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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Produção de plantas transgênicas de citros expressando toxina de Bacillus thuringiensis visando ao controle de Diaphorina citri, inseto vetor do agente causal do huanglongbing (HLB) / Transgenic citrus plants expressing Bacillus thuringiensis toxin aiming at the control of Diaphorina citri, insect vector of the huanglongbing (HLB) causal agents

Dorta, Sílvia de Oliveira 29 March 2018 (has links)
Diaphorina citri é o inseto vetor das bactérias Candidatus Liberibacter spp., causadoras do huanglongbing (HLB), doença que tem causado sérios danos e grandes perdas econômicas à citricultura mundial, pois acomete todas as variedades comerciais de citros e não existem genótipos comerciais resistentes. Por esta razão, têm-se buscado estratégias que auxiliem no controle do inseto vetor, hoje feito quase que exclusivamente com o uso de excessivas aplicações de agroquímicos que aumentam o custo de produção e potencializam a agressão ao meio ambiente. Tem-se vislumbrado o desenvolvimento de plantas transgênicas que aumentem a resposta de defesa da planta contra Ca. Liberibacter spp. ou o vetor de forma mais efetiva, pelo direcionamento da expressão de genes alvo em tecidos específico, controlados por promotores de floema ou constitutivo. Nosso grupo tem buscado estratégias ainda não utilizadas em citros, mas efetivas para outras culturas, como o uso da bactéria entomopatogênica Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) para o controle de D. citri. Essa bactéria se destaca devido à produção de proteínas com atividades inseticidas contra diversas fases imaturas de insetos, por isso tem sido amplamente utilizada tanto na produção de bioinseticidas quanto, principalmente, na produção de plantas transgênicas em culturas como algodão, milho e soja. Em trabalhos anteriores, identificamos que o gene cry11 codifica uma toxina capaz de causar elevada mortalidade em ninfas do psilídeo dos citros 120 horas após sua inoculação em seedlings de citros. Este gene foi clonado para a expressão em tecido de plantas de laranja doce sob o direcionamento de dois promotores, um específico de floema e o outro constitutivo. Foram obtidas 19 plantas transgênicas, com a inserção de uma a três cópias do transgene em seus genomas. Algumas delas apresentaram elevados níveis de expressão do transcrito. Todas essas plantas foram propagadas via enxertia em limoeiro Cravo e estão praticamente prontas para serem desafiadas com ninfas de D. citri. Esse é o primeiro esforço para a produção de citrus Bt visando ao manejo do HLB dos citros. / Diaphorina citri is the insect vector of Candidatus Liberibacter spp., the causal agents of huanglongbing (HLB), the most devastating disease of citrus worldwide, due to the severe losses it induces and the lack of commercial resistant genotypes. For this reason, strategies have been sought to assist in the control of the insect vector, nowadays done almost exclusively with the use of excessive applications of agrochemicals that increase the cost of production and potentiate the aggression to the environment. It has been envisioned the development of transgenic plants that increase the defense response of the plant against Ca. Liberibacter spp. or the vector more effectively, by targeting the expression of target genes in specific tissues, controlled by phloem or constitutive promoters. Our group has sought strategies not yet used in citrus, but effective for other crops, such as the use of the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for the control of D. citri. This bacterium stands out due to the production of proteins with insecticidal activity against several immature phases of insects, so it has been widely used both in the production of bioinsecticides and mainly in the production of transgenic plants in crops such as cotton, corn and soybean. In previous work, we have identified that the cry11 gene encodes a toxin capable of causing high mortality of citrus psyllid nymphs 120 hours after inoculation in citrus seedlings. This gene was cloned for expression in sweet orange plant tissue under the guidance of two promoters, one phloem specific and the other constitutive. Nineteen transgenic plants were obtained, with the insertion of one to three copies of the transgene into their genomes. Some of them had high levels of transcript expression. All these plants were propagated via grafting in Clove lemon tree and are practically ready to be challenged with D. citri nymphs. This is the first effort to produce citrus Bt for the management of citrus HLB.
2

Produção de plantas transgênicas de citros expressando toxina de Bacillus thuringiensis visando ao controle de Diaphorina citri, inseto vetor do agente causal do huanglongbing (HLB) / Transgenic citrus plants expressing Bacillus thuringiensis toxin aiming at the control of Diaphorina citri, insect vector of the huanglongbing (HLB) causal agents

Sílvia de Oliveira Dorta 29 March 2018 (has links)
Diaphorina citri é o inseto vetor das bactérias Candidatus Liberibacter spp., causadoras do huanglongbing (HLB), doença que tem causado sérios danos e grandes perdas econômicas à citricultura mundial, pois acomete todas as variedades comerciais de citros e não existem genótipos comerciais resistentes. Por esta razão, têm-se buscado estratégias que auxiliem no controle do inseto vetor, hoje feito quase que exclusivamente com o uso de excessivas aplicações de agroquímicos que aumentam o custo de produção e potencializam a agressão ao meio ambiente. Tem-se vislumbrado o desenvolvimento de plantas transgênicas que aumentem a resposta de defesa da planta contra Ca. Liberibacter spp. ou o vetor de forma mais efetiva, pelo direcionamento da expressão de genes alvo em tecidos específico, controlados por promotores de floema ou constitutivo. Nosso grupo tem buscado estratégias ainda não utilizadas em citros, mas efetivas para outras culturas, como o uso da bactéria entomopatogênica Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) para o controle de D. citri. Essa bactéria se destaca devido à produção de proteínas com atividades inseticidas contra diversas fases imaturas de insetos, por isso tem sido amplamente utilizada tanto na produção de bioinseticidas quanto, principalmente, na produção de plantas transgênicas em culturas como algodão, milho e soja. Em trabalhos anteriores, identificamos que o gene cry11 codifica uma toxina capaz de causar elevada mortalidade em ninfas do psilídeo dos citros 120 horas após sua inoculação em seedlings de citros. Este gene foi clonado para a expressão em tecido de plantas de laranja doce sob o direcionamento de dois promotores, um específico de floema e o outro constitutivo. Foram obtidas 19 plantas transgênicas, com a inserção de uma a três cópias do transgene em seus genomas. Algumas delas apresentaram elevados níveis de expressão do transcrito. Todas essas plantas foram propagadas via enxertia em limoeiro Cravo e estão praticamente prontas para serem desafiadas com ninfas de D. citri. Esse é o primeiro esforço para a produção de citrus Bt visando ao manejo do HLB dos citros. / Diaphorina citri is the insect vector of Candidatus Liberibacter spp., the causal agents of huanglongbing (HLB), the most devastating disease of citrus worldwide, due to the severe losses it induces and the lack of commercial resistant genotypes. For this reason, strategies have been sought to assist in the control of the insect vector, nowadays done almost exclusively with the use of excessive applications of agrochemicals that increase the cost of production and potentiate the aggression to the environment. It has been envisioned the development of transgenic plants that increase the defense response of the plant against Ca. Liberibacter spp. or the vector more effectively, by targeting the expression of target genes in specific tissues, controlled by phloem or constitutive promoters. Our group has sought strategies not yet used in citrus, but effective for other crops, such as the use of the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for the control of D. citri. This bacterium stands out due to the production of proteins with insecticidal activity against several immature phases of insects, so it has been widely used both in the production of bioinsecticides and mainly in the production of transgenic plants in crops such as cotton, corn and soybean. In previous work, we have identified that the cry11 gene encodes a toxin capable of causing high mortality of citrus psyllid nymphs 120 hours after inoculation in citrus seedlings. This gene was cloned for expression in sweet orange plant tissue under the guidance of two promoters, one phloem specific and the other constitutive. Nineteen transgenic plants were obtained, with the insertion of one to three copies of the transgene into their genomes. Some of them had high levels of transcript expression. All these plants were propagated via grafting in Clove lemon tree and are practically ready to be challenged with D. citri nymphs. This is the first effort to produce citrus Bt for the management of citrus HLB.
3

Isolation of a Bacillus thuringiensis strain from South African soils and the characterization of its cry gene sequence.

Laridon, Neil Edward 23 October 2007 (has links)
The objectives of this project was to isolate and characterize a Bacillus thuringiensis strain from South African soils, determine its cry gene sequence, clone this gene sequence and determine its toxicity. Forty four putative Bacillus thuringiensis strains were extracted from soil samples taken from the Muldersdrift mountain range, the Roodekrans botanical gardens, Southbroom in Kwazulu Natal and Nelspruit in eastern Mpumalanga province. The bacterial populations of these soil samples were isolated and classified using different microbial, and biochemical techniques including sodium acetate tests to isolate putative B. thuringiensis spores. These spores were cultured and further characterized through colony shape and colour as well as the presence of δ-endotoxin crystals. Once characterized, DNA was extracted from the isolates using an array of techniques to obtain high quality template DNA. This DNA was then screened via PCR using truncated versions of the cry1A specific primers TYIAA (f) and TYIUN12 (r). The insecticidal protein CRY1A was selected for this study since it is specific and highly toxic to lepidopteron insects. Homology to the cry1a gene was detected in six of the Bacillus strains analyzed, namely S4, S9, S10 n1, n3 and n5. PCR products were cloned into the pTZ57R/T cloning vector and transformed into JM109 competent cells. DNA from the six isolates was also characterized at the 16S rDNA level with the use of PCR. Primers capable of amplifying nearly full-length 16S ribosomal DNA (approximately l,500-bp) fragments from many bacterial genera confirmed that the isolates were indeed Bacillus thuringiensis, showing evidence of lineage according to the signature sequences within the conserved regions. Spore/δ-endotoxin mixtures of the randomly selected isolate S10 were used in a bioassay to test their toxicity against the lepidopteron insect Galleria mellonella. No significant mortalities were reported, but sensitivity to the S10 δ- endotoxin was evident when compared to results using known B. thuringiensis δ- endotoxins at the same concentrations.
4

Identificação e caracterização de um gene cry recombinante de Bacillus thuringiensis var. londrina

Abreu, Irlan Leite de [UNESP] 15 September 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-09-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:44:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 abreu_il_dr_jabo.pdf: 406152 bytes, checksum: 68b3c6cb5d92e815f953857099241db8 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os países industrializados apresentam uma forte tendência em buscarem, cada vez mais, sistemas de controle biológico eficiente e específicos sendo menos tóxicos para os humanos e o ecossistema em geral. Os bioinseticidas à base de microrganismos entomopatogênicos não encontram grandes restrições quanto a sua utilização. Dentre as bactérias que possuem atividade entomopatogênica, Bacillus thuringiensis é a que apresenta maior valor potencial no controle dos insetos-praga, por apresentar vários genes cry e possuir mecanismos de recombinação genética como: conjugação e transformação. O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar e caracterizar a linhagem B. thuringiensis var. londrina. A análise morfológica dos cristais indica uma nova proteína Cry. Para comparação foram utilizadas as linhagens de B. thuringiensis var. tenebrionis, var. tolworthi e var. kurstaki - HD1 que possuem os genes cry3Aa, cry3Ba e cry1Aa, respectivamente. Foi realizada a extração do DNA total das quatro linhagens, em seguida esse material foi submetido à reação de PCR com os oligonucleotideos iniciadores específicos dos genes acima citado. Para a confirmação dos resultados utilizou-se a técnica de hibridização por Southern blotting e seqüenciamento dos amplicon. O amplicom para o gene cry3 obtido pela linhagem padrão B. thuringiensis var. tenebrionis foi igual ao tamanho esperado, porém o obtido pela linhagem var. londrina foi maior em números de nucleotídeo que o esperado, indicando uma possível recombinação. A técnica de Southern blotting confirmou a recombinação do gene mostrando diferenças entre as bandas das linhagens padrão e da linhagem var. londrina, confirmando assim um novo gene cry3. Os bioensaios executados com esse novo gene não indicaram eficiência para alguns insetos-praga de lavoura da ordem Lepidoptera e foram eficientes... / Industrialized countries show a strong tendency to look for efficient and specific biological control systems that are less toxic to humans and ecosystems. Bioinsecticides based on entomopathogenic microorganisms are well accepted by the public. Among those, bacteria that exhibit such entomopathogenic activities, Bacillus thuringiensis is the one with major potential over the pests, since it harbors several cry genes and holds genetic recombination mechanisms such as bacterial conjugation and transformation in order to accomplish these control procedures. The aim of this research was to identify and characterize the strain of B. thuringiensis var. londrina. As a comparison some other strains of B. thuringiensis such as B. thuringiensis var. tenebrionis, var. tolworthi and var. kurstaki - HD1 that holds the genes cry3Aa, cry3Ba and cry1Aa, were used respectively. Alkaline lysis procedure was used for the DNA extraction from the four bacterial strains followed by its use on PCR reactions using the specific primers for the genes. To confirm the results were utilized the techniques of Southern blotting hybridization and DNA sequencing. The obtained amplicons have shown a difference in size considering the pattern strains compared to the var. londrina. The genetic recombination that took place so as to generate the var. londrina cry gene was detected by Southern blotting analysis, the hybridization results confirm the genetic recombination showing the banding pattern differences that took place generating the new cry3 gene. The bioassays showed that the recombinant gene was efficient to control Sphenophorus levis (Coleopteran).
5

Caracterização de isolados de Bacillus thuringiensis patogênicos à Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Tremiliosi, Lucília Macedo Mandú [UNESP] 28 July 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-07-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:47:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 tremiliosi_lmm_me_jabo.pdf: 861044 bytes, checksum: c306ab67ac384aa19a76905d2b359990 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Bacillus thuringiensis durante sua fase de esporulação produz proteínas cristal, codificadas pelos genes cry, podendo atingir pragas de diversas ordens. Esta bactéria é utilizada no controle de pragas como a Spodoptera frugiperda, causadora de sérios prejuízos na agricultura. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi caracterizar os isolados MT6, MT7, SP8, SP6, PR2 e as linhagens H D73 e CRY-B de B. thuringiensis visando o controle de S. frugiperda. Foi utilizada a técnica de PCR que permitiu a identificação das subclasses do gene cry1 A (Aa, Ab, Ac e Ae). O RAPD determinou similaridade entre todos os isolados e linhagens e somente a subsp. CRY(-)B apresentou 50 % de similaridade em relação às demais. Evidenciaram-se dois perfis diferentes entre todos e a B ausência plasmidial na subsp. CRY(-). A resistência e susceptibilidade aos antibióticos estreptomicina, canamicina, rifampicina e eritromicina, nas concentrações de 40, 60, 80, 100 e 120 uglml, permitiu constatar que somente a linhagem CRY(-)B apresentou resistência para rifampicina. Todos os isolados e linhagens foram resistentes a canamicina e susceptíveis a eritromicina e para estreptomicina todos foram resistentes em concentração variadas. Nos bioensaios os isolados MT6, MT7, PR2, SP6, SP8 e a linhagem HD73, demonstraram potencial no controle de lagartas de primeiro instar de S. frugiperda. / Bacillus thuringiensis is an entomopathogenic bacteria that during sporulation produces crystal proteins, coded by cry genes, able to act on a great number of organisms. Such bacteria is used to control agronomic pests such as Spodoptera frugiperda, the causal agent of serious problems on the agroindustry. The aim of the present work was to characterize the isolates MT6, MT7, SP8, SP6, PR2 and the strains of the bacterium B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HO-73 e CRY(-)B aiming the control of S. frugiperda. The RAPO have determined 90% of similarity among the isolates and the strain CRY (-)B presented 50% similarity with the other ones. The plasmid profiles analyses has revealed similarities among the isolates SP6, SP8, MT6 and MT8 and differences between this strain HO-73 and isolate PR2. The MICs were conducted with the antibiotics streptomycin, kanamycin, rifampicin and erythromycin on the following concentrations 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 ug/ml. Only the strain CRY(-)B has presented resistance to rifampicin. The bioassays results have shown that the MT6, MT7, SP8, SP6, PR2 isolates and the HO-73 exhibited 100 % efficiency for the biological control of S. frugiperda larvae.
6

Identificação e caracterização de um gene cry recombinante de Bacillus thuringiensis var. londrina /

Abreu, Irlan Leite de. January 2006 (has links)
Orientador: Manoel Victor Franco Lemos / Banca: José Eduardo Garcia / Banca: Cristina Lacerda Soares Petrarolha Silva / Banca: Odair Aparecido Fernandes / Banca: Antônio Carlos Monteiro / Resumo: Os países industrializados apresentam uma forte tendência em buscarem, cada vez mais, sistemas de controle biológico eficiente e específicos sendo menos tóxicos para os humanos e o ecossistema em geral. Os bioinseticidas à base de microrganismos entomopatogênicos não encontram grandes restrições quanto a sua utilização. Dentre as bactérias que possuem atividade entomopatogênica, Bacillus thuringiensis é a que apresenta maior valor potencial no controle dos insetos-praga, por apresentar vários genes cry e possuir mecanismos de recombinação genética como: conjugação e transformação. O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar e caracterizar a linhagem B. thuringiensis var. londrina. A análise morfológica dos cristais indica uma nova proteína Cry. Para comparação foram utilizadas as linhagens de B. thuringiensis var. tenebrionis, var. tolworthi e var. kurstaki - HD1 que possuem os genes cry3Aa, cry3Ba e cry1Aa, respectivamente. Foi realizada a extração do DNA total das quatro linhagens, em seguida esse material foi submetido à reação de PCR com os oligonucleotideos iniciadores específicos dos genes acima citado. Para a confirmação dos resultados utilizou-se a técnica de hibridização por Southern blotting e seqüenciamento dos amplicon. O amplicom para o gene cry3 obtido pela linhagem padrão B. thuringiensis var. tenebrionis foi igual ao tamanho esperado, porém o obtido pela linhagem var. londrina foi maior em números de nucleotídeo que o esperado, indicando uma possível recombinação. A técnica de Southern blotting confirmou a recombinação do gene mostrando diferenças entre as bandas das linhagens padrão e da linhagem var. londrina, confirmando assim um novo gene cry3. Os bioensaios executados com esse novo gene não indicaram eficiência para alguns insetos-praga de lavoura da ordem Lepidoptera e foram eficientes... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Industrialized countries show a strong tendency to look for efficient and specific biological control systems that are less toxic to humans and ecosystems. Bioinsecticides based on entomopathogenic microorganisms are well accepted by the public. Among those, bacteria that exhibit such entomopathogenic activities, Bacillus thuringiensis is the one with major potential over the pests, since it harbors several cry genes and holds genetic recombination mechanisms such as bacterial conjugation and transformation in order to accomplish these control procedures. The aim of this research was to identify and characterize the strain of B. thuringiensis var. londrina. As a comparison some other strains of B. thuringiensis such as B. thuringiensis var. tenebrionis, var. tolworthi and var. kurstaki - HD1 that holds the genes cry3Aa, cry3Ba and cry1Aa, were used respectively. Alkaline lysis procedure was used for the DNA extraction from the four bacterial strains followed by its use on PCR reactions using the specific primers for the genes. To confirm the results were utilized the techniques of Southern blotting hybridization and DNA sequencing. The obtained amplicons have shown a difference in size considering the pattern strains compared to the var. londrina. The genetic recombination that took place so as to generate the var. londrina cry gene was detected by Southern blotting analysis, the hybridization results confirm the genetic recombination showing the banding pattern differences that took place generating the new cry3 gene. The bioassays showed that the recombinant gene was efficient to control Sphenophorus levis (Coleopteran). / Doutor
7

Identificação, caracterização e teste de toxicidade contra nematóides de novos genes cry de Bacillus thuringiensis /

Gonçalves, Janaína Fernandes. January 2010 (has links)
Orientador: Manoel Victor Franco Lemos / Banca: Edgar Augusto de Toledo Picoli / Banca: Fernando Hercos Valicente / Banca: Jaime Maia dos Santos / Banca: Flávia Maria de Souza Carvalho / Resumo: A produção de alimentos é prejudicada devido a incidência de diversas pragas e doenças. A fim de poder controlá-las, utilizam-se uma grande quantidade e variedade de produtos químicos. Em muitos casos, esses produtos incidem sobre uma vasta gama de organismos, fato este que causa um grande impacto no meio ambiente. A fim de minimizar os efeitos negativos do uso de produtos químicos com grande espectro de ação, há grande empenho no desenvolvimento de produtos cujos alvos sejam específicos. Neste sentido, o uso do controle biológico tem se apresentado como uma alternativa bastante interessante. Dentre os vários sistemas utilizados no controle biológico de pragas, a bactéria Bacillus thuringiensis é a opção de maior destaque. No entanto, inúmeros casos de resistência têm surgido ao longo destes últimos anos, devido aos produtos codificados pelos genes com ação entomopatogênica estarem sendo utilizados de maneira descontrolada. Desse modo, a busca par novas proteínas Cry é tarefa importante dentro da estratégia de controle biológico de pragas agrícolas. Com o intuito de se identificar novas genes cry par meio de análises de PCR Múltiplas, seguida de análise por RFLP, identificaram-se 3 isolados de B. thuringiensis cujos fragmentos de genes analisados diferiram entre si e das linhagens padrão conhecidas até o momento. Ao analisar essas sequências gênicas depositadas no GenBank, verificou-se que dois desses fragmentos de DNA pertencentes aos isolados 113 e 133 possuíam alta similaridade com os genes efetivos contra nematoides, uma terceira sequência caracterizada a partir do isolado 123 não foi similar a nenhuma outra sequência depositada no GenBank atualmente. Os isolados cuja sequência de aminoácidos de suas proteínas Cry predita "in silica" mostraram-se similares a genes cry... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Food production is strongly harmed by a large amount of plant pests and diseases. Aiming to control these problems, a large quantity and variety of chemical compounds have been used. In many cases, these products cause a severe environmental impact over a wide range of non-target organisms. In order to minimize the negative effects of using chemical products with great action spectrum, there is a great effort to develop products of which targets are specific. Therein, the biological control has been presenting itself as a very interesting alternative. Among the various systems used in biological control, the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis is the option pinpointed as the best notability. However, some resistance towards its use as a biological controlling agent have been reported recently due to the uncontrolled use of products decoded by genes of entomopathogenic action. Thus, the search of new Cry proteins is an important task inside the strategy of biological control of field pests. In order to overcome these situations efforts on the isolation and characterization of new B. thuringiensis isolates using molecular techniques such as PCR and RFLP were adopted and three B. thurigiensis isolates were compared among them and were considered different among the known and described standard type strains up to the present time. When part of the obtained gene sequences were compared to those deposited on the GeneBank, it was possible to observe that for two of them, isolate 113 and 133, a high degree of similarity with sequences described as active against nematodes; the third isolate, 123, had no similarity to any deposited sequence up to date. The isolates, which aminoacid sequence of their Cry proteins "in silico" were similar to cry genes earlier deposited on GenBank, had their respective gene fully characterized. To this, several... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor
8

Cloning and expression of Cyt2Aa1 toxin and characterization of its mode of action

Abdel Rahman, Mohamed 07 May 2010 (has links)
The discovery of the pore-forming toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis, which are toxic to insects but not to mammalians, has provided a new successful means to control harmful plant-feeding insects biologically. The toxins are also used on insects that don’t feed on plants, for example on Anopheles. The Bacillus thuringiensis toxins fall into two structural families, named cry and cyt. All of these toxins act by damaging the cell membranes in the mid gut of the insect. In this study, a reliable system for expression and purification of the recombinant Cyt2Aa1 toxin has been developed. The recombinant Cyt2Aa1 toxin has been produced, characterized, followed by the construction of the cysteine mutants V186C and L189C by site directed mutagenesis. The new expression system yields 0.4 g of protein per litre of culture. The activated Cyt2Aa1 toxin is active in the hemolysis assay. Of note, the hemolytic activity of the V186C mutant exceeds that of wild type Cyt2Aa1 toxin and of the L189C mutant. Calcein release assay experiments have been done to examine the activity of the toxin with different artificial liposomes. It was found that Cyt2Aa1 toxin is very active with DMPC, DMPC+DMPG unilamellar liposomes. Surprisingly, however, Cyt2Aa1 toxin showed no activity with liposomes containing cholesterol. With both erythrocytes and sensitive liposomes, the toxin shows a “pro-zone effect”, that is the activity decreases at very high concentrations. The findings are discussed in the context of the toxin’s putative mode of action.
9

Cloning and expression of Cyt2Aa1 toxin and characterization of its mode of action

Abdel Rahman, Mohamed 07 May 2010 (has links)
The discovery of the pore-forming toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis, which are toxic to insects but not to mammalians, has provided a new successful means to control harmful plant-feeding insects biologically. The toxins are also used on insects that don’t feed on plants, for example on Anopheles. The Bacillus thuringiensis toxins fall into two structural families, named cry and cyt. All of these toxins act by damaging the cell membranes in the mid gut of the insect. In this study, a reliable system for expression and purification of the recombinant Cyt2Aa1 toxin has been developed. The recombinant Cyt2Aa1 toxin has been produced, characterized, followed by the construction of the cysteine mutants V186C and L189C by site directed mutagenesis. The new expression system yields 0.4 g of protein per litre of culture. The activated Cyt2Aa1 toxin is active in the hemolysis assay. Of note, the hemolytic activity of the V186C mutant exceeds that of wild type Cyt2Aa1 toxin and of the L189C mutant. Calcein release assay experiments have been done to examine the activity of the toxin with different artificial liposomes. It was found that Cyt2Aa1 toxin is very active with DMPC, DMPC+DMPG unilamellar liposomes. Surprisingly, however, Cyt2Aa1 toxin showed no activity with liposomes containing cholesterol. With both erythrocytes and sensitive liposomes, the toxin shows a “pro-zone effect”, that is the activity decreases at very high concentrations. The findings are discussed in the context of the toxin’s putative mode of action.
10

Identificação, caracterização e teste de toxicidade contra nematóides de novos genes cry de Bacillus thuringiensis

Gonçalves, Janaína Fernandes [UNESP] 23 February 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:44:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 goncalves_jf_dr_jabo.pdf: 1447890 bytes, checksum: 213f62c5c0d5c7deaaea4b29c3aa4e09 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A produção de alimentos é prejudicada devido a incidência de diversas pragas e doenças. A fim de poder controlá-las, utilizam-se uma grande quantidade e variedade de produtos químicos. Em muitos casos, esses produtos incidem sobre uma vasta gama de organismos, fato este que causa um grande impacto no meio ambiente. A fim de minimizar os efeitos negativos do uso de produtos químicos com grande espectro de ação, há grande empenho no desenvolvimento de produtos cujos alvos sejam específicos. Neste sentido, o uso do controle biológico tem se apresentado como uma alternativa bastante interessante. Dentre os vários sistemas utilizados no controle biológico de pragas, a bactéria Bacillus thuringiensis é a opção de maior destaque. No entanto, inúmeros casos de resistência têm surgido ao longo destes últimos anos, devido aos produtos codificados pelos genes com ação entomopatogênica estarem sendo utilizados de maneira descontrolada. Desse modo, a busca par novas proteínas Cry é tarefa importante dentro da estratégia de controle biológico de pragas agrícolas. Com o intuito de se identificar novas genes cry par meio de análises de PCR Múltiplas, seguida de análise por RFLP, identificaram-se 3 isolados de B. thuringiensis cujos fragmentos de genes analisados diferiram entre si e das linhagens padrão conhecidas até o momento. Ao analisar essas sequências gênicas depositadas no GenBank, verificou-se que dois desses fragmentos de DNA pertencentes aos isolados 113 e 133 possuíam alta similaridade com os genes efetivos contra nematoides, uma terceira sequência caracterizada a partir do isolado 123 não foi similar a nenhuma outra sequência depositada no GenBank atualmente. Os isolados cuja sequência de aminoácidos de suas proteínas Cry predita in silica mostraram-se similares a genes cry... / Food production is strongly harmed by a large amount of plant pests and diseases. Aiming to control these problems, a large quantity and variety of chemical compounds have been used. In many cases, these products cause a severe environmental impact over a wide range of non-target organisms. In order to minimize the negative effects of using chemical products with great action spectrum, there is a great effort to develop products of which targets are specific. Therein, the biological control has been presenting itself as a very interesting alternative. Among the various systems used in biological control, the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis is the option pinpointed as the best notability. However, some resistance towards its use as a biological controlling agent have been reported recently due to the uncontrolled use of products decoded by genes of entomopathogenic action. Thus, the search of new Cry proteins is an important task inside the strategy of biological control of field pests. In order to overcome these situations efforts on the isolation and characterization of new B. thuringiensis isolates using molecular techniques such as PCR and RFLP were adopted and three B. thurigiensis isolates were compared among them and were considered different among the known and described standard type strains up to the present time. When part of the obtained gene sequences were compared to those deposited on the GeneBank, it was possible to observe that for two of them, isolate 113 and 133, a high degree of similarity with sequences described as active against nematodes; the third isolate, 123, had no similarity to any deposited sequence up to date. The isolates, which aminoacid sequence of their Cry proteins in silico were similar to cry genes earlier deposited on GenBank, had their respective gene fully characterized. To this, several... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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