL students' typical coherence/cohesion challenges in academic writing at an Ontario post-secondary institution offering courses in French. The study explored the writing behaviours, such as the use of technologies including FOMT, that influence these challenges. In addition, this project sought to ascertain whether ESL students can be trained to better achieve coherence/cohesion in academic writing and how this training affects their writing behaviours, with particular attention to the use of technologies such as FOMT. In doing so, the study employed a mixed-methods research design and collected survey data, writing samples and screen recordings from 6 high-intermediate-level ESL students. Survey data was also collected from 23 ESL instructors about ESL students' practices, including tool use. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the students and 3 instructors who evaluated the writing samples. Based on the survey results, all the students demonstrated a positive attitude toward FOMT tools, and 5 students used the tools during the writing process in this project. In contrast, the instructors reported divided opinions about such tools for ESL writing purposes. The results showed that instructions can assist students with improving their text quality in terms of coherence and cohesion. As well, based on the results, FOMT can assist the students in constructing their texts during the writing process. The results demonstrated that this assistance can also have a subsequent positive impact on the coherence and cohesion levels in the produced texts.

Despite its imprecision, social capital is a powerful tool for examining how and why particular forms of social interaction lead to the health and well-being of communities, organisations, and even businesses. Community cohesion as a policy prescription emerged in the UK, following the social disturbances in certain northern cities and towns in the summer of 2001. The official reports into these disturbances identified lack of social interaction between different ethnic groups as a principal cause. Furthermore, social housing was seen as a key factor that could be used to prevent future disturbances. Accordingly, this research focuses on how the assets and forms of social capital act as good predictors of community cohesion, in the context of the New Labour government¿s aim to use social housing to build cohesive communities. Unless otherwise specified, references to ¿the government¿ throughout this thesis apply to the New Labour administration that came to power in the UK on 2nd May 1997 and ended with the Coalition administration led by the Conservatives on 11th May 2010. This thesis makes use of the linearity between the goals of social capital and the policy aims of community cohesion to match forms of social capital to specific forms of social interaction, in six selected social housing schemes in Bradford. Bradford was one of the cities affected by the disturbances in 2001. Analysis of the forms of social interaction in the case study housing schemes shows that bridging and linking forms of social capital, which could lead to enduring cohesive communities, were mainly latent in the schemes. This suggests that the peaceful co-existence in the case study housing schemes today is, possibly, postponed social conflict in the long term.

This study aimed to examine the links between psychological safety and Intrinsic (autonomous motivation) and Extrinsic (controlled motivation) motivation in youth sport team athletes, and second to examine gender differences in psychological safety, Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation. A cross sectional survey study was conducted with 133 participants (93 males and 39 females) from various sports including football, ice-hockey, basketball, and handball. The participants were at national and regional levels in Sweden, aged varied from 16-19 years. Regression analysis revealed that approximately 7.6% of the variability of Extrinsic motivation can be explained by levels of psychological safety. Independent t-test indicated that female athletes scored higher on psychological safety, but no gender differences were found in types of motivation. This implies that female athletes may feel safer and more supported in their team sports environment. The results of this study are discussed and highlight the importance for coaches and leaders to prioritize creating a positive team cohesion that promotes psychological safety among team members. Further research could explore other potential factors affecting motivation, and further clarify the role gender might play. / Denna studie syftade till att först och främst undersöka sambandet mellan psykologisk säkerhet och olika typer av motivation; inre (autonom motivation) och yttre (kontrollerad motivation) inom idrott, hos ungdomslag. För det andra syftade studien till att undersöka könsskillnader i Psykologisk säkerhet, inre- och yttre motivation. En tvärsnittsstudie genomfördes med 113 deltagare (93 män och 39 kvinnor) som bestod av fotbollsspelare, ishockeyspelare, basketspelare samt handbollsspelare, på nationell samt regional nivå i Sverige, i åldrarna 16–19. Regressionsanalysen visade att ungefär 7,6% av variabiliteten i yttre motivation kan förklaras av nivåer av psykologisk säkerhet. Ett oberoende t-test indikerade att kvinnliga idrottare hade högre nivåer av Psykologisk säkerhet, inga könsskillnader hittades för olika typer av motivation. Detta antyder att kvinnliga idrottare känner sig tryggare och stöttade i sin lagidrott. Resultaten från denna studie är diskuterade och poängterar vikten av att som tränare och ledare prioritera att skapa en positiv lagkänsla som främjar psykologisk säkerhet bland medlemmarna. Vidare forskning kan utforska andra potentiella faktorer som påverkar motivationen samt tydligare klargöra vilken roll genus kan spela.

付記する学位プログラム名: 霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院 / 京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第24828号 / 理博第4977号 / 新制||理||1710(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 山本, 真也, 教授 平田, 聡, 教授 村山, 美穂 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

The transformation of Marxist rebel groups into political parties represents a complex and interesting phenomenon, still, the determinants of their success or failure in this transition remain poorly understood. The aim of the study is to investigate why some Marxist rebel groups successfully transition from rebel groups into a political party while some do not. Through a comparative study of the rebel groups Revolutionary Armed Forces Colombia (FARC) and Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN) in Colombia, this paper will analyze the relationship between internal cohesion and its impact on the rebel-to party transition. The hypothesis that is being tested is that rebel groups with low internal cohesion (vertical or horizontal) among members will have a harder time transitioning into a political party, while rebel groups with high internal cohesion will easier transition into a political party. The findings of this study provide strong indications that internal cohesion influences the successful transition from rebel group to a political party. However, the study also provides indications that other factors need to be considered.

Well-being is the ultimate goal of social protection that integrates both material and social aspects. Most studies focus on material dimensions, and little attention has been given to the social aspects of well-being. Further, outputs are commonly used to assess the effectiveness of social protection, while insufficient attention has been given to the outcomes and process evaluation. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of social protection in ensuring well-being, comprising human development and social cohesion. It adopts a result-oriented framework that considers both outcome and process evaluation. The study follows sequential mixed methods for assessing the effectiveness of social protection programmes. Using a secondary dataset of six developing countries (including Bangladesh) from 2002 to 2019 and employing a pooled OLS model, this study shows that social protection expenditure increases the primary (education) completion rate and reduces the child (under 5) mortality rate in developing countries. It also reveals that the effect of social protection on education and health outcomes improves with governance efficacy and operational competency. Using primary data collected through a quantitative survey (n=400) from four districts of Bangladesh and employing the OLR model, this study shows that social protection benefits positively affect informal and formal networks and institutional trust and norms of behaviour. It also reveals that the educational status of beneficiaries can mediate informal and formal networks, interpersonal trust, and norms of reciprocity. The process evaluation has done through 24 in-depth qualitative interviews with key stakeholders. By using content analysis, this study recognises five "governance" and six "operational" issues that can limit the effectiveness of social protection programmes. It also proposes a model for the effective functioning of social protection programmes based on empirical findings and justified by prevailing literature. The study shows how effectively programmes are executed and how programmes can be improved to achieve the goal. These findings have significant implications for enhancing the development effectiveness of social protection programmes. The policy directions can assist policymakers and development partners in taking suitable policies to ensure the well-being of the poor and vulnerable people of developing countries. / Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh research grants, National Academy for Planning and Development (NAPD)