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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
111

Biophysics of helices : devices, bacteria and viruses

Katsamba, Panayiota January 2018 (has links)
A prevalent morphology in the microscopic world of artificial microswimmers, bacteria and viruses is that of a helix. The intriguingly different physics at play at the small scale level make it necessary for bacteria to employ swimming strategies different from our everyday experience, such as the rotation of a helical filament. Bio-inspired microswimmers that mimic bacterial locomotion achieve propulsion at the microscale level using magnetically actuated, rotating helical filaments. A promising application of these artificial microswimmers is in non-invasive medicine, for drug delivery to tumours or microsurgery. Two crucial features need to be addressed in the design of microswimmers. First, the ability to selectively control large ensembles and second, the adaptivity to move through complex conduit geometries, such as the constrictions and curves of the tortuous tumour microvasculature. In this dissertation, a mechanics-based selective control mechanism for magnetic microswimmers is proposed, and a model and simulation of an elastic helix passing through a constricted microchannel are developed. Thereafter, a theoretical framework is developed for the propulsion by stiff elastic filaments in viscous fluids. In order to address this fluid-structure problem, a pertubative, asymptotic, elastohydrodynamic approach is used to characterise the deformation that arises from and in turn affects the motion. This framework is applied to the helical filaments of bacteria and magnetically actuated microswimmers. The dissertation then turns to the sub-bacterial scale of bacteriophage viruses, 'phages' for short, that infect bacteria by ejecting their genetic material and replicating inside their host. The valuable insight that phages can offer in our fight against pathogenic bacteria and the possibility of phage therapy as an alternative to antibiotics, are of paramount importance to tackle antibiotics resistance. In contrast to typical phages, flagellotropic phages first attach to bacterial flagella, and have the striking ability to reach the cell body for infection, despite their lack of independent motion. The last part of the dissertation develops the first theoretical model for the nut-and-bolt mechanism (proposed by Berg and Anderson in 1973). A nut being rotated will move along a bolt. Similarly, a phage wraps itself around a flagellum possessing helical grooves, and exploits the rotation of the flagellum in order to passively travel along and towards the cell body, according to this mechanism. The predictions from the model agree with experimental observations with respect to directionality, speed and the requirements for succesful translocation.
112

L’imposition des plus-values de cessions directes et indirectes des entreprises dans l’Etat de la source : les exemples de la Chine, de la Corée du Sud et de l’Inde / Taxation of capital gains on the direct and indirect transfer of shares in source states : Chinese, Indian and South Korean examples

Jung, Youjin 27 June 2017 (has links)
L’Asie est une des principales destinations, en termes de volume, des investissements mondiaux. Or, l’existence d’une sécurité tant juridique que fiscale est un paramètre majeur dans les choix des investisseurs étrangers. Quelques affaires récentes dans cette région, notamment « Lone Star Fund » en Corée du Sud et « Vodafone » en Inde, semblent remettre en question l’existence d’une telle sécurité. Les activités de nombreuses entreprises étrangères articulées autour d’opérations d’achat et de revente de parts de sociétés sont spéculatives. La Chine, la Corée du Sud et l’Inde, ayant constaté l’importance des profits générés par une telle pratique spéculative, ont choisi de les imposer, en tant qu’Etat de la source, soit avec l’adoption des règles dites « general anti-avoidance rules (GAAR) », soit avec l’interprétation extensive d’un principe découlant d’une loi fiscale, soit encore avec l’amendement des règles des revenus réputés de source. Ce faisant, elles n’ont pas tenu compte de l’existence de société-relais et n’ont pas nécessairement justifié cette imposition qui semble contrevenir à leurs conventions fiscales. La première partie de cette thèse consiste à étudier le droit interne et la pratique judiciaire de ces Etats. Dans un second temps, elle examine dans quelle mesure cette imposition s’articule avec leurs conventions fiscales. Enfin, elle cherche à comprendre pourquoi elles ont choisi une telle politique fiscale et propose quelques solutions pour rehausser le degré de prévisibilité de leur système juridique. / Asia is one of the main destinations in terms of global investment volume. But the existence of legal and fiscal certainties is an important factor for investors’ choices. Several recent cases in the region, including “Lone Star Fund” in South Korea and “Vodafone” in India, seem to question the existence of such certainties. Many foreign enterprises focus on the shares’ purchase and re-sale, which could be linked to speculation. China, South Korea and India, as source states, having identified speculative business which is making huge profits, decided to tax them, with adopting General Anti-Avoidance Rules (GAAR) or a broad interpretation of a tax law principle and also the rule amendment on income deemed to accrue. In so doing, they ignored the presence of conduit companies and did not justify this taxation which would seem to be a breach of their tax treaties.Firstly, this study examines domestic law and judicial practice of these states. In the second phase, it evaluates the extent to which this taxation relates to their tax treaties. Finally, it seeks to understand why they opt for such a tax policy and proposes some solutions to raise the level of predictability of their legal system.
113

Curbing offshore tax avoidance: the case of South African companies and trusts

Oguttu, Annet Wanyana 30 November 2007 (has links)
This work entails a study of some of the schemes that are employed by country residents when companies and trusts are used as vehicles for investing in offshore tax-haven and low tax jurisdictions so as to avoid taxes. The study also entails a critical analysis of the effectiveness of the some of the laws in South Africa that curb such offshore tax avoidance schemes. Similar laws in the United Kingdom and in the United States are analysed in order to come up with some recommendations that could be considered for possible reform of the relevant South African laws where they are found wanting. Since offshore tax avoidance is an international issue, the effectiveness of the recommendations of some international organisations in preventing the depletion of countries' tax bases are also analysed. / JURISPRUDENCE / LLD
114

Développement d'une sonde aquatique autonome pour la cartographie des drains karstiques noyés. Simulation des écoulements par une approche couplée drains discrets - double porosité.

Hakoun, Vivien 13 December 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Il est communément admis que les écoulements dans les aquifères karstiques sont particulièrement concentrés dans les conduits et les fractures principaux. Dans ce travail, on cherche à décrire le comportement du flux à différentes échelles. A l'échelle locale, on considère une modélisation des écoulements en milieu continu. A cela s'ajoute à l'échelle régionale l'inclusion de drains comme éléments discrets (approche hybride). Nous avons recours pour ceci à l'utilisation d'un modèle d'écoulement défini par des équations aux dérivées partielles qui décrivent l'écoulement dans un milieu à double-porosité. La solution analytique de ce modèle nous permet d'étudier les phases de transition des flux selon une condition à la limite de type charge imposée. Ceci correspond à une perturbation hydraulique tel qu'un puits maintenu à charge constante. Afin d'inclure des conditions aux limites spécifiques (par exemple une limite imperméable) et une géométrie de domaine irrégulière, nous développons et employons un modèle numérique basée sur la méthode des éléments intégrales de frontière. Ceci permet de mettre en oeuvre l'approche hybride (milieu continu et discret) dans laquelle nous considérons les intersections entre conduits verticaux et horizontaux. Ce type de modélisation permet ainsi de considérer une échelle plus importante qu'un modèle continu seul. Par ailleurs, un modèle expérimental de laboratoire est conçu et réalisé afin d'étudier expérimentalement les phases de transition du flux issu de milieux hétérogènes. Cette approche est complémentaire de celle développée à l'aide de la solution analytique et du modèle numérique. Enfin, nous proposons le développement et les essais préliminaires d'un nouvel instrument de mesure. Il s'agit d'une sonde autonome qui a pour objectif de cartographier les conduits noyés dans les aquifères karstiques. Ainsi la géométrie des drains discrets pourra être représentée de façon plus réaliste dans le modèle numérique hybride. Les conclusions principales de ce travail sont les suivantes : à l'échelle locale et régionale, les phases de transition du flux dépendent des propriétés hydrauliques du milieu. La solution numérique permet d'étudier l'influence des géométries de domaine et de conditions aux limites complexes. Le modèle expérimental permet de reproduire qualitativement les phases de transition du flux analysées théoriquement. Enfin, la sonde permet de cartographier son parcours dans des conditions expérimentales contrôlées. Ces nouvelles méthodes contribuent à la caractérisation de l'hydrodynamique dans les aquifères karstiques.
115

Curbing offshore tax avoidance: the case of South African companies and trusts

Oguttu, Annet Wanyana 30 November 2007 (has links)
This work entails a study of some of the schemes that are employed by country residents when companies and trusts are used as vehicles for investing in offshore tax-haven and low tax jurisdictions so as to avoid taxes. The study also entails a critical analysis of the effectiveness of the some of the laws in South Africa that curb such offshore tax avoidance schemes. Similar laws in the United Kingdom and in the United States are analysed in order to come up with some recommendations that could be considered for possible reform of the relevant South African laws where they are found wanting. Since offshore tax avoidance is an international issue, the effectiveness of the recommendations of some international organisations in preventing the depletion of countries' tax bases are also analysed. / JURISPRUDENCE / LLD
116

Autorské právo v informační společnosti a na vnitřním trhu Evropské unie / An Author's Right in the Information Society and Across the Internal European Union Market

Mikita, Peter January 2018 (has links)
Copyright law is a special category of civil law which, with the upswing of the Internet, has become important for different types of stakeholders in the global information society. The 'participative web' operates with content generated by users. This user-generated content has often disputable origins in terms of copyright clearance. The Internet has opened the possibility for developing new forms of communication between anonymous or individual users who are not easily identifiable. Especially peer-to-peer file sharing and recently the information services offered and operated by the so-called 'cyberlockers' are the reason of questioning the role of copyright protection online which needs a beneficial solution. Copyright infringement in the era of information society is a complex phenomenon with a multiplicity of contributing factors like the importance of information data with big business potential, personal attitudes shown by internet users towards the value and scarcity of intellectual property, or legal responsibility of internet service providers (ISP) who paradoxically act from the safety of the so-called safe harbours as intermediaries of information exchange, representing a new element in the communication chain between rights holders and users. Commercial and business models operating...

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