Every day, I come across improper conduct, disobedience, breaking the law and subsequently also the criminal activity. In my final thesis, I wanted to summarize everything that is connected to the issue of alternative penalties and to aim especially at such punishment that is sometimes underestimated as re-education. Nevertheless, the new Criminal Code covers them to a large extent. Thanks to this elaboration and usage of alternative punishment in practice their usage is becoming more and more known among the public. Let's hope that it will help to deal with overcrowded prisons and to lower the costs on the prisons' operation. The aim of this thesis is to stress the importance of alternative punishment in practice, especially to show such way of punishment as important and significant mechanism for enforcing punitive sanctions thank to all workers of probationary and mediation services. I believe that processed statistics and questionnaires shall enlighten the whole processing of the topic and shall show how the public views the issue of alternative punishment.

La réaction sulfatique interne (RSI) dans les ouvrages en béton est une pathologie susceptible de se développer lorsque des conditions particulières portant sur la composition du béton, les conditions thermiques au jeune âge et l'environnement sont réunies. Ce phénomène est attribué à la formation d'ettringite différée qui provoque un gonflement du matériau et une fissuration dans la structure. Deux types de béton sont concernés par cette pathologie : les bétons préfabriqués traités thermiquement et les bétons coulés en place dans les pièces massives. Bien que largement étudiée depuis une dizaine d'années, la RSI n'est pas à ce jour parfaitement connue du fait de la complexité du phénomène au niveau des mécanismes mis en jeu, des paramètres influents et de ses conséquences tant à l'échelle microscopique qu'à l'échelle de l'ouvrage. Ce travail vise donc à apporter des éléments de réponse à plusieurs interrogations concernant cette pathologie, en se focalisant sur l'étude de l'impact de certains facteurs intervenant lors de la réaction et sur l'application nucléaire. De nombreuses études expérimentales ont été ainsi mises en œuvre. Une large étude est consacrée à évaluer le risque de développement de la RSI dans une enceinte de confinement d'une centrale nucléaire, du fait de la présence de structures massives dans ce type d'ouvrages. Ces travaux ont permis de mettre en évidence dans quelle mesure la pathologie influe sur les caractéristiques mécaniques et sur les propriétés de transfert du béton, et ainsi de vérifier si les exigences de sûreté attendues par ces structures sont mises en cause. Ensuite, nous nous sommes intéressés à étudier l'impact de l'hygrométrie du béton sur le développement de la RSI. Nous avons pu identifier le couplage qui existe entre l'humidité environnante et le gonflement. Le rôle joué par la lixiviation des alcalins a été également mis en évidence. Des suivis des propriétés de transfert ont été menés et confrontés aux gonflements observés. Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés à caractériser le rôle joué par le squelette granulaire sur la cinétique et l'amplitude du gonflement par RSI. Les paramètres étudiés concernent la taille et la fraction volumique des inclusions granulaires. De plus, un exemple d'application d'une modélisation numérique mésoscopique du gonflement est proposé / Delayed ettringite formation (DEF) in concrete structures is a pathology that can develop when special conditions on the concrete composition, the thermal conditions at the young age and the environment are met. This phenomenon provokes swelling of the material and cracking in the structure. It affects two types of concrete : the concrete heat-treated and the concrete cast in place in massive parts. Although many studies were done before in order to better understand this pathology, the DEF is still not well known. This is due to its complex mechanism, the influential parameters and its consequences on microscopic and structural scales. For that purpose, the thesis work was designed in order to better understand this pathology. Experimental studies were done to evaluate the impact of certain factors during the reaction, by focusing on nuclear application. An important part of this study was dedicated to assess the risk of DEF development in a nuclear power plant, and to understand how this pathology affects the mechanical characteristics and transfer properties of the concrete. Then, we have studied the impact of the hygrometry on the development of DEF. This has lead to identify a relation between environmental humidity and swelling. We have also examined the role of alkali leaching. A follow up study of the transfer properties was also done and was confronted to the observed swelling. Finally, we were interested in the characterization of the aggregates effect on the kinetics and the amplitude of DEF swelling. So, we have examined the parameters related to the size and the volume fraction of granular inclusions. Furthermore, an application of a mesoscopic numerical modeling of swelling is proposed

Orientador: Alexandre Amstalden Moraes Sampaio / Coorientador: Antonio Sérgio Ferraudo / Coorientador: Wignez Henrique / Banca: Guilherme Fernando Alleoni / Banca: Selma de Fátima Grossi / Banca: Dilermando Perecin / Banca: Danísio Prado Munari / Resumo: Com objetivo de explorar os padrões de desempenho em confinamento de animais da raça Nelore, quando comparados com outras raças, foram levantados resultados experimentais individuais de bovinos terminados em confinamento, desenvolvidos em diferentes instituições de pesquisa do Sudeste e do Sul do Brasil. Estes compuseram um banco de dados com animais machos castrados e não castrados e com as variáveis: peso na entrada e na saída do confinamento, nível de concentrado na dieta, tempo de confinamento, ingestão de matéria seca (em kg/dia, em porcentagem do peso vivo e em função do peso metabólico), ganho de peso e eficiência alimentar. Primeiramente, os dados foram submetidos à análise de agrupamento por método hierárquico que permitiu uma divisão dos animais em 18 grupos. Posteriormente, a análise de fatores permitiu compreender a natureza e a extensão dos efeitos das diferentes variáveis de desempenho, condensando a informação relevante contida na variabilidade total dos dados originais em três fatores. A seguir, foram adicionados ao banco de dados mais onze experimento, os quais foram analisados conjuntamente utilizando-se a análise de modelos mistos considerando cada experimento como um fator aleatório e, para tal, os animais foram divididos em 4 grupos genéticos, denominados: NELORE (apenas animais da raça Nelore); COMPOSTO (raças Canchim, Santa Gertrudes e Brangus); ZEBU (raças Gir e Guzerá); e EUROPEU (raças Caracu, Hereford e Aberdeen Angus). Foram observadas semelhanças no ganho de peso, quando comparados os animais não castrados e castrados de um mesmo grupo. As ingestões de matéria seca dos animais castrados dos grupos Nelore, Composto e Zebu não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significativas quando comparados aos animais não castrados... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Whit objective to explore the patterns of feedlot performance of Nellore, when compared with other breeds, individual experimental results were collected from feedlot cattle, conducted at different research institutions in Southeast and South Brazil, which comprised a database of male animals castrated and intact and with the variable weight input and output of confinement, the concentrate level in diet, confinement time, dry matter intake (kg / day, percentage of body weight and function of metabolic weight), weight gain and feed efficiency. First, databases were analyzed by hierarchical clustering method that allowed for a division into 18 groups of animals. After this the factor analysis allowed us to understand the nature and extension of the effects of different performance variables condensing the relevant information contained in the total variability of the original data into three factors. The following were added to the database, eleven further experiments which were analyzed together using the mixed model analysis considering each experiment as a random factor, and for this, the animals were divided into four genetic groups, namely: NELLORE (only Nellore); COMPOST (Canchim, Santa Gertrudis and Brangus); ZEBU (Gir and Guzerá) and EUROPEAN (Caracu, Hereford and Aberdeen Angus). Similarities were observed in weight gain when compared to the intact and castrated animals of the same group. The dry matter intake of the Nellore's castrated groups, Zebu and Compost, showed no difference from intact animals. The intact animals of groups European and Compost are more efficient in converting dry matter intake on weight gain, when compared to the castrated animals of their groups. Castrated animals did not differ from the Nellore group in food efficiency. For the exploratory analysis was not possible to characterize... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Dans cette thèse, les propriétés de l'eau en présence d'ions dans des nanoconfinement à base de silice ont été étudiées. L'objectif principal est de relier ces propriétés à l'évolution des matériaux mésoporeux de silice dans les solutions aqueuses. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons utilisé une approche originale consistant à remplir avec des solutions électrolytiques comportant des ions ayant des propriétés kosmotropes différentes, XCl2 (X = Ba, Ca, Mg) des systèmes modèles tels que deux surfaces de silice parallèles et planes espacées de 3 et 5 nm (nanocanaux) et des silices à mesoporosité ordonnée comme les silices SBA-15 (6 nm de taille pores et murs des pores microporeux) et MCM-41 (3 nm de taille de pores et murs des pores denses).Les résultats obtenus indiquent que la cinétique de remplissage des nanocanaux dépend de la taille du confinement, de la nature des ions et de la solubilité des sels associés aux électrolytes. Dans certains cas, le remplissage incomplet des nanocanaux peut s'expliquer par une diminution de la dynamique de l'eau associée à l’atteinte de la saturation vis-à-vis des sels XCl2 dans la couche interfaciale. La possible précipitation de phases XCl2 pourrait permettre d’expliquer le bouchage de certains nanocanaux. Par la suite, les propriétés de l'eau dans des nanoconfinement concave de silice tels que les cylindres ont également été étudiées. La structure de l’eau en présence d’ions et sa dynamique à l’échelle de la picoseconde caractérisées respectivement par FTIR-ATR et diffusion quasi élastique des neutrons, ont été analysées. Les résultats suggèrent que les propriétés structurales et dynamiques de l'eau sont fortement influencées par la taille du confinement, le caractère kosmotrope des ions et l'excès d'ions dans la couche interfaciale.Enfin, nous avons déterminé l’évolution des deux silices mésoporeuses dans des solutions électrolytiques par diffusion des rayons X aux petits angles. Pour une taille de pore de 3 nm et des murs de pores denses (MCM-41), une dynamique de l’eau lente à une échelle picoseconde conduit probablement à une sursaturation des ions dans la couche interfaciale et donc à une reprécipitation des sels XCl2 et / ou de la silice plus stable. Dans ce cas, l'évolution du MCM-41 est induite par un processus de dissolution-recondensation / précipitation. Dans les plus grands mésopores du SBA-15, en raison de la microporosité dans la paroi des pores, le processus d'altération est différent. Dès le début, une couche d'altération se forme et la taille des pores augmente jusqu'à saturation de la silice. Par la suite, un processus de recondensation / précipitation similaire à celui observé dans la MCM-41 se produit dans la microporosité. Ces deux types d'évolutions en silice pourraient persister jusqu'à l'obtention d'une phase de silice thermodynamiquement stable. / In this study, we investigated the water properties in the presence of ions in silica nanoconfinement. The main objective is to relate these water properties to the evolution of silica mesoporous materials in aqueous solutions. To reach this goal, we used an original approach, consisting in the use of electrolyte solutions having ions with various kosmotropic property XCl2 (X = Ba, Ca, Mg) confined in model systems such as two parallel and plane silica surfaces spaced of 3 and 5 nm (nanochannels) and highly ordered mesoporous silica materials represented by SBA-15 (6 nm pore size and microporous pore wall) and MCM-41 (3 nm pore size and dense pore wall).The obtained results indicate that the filling kinetics in nanochannels is driven by the size of the confinement, the nature of ions and the salt solubility of electrolytes. In some cases, the incomplete filling of the nanochannels may be explained by a decrease of water dynamics associated to the saturation of XCl2 salts into the interfacial layer. The possible precipitation of XCl2 phases may explain an incomplete filling by a nanochannels clogging.Thereafter, the water properties in nanoconfinement made of silica concave surface such as cylinders were studied. The water structure and dynamics at a picosecond scale in presence of ions were respecteively characterized by infrared spectroscopy and quasi-elastic neutron scattering. The results suggest that the structural and dynamical water properties are strongly affected by the size of the confinement, the kosmotropic properties of ions and the surface ion excess in the interfacial layer.Finally, we characterized the evolution of the two mesoporous silica in electrolyte solutions using in-situ small-angle X-ray scattering. For 3 nm pore size and dense pore wall (MCM-41), the slow dynamics at a picosecond scale probably lead to a supersaturation of ions in the interfacial layer and thus, to a reprecipitation of XCl2 salts and/or silica phases. In that case, the evolution of the MCM-41 is driven by a dissolution-recondesation/precipitation process. In the bigger mesopores of SBA-15, due to the microporosity in the pore wall, the alteration process is different. During a first stage, an alteration layer is formed and the pore size increases until the silica saturation. Afterwards, a similar recondensation/precipitation process as observed in MCM-41 occurs into the microporosity. These two types silica evolutions could persist until the formation of a thermodynamic stable silica phase.

Student Number : 9104308Y - Msc Eng research report - School of Mining Engineering - Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment / African Explosives Limited (AEL) is involved with the Hybrid Stress Blast Model (HSBM) project in the characterisation of its bulk explosives and part of this involves the collection of unconfined detonation velocities (VoD). Historical methods of unconfined VoD measurements and earlier measurements taken for the HSBM project did not attribute significance to the strength of the light containment media used, which was either cardboard or PVC, in various wall thicknesses. The main focus of this exercise was to investigate this significance and to make recomendations to the HSBM on the choice of pipes for future tests. ANFO was used in order to avoid complexities of manufacturing and density variation, which arise with emulsion explosives. Plastic sleeves were used as a control in defining a medium of negligible confinement in order to compare the results in PVC and cardboard pipes. The cardboard pipes selected had wall thicknesses of 2mm and 4mm, while the PVC pipes had pressure ratings of 4 Bar and 9 Bar with wall thicknesses from 1.5mm to 8.5mm. The inner diameters ranged between 45mm and 253mm. The following findings have been made in this report. - Plastic sleeves were not effective in comparing the effects of confinement, but the results suggests that thin walled carboard pipes are probably very close to unconfined, even near the critical diameter. - PVC pipes affect VoD more than cardboard pipes and the confinement provided by both types of pipes increases with their wall thickness. - Critical diameter increases with weaker confinement and vice versa. - VoDs in the different types of confinement converge as diameter increases. - Future unconfined VoD tests should take cognisance of the findings of this project. A similar confinement investigation would be benificial to determine whether similar trends prevail with Emulsion and Emulsion-ANFO blend explosives. However if such an evaluation is not conducted, the minimum requirements for further tests should be to apply the confinement and diameter relationships as determined for ANFO during this investigation.

Este trabalho aborda o efeito do confinamento desenvolvido em pilares de concreto armado reforçados com compósitos de fibras de carbono. Por meio do encamisamento é possível mobilizar o confinamento passivo do concreto, restringindo sua expansão lateral. Com o efeito do confinamento o concreto apresenta significativos ganhos de resistência e ductilidade. Efetuou-se uma análise experimental com pilares de seção transversal circular utilizando diferentes taxas de armadura transversal e variando-se o número de camadas do compósito. Observou-se a influência destas variáveis sobre a capacidade resistente e a deformabilidade destes pilares. Com o aumento do número de camadas de compósito ocorreram grandes acréscimos de capacidade resistente, mesmo com taxas de armadura transversal mais elevadas. O aumento da deformação última com o reforço foi grande no caso de pilares não armados. Em pilares com elevada taxa de armadura transversal não ocorreram ganhos significativos na deformação última. Verificou-se que em pilares de concreto armado reforçados com compósito de fibras de carbono, pode-se obter boas previsões do ganho de resistência utilizando-se modelos teóricos de confinamento adequados e a sobreposição de pressões laterais da camisa de reforço e da armadura transversal no núcleo. Foram ensaiados também pilares de seção transversal quadrada sem armaduras para verificar o efeito da forma da seção transversal. Observou-se que em seções quadradas a pressão lateral efetiva é menor se comparada com pilares de seção circular. / This work deals with the effect of confinement in reinforced concrete columns strengthened with carbon fiber composites. By wrapping, it is possible to mobilize the passive confinement of the concrete, restricting its lateral expansion. With the confinement, the concrete shows substantial gains in resistance and ductility. An experimental analysis of circular columns was carried out making use of different rates of transverse steel and numbers of composite layers. The influence of these variables over the load carrying capacity and deformability of these columns was observed. With an increased number of layers of the composite, there was a great increase in the load carrying capacity, even at high transverse steel rates. The increase in the ultimate strain given by the strengthening was great with unreinforced concrete columns. In columns with a high transverse steel rate there were no important gains in the ultimate strain. It was observed that in reinforced concrete columns strengthened with carbon fiber composites, one can very well foresee the gain in strength by using adequate analytical models of confinement and the overlaying of lateral pressures from the composite jacket and the transverse steel in the central core. Square columns without reinforcement bars were also subject to testing so as to investigate the effect of the shape of the cross-section. It was observable that in square sections the real lateral pressure is smaller when compared to circular columns.

Foram realizados 2 experimentos no Departamento de Zootecnia da ESALQ/USP com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho de tourinhos terminados em confinamento. No experimento 1 foram comparados três métodos de processamento de milho, laminado (L), floculado (F) e moído fino (M), combinados com 3 níveis crescentes de uréia (0,5; 1,0 e 1,5% na MS da dieta). As dietas continham 8,5, 9,9 e 11,3% de PB respectivamente. Foram utilizados 180 tourinhos da raça Nelore com peso inicial de 343 kg, distribuídos em 36 baias, confinados por 101 dias. As dietas continham 12% de feno picado e 88% de concentrado (milho, melaço, uréia e núcleo mineral com ionóforo). A floculação do milho flint aumentou o GPD, resultando em 20,5% maior eficiência alimentar em comparação com o milho laminado. Comparada com a moagem fina, a floculação aumentou em 11,6% a eficiência alimentar dos animais. A moagem fina melhorou a eficiência alimentar dos animais em 7,9% em comparação com a laminação. Independente do método de processamento do milho a eficiência alimentar dos animais aumentou de forma linear com o aumento dos níveis de uréia na ração. Os parâmetros de carcaça avaliados não foram afetados pelos tratamentos. No experimento 2 foram comparadas a digestibilidade do amido em dietas com três processamentos de milho (laminado, floculado e moído fino) em dois grupos genéticos de animais: predominantemente Bos taurus (Canchim) e Bos indicus (Nelore). Foram utilizados 15 tourinhos da raça Nelore, com peso vivo inicial de 325 kg e 15 tourinhos da raça Canchim, com peso vivo inicial de 361 kg. Os animais foram alojados em baias individuais, por 27 dias. As dietas continham 20% de feno de tifton e 80% de concentrado constituído de milho, farelo de soja, melaço, uréia, calcário calcítico e núcleo mineral. A concentração de amido fecal para os animais que receberam rações com milho moído fino e milho floculado foram menores (12,8 e 29,6%, respectivamente) quando comparadas ao milho laminado. A digestibilidade do amido no trato total foi maior para animais Canchim que para Nelore. Esses resultados permitem concluir que nos dois experimentos conduzidos, a moagem fina e a floculação, em comparação com a laminação, resultaram em aumento na digestibilidade do amido e na eficiência alimentar dos animais maior do que o relatado na literatura americana, provavelmente em virtude da diferença no tipo de milho utilizado nos dois países. / Two experiments were conducted at the Department of Animal Science, ESALQ / USP in order to evaluate the performance of feedlot finished young Nellore bulls. In Experiment 1 three corn processing methods were compared, dry rolling (L), steam flaking (F) and fine grinding (M) combined with three increasing crude protein levels (8.5, 9.9 and 11.3%) via addition of urea (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% in diet DM) in diets rich in concentrate. 180 young Nellore bulls with initial weight of 343 kg were allotted to 36 feedlot pens for 101 days. Experimental diets consisted of 12% chopped hay and 88% concentrate (corn, molasses, urea and mineral supplement with ionophore). Steam flaking of flint corn reduced DMI and increased ADG, resulting in a 20.5% higher feed efficiency compared with dry rolled corn. Compared to grinding, steam flaking increased feed efficiency by 11.6%. Fine grinding improved feed efficiency by 7.9% compared to dry rolling. Regardless of corn processing method feed efficiency increased linearly with increasing levels of dietary urea. Carcass parameters were not affected by treatments. In experiment 2 starch digestibility was evaluated among diets containing three corn processing methods (dry rolling, steam flaking and fine grinding) among animals of two different genetic groups: predominantly Bos taurus (Canchim) and Bos indicus (Nellore). A total of 15 young Nellore bulls, with initial weight of 325 kg and 15 young Canchim bulls, with initial weight of 361 kg were housed in individual pens. Experimental diets contained 20% Tifton hay and 80% concentrate consisting of corn, soybean meal, molasses, urea, limestone and mineral core. Fecal starch concentration for animals receiving diets with finely ground and flaked corn were lower (12.8 and 29.6%, respectively) compared with to dry rolled corn. There was no difference in the total starch digestibility (DTA) among the genetic groups. These results suggest that on both experiments the fine grinding and steam flaking, compared with dry rolling, resulted in increased starch digestibility and feed efficiency, higher than usually reported in American literature, probably due to the difference among maize varieties used in the two countries.

O comportamento em fluência é uma propriedade fundamental dos geossintéticos utilizados em estruturas de solo reforçado. Este parâmetro geralmente é caracterizado por meio de ensaios padronizados, que utilizam corpos de prova em condição não confinada, com temperatura e umidade controlada. Embora este ensaio seja utilizado na prática atual, o mesmo apresenta dois pontos negativos: grande tempo demandado para obtenção de uma resposta significativa quanto a esse comportamento (até 10.000 horas de ensaio) e o fato de não considerar o efeito do confinamento em solo. Para contornar essas deficiências, os ensaios padronizados podem ser realizados em temperaturas elevadas e sob condição de confinamento em solo. Estas abordagens têm sido apresentadas na literatura técnica, a fim de considerar cada um desses aspectos, mas apenas de forma independente. Recentemente, foi desenvolvido um equipamento capaz de conduzir ensaios de fluência confinado e acelerado em geossintéticos, considerando simultaneamente ambas as preocupações abordadas. Deste modo, este trabalho apresenta um conjunto de ensaios de fluência realizados sob diferentes condições com este equipamento. Um geotêxtil não-tecido e uma geogrelha biaxial foram utilizados para os ensaios, que compreenderam a deformação por fluência sem confinamento e em confinamento para ambos os geossintéticos e na ruptura por fluência, em condição confinada, para o geotêxtil não-tecido. Os resultados mostraram que a utilização de temperaturas elevadas permitiu acelerar a determinação do comportamento em fluência e que o efeito do confinamento se traduz por uma diminuição das taxas de deformação por fluência. Além disso, os resultados dos ensaios de ruptura por fluência na condição confinada indicam que os fatores de redução devido à fluência sugeridos na literatura técnica apresentam-se conservadores. / The creep behavior is one of the most important properties of geosynthetics used in reinforced soil structures. This parameter is usually characterized by standard tests, using in-isolation specimens, with controlled temperature and humidity conditions. Although their widespread use, these tests present two main concerns: they are time-consuming and may not consider the possibly significant effect of soil confinement. Together, these aspects may lead to expensive tests and conservative results. In order to address them, standard tests could be performed at elevated temperatures and under the confinement of soil. Several approaches have been presented in the technical literature in order to consider each of these aspects, but only independently. Recently, a new apparatus was developed in order to conduct confined and accelerated creep tests using geosynthetics. Thus, both concerns involving standard creep tests (i.e. elevation of the test temperature and specimen under soil confinement) are addressed simultaneously. This work presents a set of creep tests performed under different conditions with this equipment. A non-woven geotextile and a biaxial geogrid were used in these tests, which comprised the creep deformation behavior both in in-isolation and in-soil conditions and geosynthetic creep rupture in condition confined to the non-woven geotextile. Results highlight the importance of both using elevated temperatures to expedite the determination of geosynthetics creep behavior and the effect of soil confinement in lower rates of creep deformations. In addition, it was found that the reduction factors due to creep were considerably lower than those suggested by the literature.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre o comportamento ao longo do tempo de estruturas em solos finos reforçados com geossintéticos. O programa de atividades desenvolvido para este fim compreendeu três etapas: leituras de deformações de uma estrutura real de solo reforçado com geossintéticos, ensaios de laboratório de fluência confinada e isolada e modelagens computacionais da obra de referência. A estrutura real foi monitorada em duas seções distintas, sendo uma delas construída em geotêxteis não tecidos e a outra em geotêxteis tecidos. As leituras de deformação foram realizadas por um período de quatro anos. As condições da obra real foram utilizadas como referência para o planejamento dos ensaios de fluência em isolamento e confinamento. Os ensaios confinados foram conduzidos inicialmente no equipamento de fluência confinada desenvolvido por Costa (2004), no qual o carregamento é imposto de forma indireta ao reforço. Os ensaios foram realizados empregando o mesmo solo de aterro da obra real, com diferentes níveis de carregamento vertical (140, 200, 300 e 400 kPa) e com diferentes umidades de compactação (8%, 11,7% e 16%). Os ensaios com carregamento de 140 kPa foram repetidos no equipamento de fluência confinada-acelerada desenvolvido por França (2011), permitindo uma comparação teórica e prática entre os dois equipamento utilizados. Ensaios adicionais foram realizados para avaliar o comportamento ao longo do tempo de geossintéticos confinados submetidos a um processo de inundação do solo. E para finalizar a campanha de ensaios foram realizados testes para a verificação do incremento de cargas nos reforços devido aos efeitos da compactação do maciço. As modelagens computacionais foram realizadas empregando o software Plaxis 2D. A partir dos modelos numéricos foi possível verificar os mecanismos desenvolvidos ao longo do tempo de estruturas de solos reforçados com geossintéticos. A modelagem numérica permitiu extrapolar o comportamento da estrutura para outro tipo de reforço (geogrelha) e para tempos bem mais elevados do que os tempos reais de leitura. As previsões de comportamento foram realizadas para tempos de até 100 anos. Os resultados da campanha de ensaios mostraram que os reforços confinados em solo estão sujeitos aos fenômenos da fluência e da relaxação ao longo do tempo. Os resultados mostraram que as taxas de fluência e de relaxação foram mais elevadas para os maiores carregamentos verticais. Os ensaios adicionais mostraram que os reforços sofreram um incremento significativo de carga devido aos efeitos da compactação e que a rigidez confinada dos reforços praticamente não se alterou devido aos efeitos da inundação. A previsão do comportamento do muro de referência utilizando o MEF mostrou que a estrutura deve apresentar baixos níveis de deformação para períodos de até 100 anos. A análise conjunta de todos os resultados obtidos ao longo do trabalho permitiu o desenvolvimento de um modelo analítico que permite a previsão do comportamento de muros reforçados com geossintéticos a partir de resultados de ensaios de fluência em isolamento. A aplicação do modelo proposto para o caso do muro real mostrou uma boa coerência entre os resultados previstos e os resultados medidos em campo. / This dissertation presents a study on time-dependent behavior of geosynthetic reinforced soil walls with fine soil. The testing program comprised of three distinct steps: field assessment of an instrumented geotextile reinforced soil wall, in-air and in-soil laboratory creep tests, and numerical analysis of the instrumented wall. Reinforcement strains were monitored in two different cross-sections: one built with nonwoven geotextile and the other built with woven geotextile. The strains were monitored during four years of service. The field conditions were used as the basis for planning in-air and in-soil creep tests. The in-soil creep tests were initially conducted using the confined-creep test apparatus developed by Costa (2004), which simulates the typical load transfer mechanism in reinforced soil structures. The in-soil tests were performed using the same soil used in the instrumented wall. These tests were carried out at different levels of vertical load (140, 200, 300 and 400 kPa) at the optimum water content (11.7%) and at different compaction water content of the soil (8%, 11.7% and 16%) at 140 kPa. The tests with 140 kPa of vertical load were replicated using the confined-accelerated creep test apparatus developed by França (2011). These tests allowed a theoretical and practical comparison between the two different in-soil creep testing apparatuses utilized in the testing program. Additional in-soil creep tests were conducted to evaluate the behavior of confined geosynthetics with time submitted to flooding of the top soil layer above the reinforcement. Compaction tests were also performed to check the increase of reinforcement loads due to soil compaction. Numerical modelling was carried out with the Finite Element Method (FEM) using Plaxis 2D. The numerical models allowed evaluation of the geotechnical mechanisms developed with time on geosynthetic reinforced soil wall structures. These models were also used to predict timedependent strains for longer periods (until 100 years) and for different types of reinforcements. The results of the testing program showed that the reinforcements confined in soil presented creep and stress relaxation behavior with time. The results also showed that the creep and relaxation rates were higher for larger vertical loads. It was observed that the confined stiffness of the reinforcement was virtually the same regardless the occurrence of flooding in the top soil layer. Additionally, the compaction tests showed that the larger the difference of the soil compaction water content from the optimum, the larger the loads in the reinforcement. Behavior prediction of the monitored, full-scale wall using FEM showed that the structure should have low strain levels for periods up to 100 years. The laboratory test results and the mechanisms learned from the FEM analysis allowed the development of an analytical model for predicting geosynthetic-reinforced soil wall behavior from results of in-air creep tests. The strain results of the analytical model applied to the monitored full-scale wall showed that the predicted strains are in good agreement with the field strains.

Esta tese de doutorado tem por objetivo aprofundar as pesquisas realizadas no mestrado, a saber, da caracterização e estudo das propriedades estruturais e ópticas de filmes de oxinitreto de silício (SiOxNy:H) ricos em silício depositados pela técnica de deposição química a vapor assistida por plasma a baixa temperatura (PECVD). Os resultados obtidos no mestrado indicaram que os filmes de SiOxNy:H ricos em silício apresentam emissão luminescente na faixa do visível cuja intensidade e freqüência de emissão estão em correlação com o excesso de silício. Os resultados sugeriram que o excesso de silício na matriz do SiOxNy:H estava disposto na forma de aglomerados de silício de dimensões nanométricas responsáveis por efeitos de tamanho quântico bem como a estados radiativos na interface dos aglomerados com a matriz isolante. Neste trabalho a fim de avaliar o efeito da separação de fases, do tamanho quântico, e da interface, foram produzidos sistemas nanoestruturados a base de silício com total e parcial separação de fases para caracterizar e analisar suas propriedades ópticas e estruturais e compará-las com as dos filmes ricos em silício. Assim foram produzidas multicamadas de a-Si:H de poucos nanômetros de espessura com materiais dielétricos. Em algumas destas multicamadas foi promovida a mistura parcial das camadas por meio de bombardeamento iônico. O estudo nas estruturas de multicamadas permitiu caracterizar e analisar as propriedades estruturais e ópticas de materiais nanoestruturados com total e parcial separação de fases para posteriormente contrastá-los com as características dos filmes de oxinitreto de silício ricos em silício. A fim de analisar a influência da interface nas propriedades ópticas destes sistemas as multicamadas foram fabricadas com dois dielétricos diferentes: o óxido de silício e o ni treto de silício. A espessura das camadas dielétricas foi mantida fixa entanto que a das camadas de silício foi variada para avaliar efeitos de confinamento no silício. A caracterização foi feita utilizando técnicas de absorção óptica no UV-Vis, absorção no infravermelho (FTIR), espectroscopia Raman, fotoluminescência (PL), espectroscopia de absorção de raios X próximos 7 à borda do silício (XANES), e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão de alta resolução (HRTEM). Da análise dos resultados concluiu-se que o confinamento é fundamental para a existência da emissão luminescente embora o tipo de interface influencie a energia e a intensidade da emissão. A análise comparativa com as multicamadas permitiu verificar que os filmes de oxinitreto de silício ricos em silício apresentam, separação parcial de fases já como depositados, os tratamentos térmicos promovem a segregação do silício aumentando conseqüentemente a separação de fases. / The aim of this doctorate thesis is to enhance the knowledge in the research conducted along the Master degree based on the characterization and study of the structural and luminescent properties of silicon rich silicon oxynitride films (SiOxNy:H) deposited at low temperature by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD). The results of this study indicated that silicon rich SiOxNy:H films present luminescence in the visible spectra range with intensity and frequency in correlation with the silicon excess. The results suggested that the silicon excess in the SiOxNy:H matrix is confined in nanometric silicon clusters responsible for the to quantum size effects as well as for radiactive states at the interface of the silicon clusters with the insulating matrix. In the present work in order to evaluate the effect of phase separation, quantum size and interface effects si licon based nanostructured systems presenting total and partial phase separation were produced and their structural and optical properties were characterized in order to correlate them with the silicon rich films ones. In this way multilayers with few nanometers thick a-Si layers with dielectric materials were produced. The mixture of the layers was promoted by ion bombardment in some of these multilayers. The study of these structures permitted the characterization of structural and optical properties of materials with total and partial phase separation with the purpose of comparing them to the silicon-rich silicon oxynitride films characteristics. In order to analyze the interface influence in the optical properties, multilayers systems with two different dielectric materials, silicon oxide and silicon nitride, were fabricated. The dielectric layer thickness was kept constant while the silicon layer was varied in order to study the confinement effect. The characterization was done utilizing UV-Vis optical absorption, infrared absorption (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, Photoluminescence (PL), X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) techniques. From the results analysis it was concluded that confinement is essent ial for the existence of luminescent 9 emission although the type of interface also influences the energy and intensity of the emission. The comparative analysis with the multilayers permitted to verify that the silicon-rich silicon oxynitride films present, as deposited, partial phase separation and that the thermal treatments promotes silicon aggregation thus increasing the phase separation.