SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF DIAZOPHENYLENE AND DIAZODIPHENYLENE BRIDGED Co, Ni, Cu, Ce, AND Er PHTHALOCYANINE POLYMERS Alkan, Cemil M. Sc., Department of Polymer Science and Technology Supervisor: Prof.Dr. Leyla Aras Co- Supervisor: Prof.Dr. G&uuml / ng&ouml / r G&uuml / nd&uuml / z September 2004, 112 pages In this research, diazophenylene and diazodiphenylene bridged metal-phthalocyanine polymers were produced from diazonium salt of diaminophenylene/bensidin and pre-synthesized tetraamino metal phthalocyanines. Tetraamino metal phthalocyanine complexes of Co, Ni, Cu, Ce, and Er were obtained by reducing tetranitro metal phthalocyanine complexes synthesized from 3-nitrophthalic anhydride, urea, metal salt, and ammonium molybdate catalyst. Complexes and polymers were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation (FTIR) and UV-Visible spectroscopies. X-Ray analysis showed that there were short range orientations in the polymers. Thermal analysis of the complexes and the polymers were done by differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis at a heating rate of 10&amp / #61616 / Cmin&amp / #61485 / 1 under nitrogen atmosphere. Ash analysis was performed to determine the metal content of the polymers. Viscosity and ebullioscopy measurements of the soluble part of the polymers were carried out in THF at 25&amp / #61616 / C. Scanning electron microscopy were used for morphology investigations of the polymers. Four probe conductivity measurements showed that electrical conductivity of the polymers increased according to the metallic conductivity of the metal at the center of the phthalocyanine units. When doped with iodine, the polymer samples showed 104 fold increase in their conductivities. Current-Voltage (I-V) measurements showed that the polymers were optically sensitive and semiconductors. Electrochemical analysis of the soluble part of the polymers were determined in tributylamine perchlorite+dichloromethane mixture utilizing cyclic voltammetry (CV).

This diploma thesis deals with the tracking of the maximum power point for photovoltaic panels and the methods used to achieve it. On this basis, two methods were designed and programmed and subsequently tested on three types of photovoltaic panels. In conclusion methods were appraised.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to conduct optical and photovoltaic characterization of derivatives of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) as materials suitable for fabrication of bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. The charge transfer from donor material (DPP) to acceptor material (PCBM) is studied by a quenching of fluorescence. The photovoltaic response is studied by current – voltage characteristic which can tell us crucial parameters such as shor circuit current density Jsc, open circuit voltage Voc, fill factor FF and power conversion efficiency PCE. Optical characterization was carried out for symmetrical DPP derivatives (U69 and U97) which both contained diphenylaminstilbene moiety and differed in N-alkyl group. On the other hand photovoltaic characterization was conducted for analogous but asymmetrical materials (U70 and U99). Material U29 was characterized as well but its properties proved to be very poor. Both these characterizations tell us that materials with shorter solubilization groups (U69 and U99) are more suitable candidates. Achieved PCE for U70 was 0,74 % and for U99 up to 1,39 %. From these values one can say that small molecule organic materials can be used for fabrication of solar cells.

The Master´s thesis deals with issues of operational performance of two photovoltaic power plants. In the thesis is stated the history of photovoltaics, description of photovoltaic effect, used materials and production technology of the most used material in PV industry – Silicon. The basic parts and parameters of photovoltaic power plant are described. Thesis also solves, how could be done the first and periodically control due to relevant directives. The ways of diagnostics potentional failures, methods of measuring and the exam of monitoring system are stated. Practice part is focused on measuring and comparing operational performance of FVE Kurdějov and FVE Šakvice II. Operational performance was calculated from exported data for years 2014 and 2015. The thesis also contains measuring of each string connected to inventors, which are installed on the power plant. The result is an identification of strings with decreased operational performance. Based on that was created recommendations for optimalization and increase of the performance. The last part is software for simulation of photovoltaic power plant. This SW calculates potentional energy, which could be produced in a day with available data export. The calculation is defined by parameters, which are assigned.

Объекты разработки и исследования: канал лазерной стимуляции для измерения электрофизических параметров структуры Ti/TiO2-НТ/Au и канал оптической стимуляции для исследования люминесцентных свойств нанопорошка гексагонального нитрида бора. Цель работы – разработать измерительные каналы лазерной стимуляции исследуемых образцов на основе контроля и управления параметрами излучения в различных режимах в ходе экспериментальных исследований оптически стимулированных и родственных процессов в широкозонных наноструктурированных материалах. В результате работы разработан канал лазерной стимуляции для существующего комплекса по измерению вольт-амперных характеристик на базе микрозондовой станции Cascade Microtech MPS 150, а также модернизирован канал оптической стимуляции на базе люминесцентного спектрометра Perkin Elmer LS 55 со встроенной высокотемпературной приставкой. Реализованные программно-аппаратные измерительные комплексы позволили успешно применить на практике методики исследования широкозонных наноструктур посредством оптически стимулированных процессов. Полученные в ходе работы данные, как для образцов Ti/TiO2-НТ/Au, так и для наноструктурированного порошка h-BN, отлично согласуются с результатами различных исследовательских работ из независимых научных источников. / Objects of development and research: a laser stimulation channel for measuring the electrophysical parameters of the Ti/TiO2-HT/Au structure and an optical stimulation channel for studying the luminescent properties of a hexagonal boron nitride nanopowder. The aim of the work is to develop measuring channels of laser stimulation of the studied samples based on the control and operating of radiation parameters in various modes during experimental studies of optically stimulated and related processes in wide-gap nanostructured materials. As a result of the work, a laser stimulation channel was developed for the existing complex for measuring current-voltage characteristics based on the Cascade Microtech MPS 150 microprobe station, and the optical stimulation channel was modernized on the basis of a Perkin Elmer LS 55 luminescence spectrometer with a built-in high-temperature attachment. The implemented software and hardware measuring systems made it possible to successfully apply in practice the methods of studying wide-gap nanostructures by means of optically stimulated processes. The data obtained during the work, both for the Ti / TiO2-NT / Au samples and for the nanostructured h-BN powder, are in excellent agreement with the results of various research works from independent scientific sources.

The factors governing electronic transport properties of copper and gold atomic-size contacts are theoretically examined in the present work. A two-terminal conductor using crystalline electrodes is adopted. The non-equilibrium Green’s function combined with the density functional tight-binding method is employed via gDFTB simulation tool to calculate the transport at both equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions. The crystalline orientation, length, and arrangement of electrodes have very weak influence on the electronic characteristics of the considered atomic wires. The wire width is found to be the most effective geometric aspect determining the number of conduction channels. The obtained conductance oscillation and linear current-voltage curves are interpreted. To analyze the conduction mechanism in detail, the transmission channels and their decomposition to the atomic orbitals are calculated in copper and gold single point contacts. The presented results offer a possible explanation for the relation between conduction and geometric structure. Furthermore, the results are in good agreement with available experimental and theoretical studies. / In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die wesentlichen Faktoren, die die elektronischen Transporteigenschaften von Kontaktstrukturen atomarer Größe aus Kupfer bzw. Gold bestimmen, theoretisch untersucht. Untersuchungsgegenstand ist eine leitfähige Struktur zwischen zwei kristallinen Elektroden. Um Transportberechungen sowohl unter Gleichgewichts- als auch unter Nicht-Gleichgewichts-Bedingungen durchführen zu können, wird die Simulations-Software gDFTB, die auf dem Nicht-Gleichgewichts-Green-funktionenformalismus in Kombination mit der Dichtefunktional-Tight-Binding-Methode beruht, eingesetzt. Die elektronischen Eigenschaften der betrachteten atomaren Drähte werden nur sehr schwach von ihrer kristallinen Orientierung, ihrer Länge und der Elektrodenanordnung beeinflusst. Als effektivster geometrischer Faktor wurde der Leiterquerschnitt gefunden, weil dieser die Anzahl der Leitungskanäle bestimmt. Darüber hinaus werden die erhaltenen Leitfähigkeitsoszillationen und die linearen Strom-Spannungs-Kennlinien erklärt. Für eine detaillierte Analyse des Leitungsmechanismus werden bei den Ein-Atom-Kontakten aus Kupfer und Gold die Übertragungskanäle und ihre Aufspaltung in Atomorbitale betrachtet. Die präsentierten Ergebnisse bieten eine mögliche Erklärung für den Zusammenhang zwischen Leitfähigkeit und geometrischer Struktur. Die Resultate zeigen eine akzeptable Übereinstimmung mit den verfügbaren experimentellen und theoretischen Studien.

The factors governing electronic transport properties of copper and gold atomic-size contacts are theoretically examined in the present work. A two-terminal conductor using crystalline electrodes is adopted. The non-equilibrium Green’s function combined with the density functional tight-binding method is employed via gDFTB simulation tool to calculate the transport at both equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions. The crystalline orientation, length, and arrangement of electrodes have very weak influence on the electronic characteristics of the considered atomic wires. The wire width is found to be the most effective geometric aspect determining the number of conduction channels. The obtained conductance oscillation and linear current-voltage curves are interpreted. To analyze the conduction mechanism in detail, the transmission channels and their decomposition to the atomic orbitals are calculated in copper and gold single point contacts. The presented results offer a possible explanation for the relation between conduction and geometric structure. Furthermore, the results are in good agreement with available experimental and theoretical studies. / In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die wesentlichen Faktoren, die die elektronischen Transporteigenschaften von Kontaktstrukturen atomarer Größe aus Kupfer bzw. Gold bestimmen, theoretisch untersucht. Untersuchungsgegenstand ist eine leitfähige Struktur zwischen zwei kristallinen Elektroden. Um Transportberechungen sowohl unter Gleichgewichts- als auch unter Nicht-Gleichgewichts-Bedingungen durchführen zu können, wird die Simulations-Software gDFTB, die auf dem Nicht-Gleichgewichts-Green-funktionenformalismus in Kombination mit der Dichtefunktional-Tight-Binding-Methode beruht, eingesetzt. Die elektronischen Eigenschaften der betrachteten atomaren Drähte werden nur sehr schwach von ihrer kristallinen Orientierung, ihrer Länge und der Elektrodenanordnung beeinflusst. Als effektivster geometrischer Faktor wurde der Leiterquerschnitt gefunden, weil dieser die Anzahl der Leitungskanäle bestimmt. Darüber hinaus werden die erhaltenen Leitfähigkeitsoszillationen und die linearen Strom-Spannungs-Kennlinien erklärt. Für eine detaillierte Analyse des Leitungsmechanismus werden bei den Ein-Atom-Kontakten aus Kupfer und Gold die Übertragungskanäle und ihre Aufspaltung in Atomorbitale betrachtet. Die präsentierten Ergebnisse bieten eine mögliche Erklärung für den Zusammenhang zwischen Leitfähigkeit und geometrischer Struktur. Die Resultate zeigen eine akzeptable Übereinstimmung mit den verfügbaren experimentellen und theoretischen Studien.