Urbanization and climate change are two of the most important issues of our days. Many attempts have been made to define the most sustainable way to organise cities in order to cope with the increased population, while simultaneously being climate friendly, socially acceptable and economically viable. This master thesis focuses on the comparison of the sustainability performance of two particular theoretically planned urban forms, located in the suburban area of Stockholm – a “compact city”-like neighborhood and a “garden-city”-like neighbourhood. It was decided that the focus would be on the carbon footprint of the representative residences of each urban form, with the help of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); and that overall sustainability criteria for neighbourhoods would after wards be assessed, having a certification system forsustainable neighbourhoods (CityLab for districts, in particular) as a framework for a – mostly theoreticalassessment. After the exploring of the differences in the sustainability performance(environmental and social) of the two assessed urban forms, a discussion is made concerning the relationship between urban form and sustainability and conditions under which the most sustainable urban form could be achieved. The results of the analysis highlight that the concept “one size fits all” cannot conform to urban planning decisions, since cities should be able to adjust to the needs of each generation.

Within the twenty&ndash / first century, nearly three billion people, half of total population of the world, live in cities. It is estimated that in the forthcoming twenty&ndash / five years, two billion more people will settle in urban lands. Essentially most of these devastating changes will occur in developing countries, both in terms of the total global urban population as well as increased percentage of the individual country&rsquo / s population living in urban areas. For many developing countries, the urban population is already large. Further increases in size and rates of growth will no doubt stress already impacted environments and living quality. All cities, however, are not impacting the ecology of the world similarly. On the one hand, developed cities have mostly cope with their environmental problems regarded as traditional / concern has focused to their impacts on ecosystems as well as those larger in scale. Cities in the developing world are more concerned with other issues. However, it is not only the development level of countries but the urban planning and development tendencies of their cities impacting the environment differently should be considered, which comprehensively shows us environmental performance of urban patterns. Environmental performance basically refers to the abilities and capabilities of urban patterns to mitigate their impacts on environment and ecology of the world and to cope with the negative of all. As an indicator of environmental performance of urban patterns, ecological footprints, its reasons and long term effects should be specified as inseparable part of urban development and inevitably ecological footprints of different urban patterns and their effects on climate change should be concerned while taking planning and development decisions for urban areas. The basic purpose of the thesis is to specify the environmental performance of different urban patterns in terms of their ecological footprints through defining the relationship between implications of urban patterns and their contributions to the ecological footprint.

Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Diana Sarita Hamburger / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Santo André, 2018. / O estudo da densidade demográfica urbana não é recente, mas ainda assim, a importância desta variável para a análise ambiental urbana é pouco conclusiva. Antes de tudo, entender qual a relação entre densidade demográfica urbana e meio o ambiente auxilia a compreender a forma de cidade atual e assim planejar o que se deseja modificar. Este projeto busca analisar as características da densidade demográfica urbana presente nas cidades médias do Estado de São Paulo utilizando o setor censitário como unidade de análise. Dessa forma foi possível avaliar não só o quão adensadas se encontram essas cidades, mas as características desse adensamento. Foram analisadas variáveis, ambientais, urbanas e econômica a fim de se obter uma descrição do valor da densidade demográfica urbana calculado. Em geral, as cidades médias tendem a ter um valor de densidade demográfica urbana superior à média encontrada quando se analisa o Estado de São Paulo como um todo. O valor da densidade demográfica urbana tende a aumentar conforma se diminuí a quantidade de vegetação nas áreas analisadas. No entanto, foram observadas áreas que fugiam a essa regra mostrando assim que existem várias formas de se construir uma densidade demográfica. Isso é importante pois a partir do momento em que se observa a forma de densidade demográfica mais recorrente junto com as demais possibilidades encontradas, se pode iniciar então uma discussão mais embasada sobre qual é a forma de densidade demográfica que se deseja para as cidades médias do Estado de São Paulo. / The study of the urban demographic density is not recent, but the importance of this variable for the urban environmental analysis is little conclusive. First of all, understanding the relationship between urban demographic density and the environment helps to comprehend the current city shape and then plan wanted change. This project goals to analyze the characteristics of the urban population density present in the medium-sized cities of the State of São Paulo using the census sector as a unit of analysis. In this way it was possible to evaluate not only the density of these cities, but the characteristics of this density. Environmental, urban and economic variables were analyzed to obtain a description calculated value of the urban demographic density. In general, medium-sized cities tend to have a value of urban demographic density higher than State of São Paulo¿s average. The value of urban demographic density tends to increase if the amount of vegetation in the analyzed areas is reduced. However, areas that deviated from this rule were observed, thus showing that there are several ways of building a population density. This is important because once the most recurrent demographic density is observed along with the other possibilities found, a more in-depth discussion can then be started on what is the demographic density form of that is desired for the medium-sized cities of the State of São Paulo.

The rapid urbanization of populations from rural areas to cities calls for more sustainable focused urban planning to combat the negative effects of urban sprawl. The United Nations’ Agenda 2030 includes the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets that aim to unite both developed and developing countries in transforming humanity and the planet for a more sustainable future. One of these goals is SDG 11, making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. A large part in achieving the targets of SDG 11 is measuring the current access urban residents have to things such as public green-blue spaces as well as public transportation. This thesis will aim to study Stockholm’s achievement of SDG 11 sub-targets 11.2 and 11.7 of Agenda 2030. In order to meet this aim, the following objectives will be pursued. The first objective is to study the degree to which Stockholm County currently has universal access to green-blue areas and public transportation by conducting a GIS-based analysis. The second objective is to improve our understanding of the socio-economic status of residents who have and do not have accessibility to green-blue areas and public transportation by statistically analyzing correlations between environmental and socio-economic indicators. The methodology included qualitative methodologies such as a literature review, interviews and collaborative focus group meetings with Södertörnsanalysen as well as quantitative methodologies such as spatial analysis and statistical analysis. The results show that while Stockholm has impressively high accessibility for its residents, it has yet to meet Agenda 2030 SDG 11targets 11.2 and 11.7 because the accessibility was not universal. The results also found that people with lower income, people who own their flats/homes and people with children have higher accessibility to green areas. It was also shown that people with higher income, people who rent their flats/homes and have no children have higher access to public transportation.This result can be expected as the bulk of people with higher incomes are living in the innercity where they have high access to urban services and rail stops, but not necessarily green areas. It is important to state that at 300 m from residencies, both access to green areas and access to public transportation is almost 100%. At 500 m from residencies, access to blueareas is close to 35 %, which is not almost complete, but still a high percentage since access to blue areas is a bit of a luxury. This thesis ultimately demonstrates the importance of understanding environmental and socio-economic indicators in urban planning especially if the goals of Agenda 2030 are to be met. This thesis also took steps towards building a methodology for quantifying accessibility and it is recognized that further studies can be conducted to further contribute to sustainable urban planning and development. / Den snabba urbaniseringen där människor flyttar från landsbygden till städer kräver en mer hållbar stadsplanering för att bekämpa de negativa effekterna av stadsutbredningen. FN:sAgenda 2030 innehåller 17 mål för hållbar utveckling (Sustainable Development Goals, SDG) och 169 delmål som syftar till att förena både utvecklade och utvecklingsländer i att omvandla mänskligheten och planeten för en mer hållbar framtid. Ett av dessa mål är SDG 11, vilket ska göra städer och mänskliga bosättningar inkluderande, säkra, resilient och hållbara. En stor del i att uppnå målen med SDG 11 handlar om den nuvarande tillgången stadsborna har till bland annat offentliga gröna och blå ytor samt kollektivtrafik. Arbetet syftar till att studera Stockholms måluppfyllelse när det gäller SDG 11 delmål 11.2 och 11.7 i Agenda 2030. Föratt mäta uppfyllelsen av dessa delmål har studien följande mål. Det första målet är att studera i vilken grad Stockholms län idag har allmän tillgång till gröna och blå områden och kollektivtrafik genom att genomföra en GIS-baserad analys. Det andra målet är att förbättra vår förståelse för den socioekonomiska statusen hos boende som har respektive inte har tillgång till gröna och blå områden och kollektivtrafik genom att statistiskt analysera sambandet mellan miljöinriktade och socioekonomiska indikatorer. Metoden innefattade kvalitativa metoder som litteraturöversikt, intervjuer och samverkande fokusgruppsmöten med Södertörnsanalysen samt kvantitativa metoder som rumslig analys och statistisk analys. Resultaten visar att medan Stockholm har imponerande hög tillgänglighet för sina invånare, har det ännu inte uppfyllt Agenda 2030 SDG 11 mål 11.2 och 11.7 eftersom det visades att tillgängligheten inte var universell. Resultaten visar också att personer med lägre inkomst, personer som äger sina lägenheter/hem och personer med barn har högre tillgänglighet till grönområden. Det visades också att personer med högre inkomst, personer som hyr sina lägenheter/hem och inte har barn har högre tillgång till kollektivtrafik. Detta resultat kan förväntas eftersom en stor andel personer med högre inkomster bor i innerstaden där de har hög tillgång till kollektivtrafik och urban service, men inte nödvändigtvis grönområden. På ett avstånd av 300 m från bostäder, är både tillgång till grönområden och tillgång tillkollektivtrafik nästan 100 %. Vid ett avstånd av 500 m från bostäder är tillgången till blåområden nära 35 % vilket är långt ifrån alla, men fortfarande en hög andel eftersom tillgång till vattenområden och stränder kan ses som lite av en lyx. Denna studie visar dessutom vikten av att förstå miljö- och socioekonomiska indikatorer i stadsplaneringen, särskilt om målen i Agenda 2030 ska uppfyllas. Denna studie tog också initiativ till att bygga en metod för att kvantifiera tillgängligheten, medan vidare studier behöver genomföras för att ytterligare bidra till stadsplanerings- och utvecklingssektorn.