O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o aprimoramento da transesterificação do óleo de palmiste por rota etílica, por meio da atuação simultânea de lipases de diferentes fontes microbianas, visando a produção de biodiesel com teores residuais de monoacilglicerol (MAG) e diacilglicerol (DAG) dentro dos limites exigidos pela legislação ANP no 45/2014 para biocombustíveis. Para tal propósito, as lipases foram imobilizadas em suporte híbrido sílica-hidroxietilcelulose (SiO2- HEC) e os ensaios foram iniciados em regime descontínuo em reator de tanque agitado, temperatura fixa de 45 °C e razão molar óleo:álcool de 1:8. As lipases de Burkholderia cepacia, Pseudomonas fluorescens e Thermomyces lanuginosus, foram utilizadas de maneira isolada e em associação, com base no conhecimento prévio do bom desempenho destas enzimas para a produção de biodiesel. Conforme a capacidade de atuar em diferentes posições da molécula de triacilglicerol, as associações formaram combi-lipases de mesma especificidade (B. cepacia e P. fluorescens) e de diferente especificidade (B. cepacia e T. lanuginosus), com proporções de cada lipase variando de 75, 50 e 25% em relação ao seu par enzimático. Os melhores resultados foram observados quando utilizadas ambas as combinações em proporções equivalentes. Nestas condições, foram obtidas conversões similares (?98%) e ausência de DAG, com redução da viscosidade cinemática do óleo de palmiste de 30,35 para aproximadamente 4,00 mm2/s. Embora as conversões tenham sido próximas, a combi-lipase de diferente especificidade apresentou menor teor de MAG (1,68%, m/m), sendo escolhida como biocatalisador para o estudo em reatores de leito fixo em regime contínuo. Nesta etapa, foram realizados ensaios para testar os efeitos da razão molar óleo:álcool (1:12, 1:10 e 1:8) e do tempo espacial (16 e 14 h) na conversão, qualidade e produtividade do biodiesel. O melhor desempenho foi apresentado pela razão molar de 1:8 com tempo espacial de 16 h, proporcionando teor em MAG residual de 0,62% (m/m), conversão de 98% e produtividade de 30,9 mmolésteres.gcatalisador -1.h-1. Com relação à qualidade do biodiesel formado em termos de viscosidade cinemática (4,22 mm2/s), massa específica (870 kg/m3) e teor residual de MAG (0,62%, m/m), foi verificada adequação aos parâmetros exigidos pela ANP (3-6 mm2/s, 850-900 kg/m3 e <= 0,7%, m/m, respectivamente). / The objective of the present work was to improve the transesterification of palm kernel oil by ethanolic route through simultaneous action of lipases from different microbial sources, aiming to produce biodiesel with residual levels of monoacylglycerol (MAG) and diacylglycerol (DAG) within the limits required by ANP regulation 45/2014 for biofuels. For this purpose, lipases were immobilized on silica-hydroxyethylcellulose hybrid support (SiO2-HEC) and the assays were first carried out in a stirred tank batch reactor, at fixed temperature of 45 oC and oil -to-alcohol molar ratio of 1:8. The lipases from Burkholderia cepacia, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Thermomyces lanuginosus isolated and in association were used, based on the previous knowledge of the good performance of these enzymes for the biodiesel production. According to the ability to act at different positions of the triacylglycerol molecule, the associations formed combilipases of the same specificity (B. cepacia and P. fluorescens) and different specificities (B. cepacia and T. lanuginosus) at proportion of each lipase ranging from 75, 50 and 25% relative to their enzymatic pair. The best results were attained when both combinations were used at equivalent proportions. Under these conditions, similar conversions (?98%) and absence of DAG were obtained, which was consistent with the kinematic viscosity reduction of the palm kernel oil from 30.35 to 4.00 mm2/ s, approximately. Although similar conversions were attained, the combi-lipase of different specificities provided lower MAG contentes (1.68 wt%), being chosen as a biocatalyst for performing continuous runs in packed-bed reactor. In this step, the effects of the molar ratios oil-to-alcohol (1:12, 1:10 and 1:8) and space-times (16 and 14 h) on biodiesel production, quality and productivity were evaluated. The best performance was achieved by using molar ratio of 1:8 and space-time of 16 h, yielding residual MAG contents of 0.62 wt%, conversion of 98% and productivity of 30.9 mmolester.gcatalyst-1.h-1. The quality of biodiesel produced in terms of kinematic viscosity (4.22 mm2/s), specific mass (870 kg/m3) and residual MAG content (0.62 wt%) was found in accordance of ANP resolution (3-6 mm/ s, 850-900 kg/m3 and <= 0.7 wt%, respectively).

Aktivitetsbaserat arbetssätt har sedan några år tillbaka slagit igenom på marknaden och blivit en stor trend både i Sverige och resten av världen. Det är ett omstritt begrepp sombåde fått lovord och kritik. Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur medarbetare inom akademin upplever att arbeta i en aktivitetsbaserad miljö med fokus på psykosocial arbetsmiljö och sociala relationer samt om det finns ett samband mellan individens arbetsuppgifter och deras upplevelse. En kvalitativ studie har genomförts på ett universitet/högskola i Sverige, totalt sex semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts. Respondenternas uppfattning varierade gällande deras upplevelser av det aktivitetsbaserade arbetssättet dock var flertalet negativa. De huvudsakliga faktorerna som lyftes var ljudnivån och transparens, respondenterna nyttjar olika copingstrategier för att få bukt med problemen. Resultatet visar att de sociala relationerna på arbetsplatsen både förstärkts och försämrats. Respondenternas arbetsuppgifter belystes som problematiska inom ett aktivitetsbaserat arbetssätt. Utifrån studiens resultat var det som var mest påtagligt negativt för respondenternas psykosociala arbetsmiljö och upplevelsen av den aktivitetsbaserade miljön de faktorer som låg utanför individens egenkontroll, där lyckade copingstrategier inte var tillämpningsbara. / Activity-based working has been on the rise for some years and has become a big trend both in Sweden and the rest of the world. It is a controversial concept that has both received praise and criticism. The aim of the study is to investigate how employees in the academia experience working in an activity-based office with a focus on psychosocial work environment and social relations, and whether there is a connection between the individual's tasks and their experience. A qualitative study has been conducted at a university/college in Sweden, a total of six semistructured interviews have been held. Respondents' perception of their experiences of the activity-based working varied, but the most respondents were negative. The main factors that were lifted were the sound level and the transparency, the respondents used different coping strategies to overcome the problems. The result shows that the social relations in the workplace have both been strengthened and deteriorated. The respondents' tasks were highlighted as problematic within an activity-based office. Based on the study's results, the most negative factor for the respondents' psychosocial work environment and the experience of the activitybased working were the factors that were outside the individual's control,where successful coping strategies were not applicable.

Les enjeux énergétiques et environnementaux liés au réchauffement climatique amènent à généraliser la sobriété énergétique des bâtiments neufs ainsi que la production locale d’énergie à l’horizon 2020. Ce travail de thèse se concentre sur le secteur de la maison individuelle qui représente près de la moitié des logements neufs construits en France pour un volume d’environ 200000 unités par an.Le contexte de la maison individuelle à énergie positive 100 % solaire consiste à rechercher les compromis entre le niveau de performance du bâti qui détermine les besoins en énergie et la capacité des équipements à valoriser l’énergie solaire pour d’une part subvenir aux besoins en chaleur pour assurer le chauffage et la production d’eau chaude sanitaire, et d’autre part produire l’électricité nécessaire à l’éclairage et aux autres usages spécifiques (matériels électroménager, vidéo, etc.). Après un examen des différents concepts de bâtiments à énergie positive, une analyse a été menée pour identifier les solutions techniques de systèmes solaires combinés capables de fournir le double service de production d’eau chaude et de chauffage. Un modèle détaillé a été développé dans l’environnement Dymola et vérifié par inter-comparaison de modèles à l’échelle des composants. Un algorithme de contrôle original a été mis au point pour maximiser la performance globale du système.Une première étude paramétrique a montré que ce système est capable dans certaines conditions de couvrir près de 80 % des besoins en chaleur de la maison étudiée. Néanmoins, son dimensionnement demeure complexe et la recherche de compromis entre la sobriété de la maison et le dimensionnement des systèmes solaires thermiques et photovoltaïques doit s’appuyer sur un algorithme d’optimisation multi-objectifs adapté.Un chapitre est donc consacré à l’élaboration d’un algorithme d’optimisation multi- objectifs qui s’appuie sur la méthode des colonies d’abeilles virtuelles. Cette approche s’est avérée particulièrement pertinente vis à vis du problème (paramètres discrets, continus et qualitatifs) à caractère multiobjectifs(maximiser la valorisation du solaire thermique pour le chauffage d’une part et pour la production d’eau chaude d’autre part, minimiser la consommation d’énergie conventionnelle) et sous contrainte car seules les solutions à bilan d’énergie positif sur l’année seront retenues. L’algorithme d’optimisation développé ici a été confronté à une série de problèmes classiques et a démontré sa capacité à construire l’ensemble des solutions avec un nombre relativement faible d’évaluations du modèle.Le dernier chapitre présente deux applications de conception de maisons à énergie positive. La première se situe en région bordelaise alors que la seconde est située à proximité de Strasbourg. Ces deux conditions climatiques permettent de mettre en évidence la capacité de l’algorithme d’optimisation à proposer un éventail de solutions optimales présentant des compromis différents en termes de performance du bâti et de dimensionnement des équipements solaires. Enfin, un outil d’aide à la décision permet d’explorer les fronts optimaux pour dégager les solutions à retenir. / With energy-related and environmental climate change challenges, energy sobriety and local energy production are yet to become a mainstream practice for new buildings construction by 2020. This works focuses on single-family houses which in France represent half of new buildings constructions with 200000 new units new units each year. Near zero energy single-family houses with 100 % solar energy consists on compromising between performance of building envelope which defines energy needs and the ability for equipments to value free solar energy. Hence solar energy must be able to cover space heating and domestic hot waterdemands but also provide enough energy for lightning and other specific uses such as domestic appliances.After a literature review of near zero energy house concepts, an analysis was undertaken to providea clear view of solar combi-systems technical solutions with the ability to provide enough energyfor both needs : space heating and domestic hot water. Using Dymola environment a detailed modelwas developed and its consistency was checked by inter-comparison at component scale. An innovative control algorithm has been worked out to maximize the solar system’s global performance. Afirst parametric study has shown that the system was able to cover close to 80 % of house heat requirement. However sizing of a solar combi-system is a complex task and requires to find compromises between building sobriety, solar thermal energy efficiency, and photovoltaics solar energy sizing. Because of the problem’s complexity, a decision aid tool with an appropriate multi-criteria optimizationalgorithm is required.To that end a chapter is dedicated to the development of a multi-criteria optimization algorithm based on artificial bee colony behavior. This approach has proved to be quite effective to solve the problem and to handle continuous, discrete and qualitative decision variables. Chosen solution was constrained to have a positive energy balance and must maximize solar space heating and domestic fraction in a view to reduce total energy consumption. A validation process has also been set up and the developed optimization algorithm has proved its ability to solve standard problems with a fairlyshort number of evaluations. Adopted methodology was illustrated by two applications of the design phase of a near zero energydetached house. First one is located at Bordeaux an second one in Strasbourg. Selected climate conditions emphasize the ability of the proposed approach to identify a wide range of optimal solutions showing differences within the building’s performance as well as the solar system sizing. Lastly a decision aid tool allows to explore optimal front in a convenient way to shape adapted solutions.

This thesis named Cosdensing steam turbine in combi-cycle deals with the calculation of thermal balancing scheme and the design of turbine. This double body steam turbine with combined HP-IP part and double-flow LP part does not have any additional samples of technological steam. LP part has two side outputs to the water-cooled condensers. There is a basic calculation of force effects on the LP part at operation. The thesis also includes a drawing of a longitudinal cut of LP part and its layout, including positron of the condensers.

The scope of this diploma thesis of focused on processing and calculation of the technological scheme for combi-cycle power plant with piston engine using heavy fuel oil. There are analyzed demands of piston engine for HFO and design of technological process preparation. This thesis analyzes the suitable locations, service options and alternative solution - heating plant with piston engines. Benefits of each option are assessed in the economic model, assuming power as a source of base load and providing support services. The results are intended to assess feasibility of the investment project.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The aims of this research were to evaluate the merit of a communication-based medical approach to cancer prevention in Taiwan and to give deeper understanding of whether physicians view this type of method as a possible solution to public health problems. It is also hoped that this research will be able to find out whether doctors support the use of COMBI for managing public health issues in Taiwan. The results show that Taiwanese physicians perceive communication-based approach and communication methods as a way for managing public health problems, and they also agree that COMBI can be used for cancer or other public health issues prevention. The World Health Organization has used COMBI to deal with public health issues and has made a huge impact in many countries, combating diseases such as dengue fever, leprosy, lymphatic filariasis, tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV/AIDS with successful results. There is also a large body of research indicating that there is a strong relationship between eating fruits and vegetables and cancer prevention. In Taiwan, cancer has been both the top cause of death for 18 years and one of the top ten causes of death for 30 years. However, more than 80% of people in Taiwan still do not consume enough fruits and vegetables daily. Thus, this COMBI plan is hoped to help change these people’s eating habits for cancer prevention. The plan is also evaluated by doctors from Taiwan in terms of its pros and cons in this document, and suggestions for changes are made. These doctors view communication-based strategies like COMBI as a key component for managing public health problems, and they also believe that this COMBI plan will accomplish its goal of increasing people's fruit and vegetable intake for cancer prevention in Taiwan. Up till now, only minimal research has been conducted on the use of COMBI in Taiwan. Therefore, this investigation is hoped to initiate this research and provide a guideline for future COMBI-based actions taken in Taiwan.

Diploma thesis named Steam turbine in the combi cycle deals with design of low pressure part of three-body turbine and it’s lateral outlet throat to the air condenser. Before the design itself, the thermal schema of entire turbine is calculated. Than follows the detail draft, the strength calculations are included as well. Turbine has any technological consumption of steam or any regenerativ consumption. Turbine will be suplly to Panama. The thesis includes following drawings: cut of flowing part, design of outlet throat and fixing of inner body in outer body of low pressure part. The diploma thesis is created for Doosan Škoda Power company.

Nowadays, European power production has to meet requirements than ever before. Environmentally oriented efforts end of coal mining and burning of coal, on which economies of a great number of countries depend. The main objective of these efforts is primarily the production of green energy from renewable energy sources and reduction of dependence on fossil fuels. However, the disadvantage of renewable sources (photovoltaics, wind farms) is their dependence on the weather conditions. As a result, there might be delays in supply of electricity, which must be compensated. One of the solutions is the launch of a combi cycle plant, which has the possibility of almost prompt start-up and electricity production. The combustion of gas and liquid fuels also ensures almost emission-free operation. In addition, thanks to the use of waste heat energy from the gas turbine, it is possible to operate the combi cycle unit with the character of a power plant and as a heating plant. The aim of this thesis is to search for combi cycles and balance calculation of the combi cycle heating plant under given conditions. In the last point, the approximate dimensions of the calculated heating plant are given.