The thesis is focused on the analysis of the macroeconomic relationships of the growth of indebtedness of Czech households in 2000 - 2015. The aim of the diploma thesis is to find the main causes of household indebtedness growth and to identify the influence of this process on selected macroeconomic variables. The theoretical part of the diploma thesis deals with money creation, monetary and fiscal policy, the role of money in economic cycles and economic theories of household consumption. The practical part focuses more closely on debt development, its structure and sociodemographic structure of indebted households. The thesis describes the causes of household indebtedness growth, impacts on selected macroeconomic variables, ability of households to meet their financial obligations and, last but not least, international comparisons with selected EU countries. The diploma thesis brings a comprehensive view of the debt of Czech households in the period 2000 - 2015. At the end of the thesis, it explains the main causes and consequences of the growing indebtedness of households, together with the international comparison and the sociodemographic characteristic of indebted households.

Le consommateur, lorsqu’il souscrit un contrat de crédit pour les besoins de sa vie courante, achat d’une automobile par exemple, bénéficie d’un certain nombre de protections. Différentes sources du droit sont susceptibles d’être articulées : les mécanismes du droit commun des contrats présents dans le Code civil, mais aussi une législation spéciale, née de la loi dite SCRIVENER I du 10 janvier 1978, présente dans le Code de la consommation. Cette législation spéciale, bien que récente, a été modifiée à plusieurs reprises, la dernière modification d’importance étant la transposition en droit français de la directive européenne du 23 avril 2008 par la loi du 1er juillet 2010. Le droit du crédit à la consommation est un droit jeune, dense, foisonnant, ambitieux, qui revendique un haut degré de protection du consommateur et fait du formalisme son cheval de Troie. Mais c’est aussi un droit de passion, élaboré souvent dans l’urgence, sensible politiquement, médiatisé, objet de lobbies, parfois maladroitement rédigé ou transposé, approximatif, lacunaire. Au sein de la Cour de cassation, c’est à la Première Chambre civile qu’il appartient de connaître des questions en lien avec le droit de la consommation. Dès lors, comment la Première Chambre civile parvient-elle à manipuler ce droit spécial du crédit à la consommation ? Parvient-elle à en gommer les défauts, à en pallier les manques ? Comment articule-t-elle les protections en présence ? Doit-elle faire face à des résistances de la part des juridictions du fond ? Dans cette tâche unificatrice, le droit commun lui apporte-t-il un secours bienvenu ? Et la CJUE ? In fine, le consommateur emprunteur est-il protégé efficacement ? / Consumers often engage themselves in a consumer habit in order to purchase domestic appliances or furniture. They can stand by protection when the parties begin to negociate and during the whole life of the contract. Consumer protection can be effected through a multiplicity of rules. First of all, there are the common rules. This rules are in the Code civil. A special law for consumers was born during the seventies. The first consumer credit law in France was the SCRIVENER law, 1978. Often modified since this date. The last significant modification resulted from an European directive, which was transfered by a law n°2010-737 on first july 2010. The main purpose of my research is to observe how the Cour de cassation articulates special and common rules. Does the special law really protect consumers ? Special law is very formal. Is it a chance or a problem for consumers ? If it is a problem, how the Cour de cassation can get around it ? Are common rules useful ?

Consumer credit Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the topic of consumer credit, focusing on a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the development of consumer credit legislation not only in the Czech Republic, but also with a focus on essential legislation of the European Community and the European Union. The thesis is also focused on answering the theses set out in the introduction, which focus mainly on the issue of assessing the creditworthiness of consumers and the issue of regulation of providers and intermediaries and their impact on the activities of these entities in practice. For this purpose, the thesis is structured into seven parts, in which the legal regulation of consumer credit is systematically described, and certain essential or problematic passages are analysed in more detail. The first part of the thesis defines the basic concepts that are used in all aspects of consumer credit legislation and simultaneously in this thesis. The second part follows, which deals with the historical development of consumer credit from its very beginnings, through the development of consumer credit legislation in Community law, to the development of consumer credit legislation in our legal system. In the third part of this thesis, I analyse the general legal regulation of consumer credit and related...

AFRIKAANS: Die studie ondersoek die verband tussen huishoudingskuld in Suid-Afrika en finale verbruiksbesteding deur huishoudings en daar is bevind dit is 'n wedersydse, moeilik voorspelbare en nie 'n eenvoudige proses nie, omdat verskeie faktore in die ekonomie dit beïnvloed. Die stand van die ekonomie en veral die persepsie van die verbruiker is belangrike faktore. Geld het 'n evolusie ondergaan en minder tasbaar geword as gevolg van krediet. Dit het beheer daarvan moeilik gemaak. Die koste van krediet is 'n geleentheid vir die Sentrale Bank om beheer oor geldskepping uit te oefen. Monetêre beleid skep 'n effektiewe omgewing vir die ekonomie om te funksioneer. Beleid beheer die vraag en aanbod van geld direk (deur rentekoerse) of indirek ( deur vraag- en aanbodfaktore te manipuleer). Geld in die moderne ekonomie verwys na krediet en veral na krediet van huishoudings. Totale uitstaande krediet van huishoudings, en die samestelling daarvan het oor die afgelope 25 jaar aansienlik verander. Dit toon op 'n verandering in die mag van die Sentrale Bank oor die geldskeppingsproses. Bevolkingswelvaart word gemeet aan die vermoë van huishoudings om inkome te bestee. Finale verbruiksbesteding deur huishoudings is die belangrikste deel van totale besteding in die ekonomie. Suid-Afrika klassifiseer finale verbruiksbesteding deur huishoudings volgens die 1993 Stelsel van Nasionale Rekeninge. Verskille tussen die 1993 en 1968 weergawes sluit verskille in ten opsigte van tipe klassifikasie ( doelwit versus duursaamheid) en tussen werklike finale verbruiksbesteding (finale verbruiksbesteding deur huishoudings plus individuele verbruik deur die owerheid) en finale verbruiksbesteding deur huishoudings. Verskillende teorieë bestaan met betrekking tot die effek van rentekoerse, inflasie en finansiële liberalisering op besteding, verbruik oor die lewensiklus, die verbruiksbestedingsfunksie, die verwantskap tussen inkome en besteding en marginale verbruiksbesteding. Die verloop van finale verbruiksbesteding deur huishoudings in Suid¬Afrika oor die afgelope 25 jaar toon dat die samestelling heelwat verander het soos die ekonomie deur verskillende fases gegaan het. Besteding aan duursame en semi-duursame goedere het toenemend gedaal, terwyl besteding aan veral dienste, skerp gestyg het. Die algemene beskikbaarheid van krediet het veroorsaak dat huishoudings al meer op skuld begin leef het gedurende die negentigs. Die gevolgtrekking is dat, in teenstelling met vroeë bevindings, huishoudings nie noodwendig slegs duursame goedere finansier met krediet nie, maar ook nie-duursame goedere en dienste. Die hoë vlakke van krediet en die koste van krediet, het oor die lang termyn 'n negatiewe effek op besteding. Die verband tussen huishoudingskuld in Suid-Afrika en finale verbruiksbesteding deur huishoudings hang af van die faktore wat bestedingsbesluite deur huishoudings beïnvloed, wat monetêre en fiskale beleid insluit. Die toepassing van monetêre beleid werk deur die transmissiemeganisme, wat deur verskeie kanale werk. Die kredietkanaal bestaan uit die balansstaatkanaal en die bankleningskanaal. Die balansstaatkanaal verduidelik die werking van 'n verandering in monetêre beleid op die welvaart van die bevolking. Die bankleningskanaal werk direk deur rentekoerse en banklenings. Verskillende denkskole ondersteun verskillende kanale. Die endogene/eksogene geld vraagstuk lei tot die gevolgtrekking wat gemaak is, dat die voorraad van kredietgeld altyd vraag-bepaald is en dat die aanbod daarvan slegs indirek deur die Sentrale Bank beheer kan word deur die omstandighede in die geldmark (wat rentekoerse affekteer) te verander. ENGLISH: The study investigates the relationship between household debt in South Africa and final consumption expenditure by households and it was found to be an interrelated, difficult process that is not easy to predict, because various factors in the economy influence both. The most important ones are the state of the economy and the perception of the consumer. Money has evolved into something less tangible as a result of credit. That increased the difficulty of control over it. The cost of credit provided an opportunity to the Central Bank to control the creation of money. Monetary policy creates an efficient environment in which the economy can function. Policy control the supply and demand of money directly (through interest rates) or indirectly (through manipulation of the supply and demand factors). Money in the modem economy means credit and specifically credit of households. Total outstanding credit of households and the composition of credit changed dramatically over the last 25 years. This is an indication of a change in the control of the Central Bank over the money creation process. The wealth of the nation is measured by the ability of households to spend income. Final consumption expenditure by households is the most important part of total consumption in the economy. South Africa classifies final consumption expenditure by households according to the 1993 System of National Accounts. Differences between the 1993 and 1968 versions are with respect to type of classification (purpose versus durability) and between actual final consumption and final consumption expenditure by households. There are different theories regarding the effect of interest rates, inflation, financial liberalisation on consumption, consumption over the life-cycle, the consumption function, the relationship between income and consumption and marginal consumption expenditure. The trend in final consumption expenditure by households in South Africa over the last 25 years shows the changes as a result of the different phases of the economy. Consumption of durable and semi-durable goods have decreased continually, while demand for services increased sharply. Households increasingly financed expenditure with credit during the nineties, being the result of the availability of credit. The conclusion is that households not only finance durable goods with credit but also non-durable goods and services, which is contradictory to previous conclusions. The high levels of credit and the cost of credit have a negative effect on consumption over the long term. The relationship between household debt in South Africa and final consumption expenditure is determined by factors that influence decisions about spending, which include monetary and fiscal policy. The influence of monetary policy can be described through the transmission mechanism, that work through different channels. The credit channel consists of the balance sheet channel and the bank lending channel. The balance sheet channel explains the effect of changes in monetary policy on the wealth of the nation. The bank lending channel work through interest rates and bank loans. Different schools of thought support different channels. The exogenous/endogenous money supply debate lead to the conclusion that the supply of credit money is always demand determined and that control by the Central Bank is indirect through the influence of supply and demand conditions in the money market. / Dissertation (MCom (Economics))--University of Pretoria, 2002. / Economics / unrestricted

Выпускная квалификационная работа (магистерская диссертация) посвящена исследованию современных тенденций рынка потребительского кредитования в России. Предметом исследования выступает совокупность экономических факторов, влияющих на рынок потребительского кредитования, и качественно-количественные характеристики портфеля потребительских кредитов банка. Цель исследования – анализ влияния экономических факторов, влияющих на структуру и параметры рынка потребительского кредитования в России, а также разработка мероприятий по улучшению качества портфеля потребительского кредитования банка ПАО КБ «УБРиР» под влиянием изменяющейся экономической ситуации. / Final qualifying work (master's thesis) is devoted to the study of modern trends in the consumer lending market in Russia. The subject of the study is a set of economic factors affecting the consumer lending market, and qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the consumer loan portfolio of the Bank. The purpose of the study is to analyze the impact of economic factors affecting the structure and parameters of the consumer lending market in Russia, as well as the development of measures to improve the quality of the consumer lending portfolio of the Bank of PJSC CB "UBRiR" under the influence of the changing economic situation.

Структура магистерской диссертации включает в себя введение, три главы, заключение и список использованных источников. В первой главе рассмотрены теоретические основы потребительского кредитования в России. Во второй главе проанадизирована организация потребительского кредитования в АО «РайфффайзенБанк», анализируется просроченная задолженность и причины ее возникновения в банке. Третья глава включает в себя анализ текущих методов снижения просроченной задолженности в АО «РайфффайзенБанк» и пути снижения данных показателей. В заключении сформированы основные выводы. / The structure of the master's thesis includes an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and a list of references. The first chapter examines the theoretical foundations of consumer lending in Russia. In the second chapter, the organization of consumer lending in JSC "Raiffeisenbank" is analyzed, the overdue debt and the reasons for its occurrence in the bank are analyzed. The third chapter includes an analysis of current methods of reducing overdue debt in JSC "Raiffeisenbank" and ways to reduce these indicators. In conclusion, the main conclusions are formed.

The problem of credit rationing/borrowing constraint has recently received considerable attention. Individuals who are denied any credit by a financial institution, or who find it difficult to borrow against future incomes, are said to be credit rationed or borrowing constrained in the credit markets. This dissertation tries to identify the circumstances under which individuals may be rationed (or not), and analyses the actions undertaken to overcome future constraints. Chapter 2 analyses the problem of credit rationing as it arises in equilibrium, when borrowers differ with respect to their demands for loans. It is shown that if the principal can costlessly observe the agent’s type, then (i) the agents who meet the collateral requirements are not rationed in the sense of Stiglitz-Weiss (1981), (ii) the agents who do not meet the collateral requirements are rationed in the sense of Jaffee-Russell (1976). We further show that if the principal cannot distinguish between different agents, then the previous rationing results still hold in the second best contract which is pooling : agents of different types pick the same contract. Chapter 3 analyses the problem of credit rationing as it emerges in a dynamic setting, when a renegotiation of the original contract may be undertaken. It is conjectured that (i) the principal uses the information revealed about an agent’s type at the time of first repayment, to design future contracts, (ii) the agents who show consistently honest behavior are never rationed, (iii) the agents who showed dishonest behavior impose a negative externality on the agents who were honest; they are rationed in later periods. Finally, in chapter 3, we analyse the role of an exogenously imposed borrowing constraint prompting the individuals to change their life-cycle decisions. This chapter provides an explicit link between human and non-human wealth by making income endogenous through investment in human capital. The chapter also discusses the econometric aspects of the problem: the possible empirical work that can be undertaken in the future using a micro data set. / Ph. D.

This study was designed to determine (1) the level of priority that employees of nonprofit counseling agencies affiliated with the National Foundation for Consumer Credit (NFCC) feel the topics of credit, personal finance, investments, counseling, and consumer education should be given on a national certification examination for financial counselors, and (2) to determine the viewpoints of NFCC counselors concerning the format of a national certification examination. Data were collected with a 162-item questionnaire from 281 individuals employed by nonprofit counseling agencies affiliated with the NFCC; this represented an 83% response rate. Respondents were asked to prioritize 138-items on a scale of 1 for low priority to 5 for high priority. The items were distributed unevenly among the five topic areas. The overall mean priority score of all five topic areas was 3.6. Credit and counseling both received the highest individual topic mean priority score of 4.1. / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tiago Moraes Goncalves.pdf: 2154021 bytes, checksum: 86a5747d3bda29b3b2db8a263e9f0aa8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-23 / The purpose of this Master's dissertation is to analyze a type of insurance contract ¬ that is becoming increasingly important in Brazil and the world, and that is sti11little 'explored by the doctrine and mistakenly interpreted by case law: the Consumer credit insurance. This type of insurance guarantees the payment of a debt of the insured person, or part thereof, in case of the occurrence of an event covered by the policy agreed upon. The consumer credit insurance is developed within the scope ofthe Consumer Society and one ofits focal points is precisely the credit, assisting in maintaining the status quo of the social structure, by making possible a significant reduction in the risk of default in the concession of credit, thus fulfilling, an important sgcial function. The analysis therefore is not Rossible, without a theoretical overflight on the socioeconomic reality that justified the creation and development of the consumer credit insurance. Furthermore, with the aim of establishing the foundations for the interpretation of this contract, the work focuses on an analysis of the insurance transaction, addressing key issues inc1udingtransindividual interests, the entrepreneurship of the insurance activity, the commutativeness of the contract and the; interest as a legalIy protected asset, as welI as a brief digression on the legal framework of the insurance contracts and legal matters conceming their legal c1assification. The work finalIy analyzes the consumer contract insurance itself, exploring all the components, coverage provided, interests involved, the practices of the insurance market in the pre-contractual stage, the completion and execution to, at the end, offer a new insight into their legal nature, aiming to contribute to the doctrine and national jurisprudence for a better understanding of this contractual model. / A presente dissertação de mestrado possui o objetivo de analisar uma modalidade de contrato de seguro que ganha cada vez mais importância no Brasil e no mundo, e que ainda é pouco explorado pela doutrina e equivocadamente interpretado pela Jurisprudência: o seguro prestamista. Essa modalidade de seguro garante o pagamento de uma dívida do segurado, ou de 'parte dela, em caso da ocorrência de uma dos eventos cobertos pelo contrato. O seguro "" prestamista se desenvolve no âmbito da Sociedade de Consumo, que tem como um de seus eixos justamente o crédito ao consumo, auxiliando na manutenção do st'atus quo da estrutura quo da estrutura social, ao possibilitar sensível diminuição do risco de inadimplência nos contratos de concessão de crédito, cumprindo, assim, importante função social. Impossível a análise, portanto, sem um sobrevoo teórico sobre a realidade socioeconômico que justificou a criação I e o desenvolvimento do seguro prestamista. Além disso, com intuito de estabelecer premissas para a interpretação deste contrato, buscou-se realizar uma análise da operação de seguros, passando por questões essenciais como a transindividualidade de interesses, a empresarialidade da atividade seguradora, a comutatividade e o interesse como bem juridicamente tutelado pelo seguro, assim como por breve digressão sobre o marco lega1 dos contratos de seguro e questões relativas à classificação jurídica dos mesmos. O trabalho, por fim, irá analisar o contrato de seguro prestamista propriamente dito, explorando as partes que o integram, as coberturas prestadas, os interesses envolvidos, as práticas do mercado de seguro na fase pré-contratual, em sua conclusão e execução, para, ao final, propor uma nova visão sobre sua natureza jurídica, visando contribuir com a doutrina e jurisprudência pátria para melhor compreensão desta figura contratual.

This thesis is based on the bachelors thesis. It deals with current issues in the field of credit. This involves the history of this issue to the present and harmonization with EU law. It shows the situation after the amendment of the Act reporting obligations for loans provided to the penalties and sanctions. The theoretical part includes a barometer of credit to the 3rd quarter of 2013, and then figuring questionnaire consumer awareness and looking for possible recommendations and improvements to the current situation.