A two-parameter fracture criterion (TPFC), relates the linear-elastic stress intensity factor KIe and net-section stress Sn at failure with two-material parameters, KF and m. The objective of this work was to validate the TPFC. Two-dimensional elastic-plastic finite-element analyses (FEA) were used with the critical crack-tip-opening-angle fracture criterion and a plane-strain-core height to match failure loads on middle-crack-tension, M(T), specimens made of 2014-T6 (LT) aluminum alloy. The same analyses were used on single-edge-crack-tension, SE(T), and-single-edge-crack-bend, SE(B), specimens. A wide range in specimen widths (w = 0.75 to 24 in.) were considered. The finite-element code, ZIP2D, was used to calculate critical stress-intensity factors at failure corresponding to all crack configurations for crack-length-to-width ratios of 0.2 to 0.8. The results from FEA agreed very well with the TPFC predictions for net-section stresses less than the material proportional limit. Further study is needed for higher net-section stresses on SE(T) and SE(T) specimens.

Este estudo estende a abordagem micromecânica baseada em células computacionais e a abordagem baseada em deformação utilizando o critério de CTOA para descrever extensão dúctil de trincas longitudinais em dutos de aços de elevada tenacidade sob alta pressão. Ensaios laboratoriais realizados em aços API 5L X60 e X70 utilizando corpos-de-prova padronizados de fratura com trinca profunda, produzem os resultados necessários para medir as curvas de resistência à propagação de trincas e calibrar os parâmetros dos modelos de Gurson e CTOA para estes materiais. O foco central deste trabalho é a aplicação da metodologia de células computacionais e o critério de CTOA para prever as pressões de colapso medidas experimentalmente em dutos de paredes finas contendo trincas longitudinais. O programa experimental inclui espécimes pré-trincados com 508 mm (20") e 219 mm (8 5/8") com diferentes profundidades de trincas. Foram conduzidas análises de elementos finitos, sob estado plano de deformações e no contexto 3D pleno utilizando modelos detalhados dos dutos para descrever a extensão de trinca com o incremento de pressão. As simulações numéricas demonstram a eficiência e limitações de ambas as abordagens para descrever a resposta de crescimento de dúctil e prever a pressão de colapso para os dutos testados. Enquanto o critério de CTOA ainda parece ter limitada aplicabilidade para prever o comportamento dúctil dos dutos, a previsão da resposta dúctil do dutos pré-trincados utilizando o modelo de células computacionais mostrou boa concordância com as pressões de colapso medidas experimentalmente. / This study extends a micromechanics approach based upon the computational cell methodology incorporating the Gurson model and a deformation-based approach using the CTOA criterion to describe ductile crack extension of longitudinal crack-like defects in high pressure pipeline steels. Laboratory testing of API 5L X60 and X70 steels at room temperature using standard, deeply cracked fracture specimens provides the data needed to measure the crack growth resistance curve and to calibrate the Gurson and the CTOA parameters for these materials. A central focus of the paper is the application of the cell methodology and the CTOA criterion to predict experimentally measured burst pressures for thin-walled gas pipeline containing longitudinal cracks. The experimental program includes precracked pipe specimens with 508 mm (20 inches) O.D. and 219 mm (8 5/8 inches) O.D. with varying crack depth to thickness ratios (at). Plane-strain and full 3D computations are conducted on detailed finite element models for the pipe specimens to describe crack extension with increased pressure. The numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness and limitations of both approaches to describe crack growth response and to predict the burst pressure for the tested pipes. While the CTOA criterion still appears to have limited applicability to predict ductile cracking behavior for the pipe specimens, the cell model predictions of the ductile response for the precracked pipes show good agreement with experimentally measured burst pressures.

Este estudo estende a abordagem micromecânica baseada em células computacionais e a abordagem baseada em deformação utilizando o critério de CTOA para descrever extensão dúctil de trincas longitudinais em dutos de aços de elevada tenacidade sob alta pressão. Ensaios laboratoriais realizados em aços API 5L X60 e X70 utilizando corpos-de-prova padronizados de fratura com trinca profunda, produzem os resultados necessários para medir as curvas de resistência à propagação de trincas e calibrar os parâmetros dos modelos de Gurson e CTOA para estes materiais. O foco central deste trabalho é a aplicação da metodologia de células computacionais e o critério de CTOA para prever as pressões de colapso medidas experimentalmente em dutos de paredes finas contendo trincas longitudinais. O programa experimental inclui espécimes pré-trincados com 508 mm (20") e 219 mm (8 5/8") com diferentes profundidades de trincas. Foram conduzidas análises de elementos finitos, sob estado plano de deformações e no contexto 3D pleno utilizando modelos detalhados dos dutos para descrever a extensão de trinca com o incremento de pressão. As simulações numéricas demonstram a eficiência e limitações de ambas as abordagens para descrever a resposta de crescimento de dúctil e prever a pressão de colapso para os dutos testados. Enquanto o critério de CTOA ainda parece ter limitada aplicabilidade para prever o comportamento dúctil dos dutos, a previsão da resposta dúctil do dutos pré-trincados utilizando o modelo de células computacionais mostrou boa concordância com as pressões de colapso medidas experimentalmente. / This study extends a micromechanics approach based upon the computational cell methodology incorporating the Gurson model and a deformation-based approach using the CTOA criterion to describe ductile crack extension of longitudinal crack-like defects in high pressure pipeline steels. Laboratory testing of API 5L X60 and X70 steels at room temperature using standard, deeply cracked fracture specimens provides the data needed to measure the crack growth resistance curve and to calibrate the Gurson and the CTOA parameters for these materials. A central focus of the paper is the application of the cell methodology and the CTOA criterion to predict experimentally measured burst pressures for thin-walled gas pipeline containing longitudinal cracks. The experimental program includes precracked pipe specimens with 508 mm (20 inches) O.D. and 219 mm (8 5/8 inches) O.D. with varying crack depth to thickness ratios (at). Plane-strain and full 3D computations are conducted on detailed finite element models for the pipe specimens to describe crack extension with increased pressure. The numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness and limitations of both approaches to describe crack growth response and to predict the burst pressure for the tested pipes. While the CTOA criterion still appears to have limited applicability to predict ductile cracking behavior for the pipe specimens, the cell model predictions of the ductile response for the precracked pipes show good agreement with experimentally measured burst pressures.

Le Piégeage et le Stockage du dioxyde de Carbone (PSC) est reconnu comme ayant un rôle important dans la lutte contre le changement climatique et la réduction d’émissions de dioxyde de carbone (CO2). Ce processus consiste à capturer le CO2 des sources anthropiques, et le transporter vers des sites de stockage appropriés. Le transport de telles quantités de CO2 entraîne de nouveaux défis pour les concepteurs et les opérateurs des gazoducs. Parmi ces défis, nous citons : le comportement de phase du CO2, la température atteinte lors de la décompression, la présence des différentes impuretés et la pression de service très élevée. Malgré l’enjeu important, et contrairement au gazoduc de transport de gaz naturel et de pétrole, peu d’études ont été consacrées à la sûreté et la rentabilité des gazoducs de transport du CO2. À l’égard de ces défis industriels, cette étude a été menée pour identifier et comprendre les mécanismes de rupture des gazoducs, à haute pression, transportant du CO2 supercritique. Ce travail a engagé la mise au point d’une nouvelle approche qui anticipe l’éclatement du gazoduc. Pour répondre à cette problématique, nous avons utilisé en premier lieu une approche théorique basée sur les fondamentaux de la Mécanique de la Rupture. En second lieu, et en conjonction avec la méthode des éléments finis, nous avons développé un outil numérique robuste. L’ultime objectif de ces travaux de recherche est d’enrichir les codes de dimensionnement des gazoducs, souvent restreints au transport de gaz naturel et au matériau à faible ténacité. De plus, cette thèse apporte une large base de données d’essais de ténacité à basse température liés à des séries d’analyses par éléments finis sous le code de calcul Abaqus 12.6. La finalité de notre recherche réside dans la proposition d’une méthodologie complète d’évaluation des risques d’éclatement des gazoducs en fonction du matériau et de la nature du fluide transporté / Capture, transport, and storage of Carbon dioxide are well-known applications for their key role in the field of climate change and reduction of CO2 emissions. This process involves the use of some particular technologies, not only to collect and concentrate the CO2 emitted by the anthropogenic sources but also to transport it to a suitable storage location. The transport of such a big quantity of CO2 creates new challenges for designers and pipeline operators. For instance, CO2 phase behavior, the temperature reached during the decompression phase, the presence of various impurities as well as the high operating pressure. Contrary to natural gas and oil transportation structures, a very few studies have raised the issue of the integrity of CO2 pipeline. In order to meet the industry needs particularly in this CO2 integrity application, the present research was conducted to identify and to better comprehend pipeline failure mechanisms at high pressures. This work includes the development of a new numerical approach about running ductile fracture arrest for high pressure gas pipeline. To address this issue, we have initially used a theoretical approach based on the fundamental knowledge of Fracture Mechanics. Based on the crack-tip opening angle (CTOA) fracture criterion and the finite element method along with the node release technique, a new two-curve method (TCM) was proposed for the prediction of gas pipelines’ crack arrestability. The results of this newly developed method were discussed and compared to those obtained by using other methods commonly employed in the Fracture mechanics, for instance, Battelle-TCM, HLP and HLP-Sumitomo method

No description available.

A two-parameter fracture criterion (TPFC) is used to correlate and predict failure loads on cracked configurations made of ductile materials. The current study was conducted to validate the use of the fracture criterion on more brittle materials, using elastic-plastic finite-element analyses with the critical crack-tip-opening angle (CTOA) failure criterion. Forman generated fracture data on middle-crack tension, M(T), specimens made of thin-sheet 7075-T6 aluminum alloy, which is a quasi-brittle material. The fracture data included a wide range of specimen widths (2w) ranging from 3 to 24 inches. A two-dimensional (2D) finite-element analysis code (ZIP2D) with a ''plane-strain core" option was used to model the fracture process. Fracture simulations were conducted on M(T), single-edge-crack tension, SE(T), and single-edge-crack bend, SE(B), specimens. The results supported the TPFC equation for net-section stresses less than the material proportional limit. However, some discrepancies were observed among the numerical results of the three specimen types. Thus, more research is needed to improve the transferability of the TPFC from the M(T) specimen to both the SE(T) and SE(B) specimens.

In this dissertation the effects of variations in stimulus properties and CTOA, in auditory attention tasks were explored using recently developed approaches to EEG analysis including LIMO. The last experiment was structured using information theory, designing an effective experiment. Four studies were carried out using a number parity decision task, that employed different combinations of cueing Tone (T), Novel (N) and the Goal (G) stimuli. In the first EEG study, contrary to previous findings (Polich 2002, 2007) in control participants, no correlation between the time of a novel condition to the next novel condition and P300 amplitude was found. Therefore single trial across-subject averaging of participants’ data revealed significant correlations (r > .3) of stimulus properties (such as probability, frequency, amplitude and duration) on P300, and even r > .5 was found when N was an environmental sound in schizophrenic patients. In the second EEG study, simultaneously with fMRI recordings, the participants that showed significant behavioural distraction evoked brain activations and differences in both hemispheres (similar to Corbetta, 2002, 2008) while the participants, as a whole, produced significant activations mainly in left cortical and subcortical regions. A context analysis was run in distracted participants contrasting the trials immediately prior to the G trials, resulting in different prefrontal activations, which was consistent with studies of prefrontal control of visual attention (Koechlin 2003, 2007). In the third EEG study, the distractor noise type was manipulated (white vs environmental sounds) as well as presence or absence of scanner background noise in a blocked design. Results showed consistent P300, MMN and RON due to environmental noise. In addition, using time constants found in MEG results (Lu, Williamson & Kaufman, 1992) and adding the CTOA to the analysis, an information theory framework was calculated. After the simulation of the information of the experiment, a saddle indentation in the curve of the information measure based on the states of the incoming signal at around 300 ms CTOA was found. This saddle indentation was evident in more than 60 novel trials. In the fourth study, the CTOA and stimulus properties were manipulated in a parametric experiment. Based on the three studies, reducing complexity if the task (first study), using more than 60 stimuli in the novel conditions (third study). The CTOA randomly varying between 250 ms or 500 ms. Thirty-eight ANCOVA with 2 categorical and 1 continuous regressors were conducted and determined which time and channels elicited reliably signatures (p <.05) in the whole participants at short CTOA. Results revealed differences for the waveforms of current condition by depending on which condition appeared previously as well in terms of frequency and duration in scalp frontal electrodes (such as the second study). These results were interpreted as a consequence of switching between modes of attention and alerting states which resulted in the activation of frontal areas. Moreover, contextual analyses showed that systematic manipulation of stimulus properties allowed the visualization of the relationships between CTOA, executive function and orienting of attention.