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The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the types of appeals made to employees by employers and labor organizations for the purpose of influencing the employees' decision with respect to accepting or rejecting collective bargaining, and classifying, as near as possible, the types of appeals.

Football is one of the biggest sports in the world. Professional teams track their player's positions using GPS (Global Positioning System). This report is divided into two parts, both focusing on applying collective motion to football. % The goal of the first part was to both see if a set of cheaper GPS units could be used to analyze the collective motion of a youth football team. 15 football players did two experiments and played three versus three football matches against each other while wearing a GPS. The first experiment measured the player's ability to control the ball while the second experiment measured how well they were able to move together as a team. Different measurements were measured from the match and Spearman correlations were calculated between measurements from the experiments and matches. Players which had good ball control also scored more goals in the match and received more passes. However, they also took the middle position in the field which naturally is a position which receives more passes. Players which were correlated during the team experiment were also correlated with team-members in the match. But, this correlation was weak and the experiment should be done again with more players. The GPS did not work well in the team experiment but have potential to work well in experiments done on a normal-sized football field. % The goal of the second part of the report was to visualize collective motion, more specifically leader-follower relations, in football which can be used as a basis for further research. This is done by plotting the player's positions at each time step to a user interface. Between each player, a double pointed arrow is drawn, where each side of the arrow has a separate color and arrow width. The maximum time lag between the between the two players is shown as the "pointiness" of the arrow while the color of the arrow show the maximum time lag correlation. The user can change the metrics the correlations are based of. As a compliment to the lagged correlation, a lag score is defined which tell the user how strong the lagged correlation is.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

The idea that the internet enables disparate individuals to link together easily has focused attention on characterising collective action under these circumstances. My research looks instead at a situation which mixes the disparate and those united by various forms of shared identity, and material grievance. The case I focus on involves overlapping groups of benefits claimants: disabled people, carers and older people. These groups are under-represented online and their political activity in a digital environment has rarely been researched. The context of my research is a consultation over social care, which provoked a campaign of opposition and the posting online of nearly 3,000 comments on the green paper’s executive summary. This constitutes collective action because it was undertaken for a collective purpose: to defend disability benefits from a perceived threat. In order to take the focus I want, I develop a conceptual framework that includes all three drivers of collective action that feature in social psychology models - efficacy, injustice and identity. Much comparable research considers just one or two of these drivers. My analytical approach is primarily inductive but I employ a mixed-methods design, including digital tracing, inductive thematic coding and basic statistical analysis. The data is drawn from the campaign and the comments. I find that most of the comments exhibit a shared sense of injustice. They also frequently include expressions of collective identity made with reference to various groups, rather than to one overarching group. Personal narratives often accompany these collective expressions. The campaign messages spread horizontally among varied, but mostly pre-existing, forums, social networking sites and blogs. The mobilisation also had a vertical element due to the involvement of private company acting, in a hybrid manner, as a campaigning organisation. My research contributes to knowledge by showing that when online action includes people who are motivated by collective identity, traditional and more contemporary collective action processes do not simply co-exist: there is a dynamic interplay between them. It also demonstrates the value of focusing on lower-level networks. This shows that the role of the drivers can vary among the groups of actors involved and, where the drivers combine, they have a reinforcing tendency.

Resumé Das Ziel dieser Diplomarbeit war die Zusammenfassung der bestehenden Rechtsregelung von dem Tarifvertrag und zugleich die Entwicklung der Rechtsregelung von den Tarifverträgen. Ich habe gleichzeitig auf die bestehende Rechtsregelung des Tarifvertrags hingewiesen, wie diese Regelung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland geregelt ist. In den ersten Teil meiner Arbeit habe ich mich mit der historischen Entwicklung von dem Kollektivarbeitsrecht zu der Analyse der bestehenden Rechtsregelung befasst. Der nächste Punkt war die Verankerung des Kollektivarbeitsrechts in der tschechischen Rechtsordnung, die von dem europäischen Recht und von den internationalen Verträgen, durch die die Tschechische Republik in diesem Gebiet gebunden ist, beeinflusst wird. Ich habe mich weiter mit dem einsamen Begriff von dem Tarifvertrag und mit den Begriffen befasst, die mit den Tarifvertrag zusammenhängen. Es geht vor allem über die Begriffe wie die Subjekte von den Tarifverträgen, was der Inhalt von Tarifvertrag sein kann, welche die gesetzliche Voraussetzungen für die Gültigkeit und Wirksamkeit des Tarifvertrags sind, die Speicherung des Tarifvertrags und die Bekanntmachung mit dem Inhalt der geschlossenen Tarifverträge. Am Schluss habe ich die Bedeutung der Tarifverträge für den heutigen Arbeitsmarkt versucht...

Les pôles de compétitivité sont des institutions publiques dont la mission est de favoriser les synergies entre des acteurs hétérogènes. Ils sont régulièrement soumis à des évaluations dont l’objet est la mesure de leur efficacité. Si les pôles ont la capacité de faire émerger des projets collaboratifs innovants, les pouvoirs publics ont toutefois souligné leurs difficultés à transformer ces efforts collaboratifs en création d’emplois et en croissance sur le territoire. La très grande majorité des entreprises membres sont des PME ; il est reconnu que le dirigeant de PME constitue une figure centrale de son entreprise. Dès lors nous nous demandons comment améliorer l’accompagnement de ces dirigeants afin de faire des projets collaboratifs des générateurs d’emplois et de croissance sur le territoire. Dans la littérature en entrepreneuriat, il est établi que les dirigeants de PME en capacité d'identifier des opportunités puis de les exploiter vont insuffler une dynamique de croissance à leur entreprise. En effet, l'organisation, au travers de son infrastructure cognitive, offre les conditions nécessaires à ses membres pour une meilleure perception des opportunités. En retour, la poursuite de l'opportunité identifiée bénéficiera à la structure qui pourra se développer et donc contribuer à générer de la croissance et de l'emploi. Au regard de ces premiers éléments nous établissons un premier modèle conceptuel qui vise à déceler les antécédents de l’identification d’opportunités d’affaires ; il est testé à partir de 205 questionnaires de dirigeants de PME membres des pôles de compétitivité, à l’aide de la méthode des équations structurelles. L’étude exploratoire menée auprès de huit institutionnels contribuant au fonctionnement des pôles et de dix membres adhérents met par ailleurs en évidence le cas particulier des dirigeants de PME participants à un projet collaboratif. Ainsi, un second modèle spécialement dédié à cette population souligne l’influence de la nature des relations entretenues au sein de ces projets et leur influence sur l’identification d’opportunités d’affaires. Des analyses menées grâce à la méthode des régressions linéaires multiples sont ainsi réalisées sur un échantillon de 100 dirigeants de PME participants à un projet collaboratif. Notre objectif est de mettre en lumière les antécédents de l'identification d'opportunités d'affaires afin de permettre aux pôles de mieux accompagner les dirigeants de PME. En soutenant la phase d'identification, les pôles de compétitivité pourront favoriser la transformation des efforts collaboratifs en emplois et croissance sur le territoire. Les résultats font ressortir le rôle prégnant de la recherche d’informations relatives au marché dans l’identification d’opportunités d’affaires. De plus, la nature des relations qu’entretiennent les participants à un projet collaboratif influence également fortement la capacité des dirigeants de PME à identifier ces opportunités. Ces éléments soulignent la nécessité pour les pôles de compétitivité de repenser leur rôle d’intermédiaire des échanges pour établir les conditions favorables à l’identification d’opportunités d’affaires ; des propositions sont faites en ce sens. / The French clusters are partnerships born out of the wish of public policies to make various actors (such as large and small firms, research bodies and educational establishments) working all together in a specific region to develop synergies and cooperative efforts around a shared theme. They are subject to regular assessments to measure their effectiveness. Their ability to bring out innovative and collaborative projects is recognized but the authorities stressed their difficulties in transforming these collaborative efforts in job creation and growth in the territory. Most of the corporations that belong to French clusters are SMEs and it is well-known that the SME’s manager is a central figure in his business. Therefore, we wonder how the French clusters can improve the support of these leaders in order to help them converting collaboration projects into job creation and growth. In the entrepreneurship literature, it is established that the SME’s manager ability to identify business opportunities and exploit them will create a dynamic for the economic growth of the organization. Indeed, the organization provides - through its knowledge structure - the necessary conditions to a better perception of opportunities. In return, the exploitation of the opportunity will benefit to the structure, favor its development and generate employment and growth. In this context, we build a first conceptual model aiming to identify the antecedents of business opportunity identification. The data were collected through a questionnaire answered by 205 SMEs managers belonging to a French cluster and was analyzed by Structural Equation Modeling (Amos). The exploratory qualitative study was conducted with 8 institutional actors managing the French clusters and 10 SMEs’ managers members of these clusters and reveal the particular case of SMEs managers participating in a collaborative project. Thus, a second model specially dedicated to this subpopulation (100 SMEs managers participating in a collaborative project) is run. We use multiple regression analysis to explore the nature of relationships within these projects and their influence on the identification of business opportunities. By highlighting the antecedents of business opportunity identification, our objective is to give the French clusters the necessary tools to better support the SMEs’ managers and thus favor the transformation of synergies into growth and job creation. The results highlight the significant role of market information research in the identification of business opportunities. Moreover, the nature of the relationship between the participants in a collaborative project also strongly influences the ability of SMEs managers to identify these opportunities. These factors underscore the need for clusters to rethink their role as a medium of exchange to establish the conditions for the identification of business opportunities. Proposals are made in this direction.