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Plants have evolved a variety of constitutive and induced chemical defense mechanisms against biotic stress. Emission of volatile compounds from plants facilitates interactions with both beneficial and pathogenic organisms. However, knowledge of the chemical defense in roots is still limited. In this study, we have examined the root-specific biosynthesis and function of volatile terpenes in the model plant Arabidopsis. When infected with the root rot pathogen Pythium irregulare, Arabidopsis roots release the acyclic C11-homoterpene (E)-4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene (DMNT), which is a common constituent of volatile blends emitted from insect-damaged foliage. We have identified a single cytochrome P450 monooxygenase of the CYP705 family that catalyzes a root-specific oxidative degradation of the C30-triterpene precursor arabidiol thereby causing the release of DMNT and a C19-degradation product named arabidonol. We found that DMNT shows inhibitory effects on P. irregulare mycelium growth and oospore germination in vitro, and that DMNT biosynthetic mutant plants were more susceptible to P. irregulare infection. We provide evidence based on genome synteny and phylogenetic analysis that the arabidiol biosynthetic gene cluster containing the arabidiol synthase (ABDS) and CYP705A1 genes possibly emerged via local gene duplication followed by de novo neofunctionalization. Together, our studies demonstrate differences and plasticity in the metabolic organization and function of terpenes in roots in comparison to aboveground plant tissues. Additionally, we demonstrated that the arabidiol cleavage product, arabidonol, is further modified by yet unknown enzymatic reactions into three products, which are found in root exudates. We suggested a pathway for their biosynthesis based on precursor feeding experiments and NMR analysis. Although DMNT biosynthetic genes are clustered on chromosome 4 along with several potential modification genes, we did not find a possible role of these genes in the derivatization of arabidonol. Preliminary experimental results using genetic and biochemical approaches for identifying genes involved in the modification steps are also presented. In summary, this study demonstrates an alternative route for volatile terpene formation belowground different from aboveground plant tissues via triterpene degradation and provides evidence for an unexplored triterpene catabolism pathway in Arabidopsis. / Ph. D.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

No / The cytochrome P450 family of enzymes is involved in the Phase I metabolism of a wide variety of compounds. Although generally involved with detoxification, overexpression of one family member, cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1), has been associated with human epithelial tumors. As such, CYP1B1 was hypothesized to be a novel target for the development of anticancer therapies. We investigated expression of CYP1B1 protein in 61 human colorectal adenocarcinomas and compared this to that observed in 14 histologically normal human large bowel samples removed from patients undergoing surgery for large bowel tumors. Although we confirmed that CYP1B1 was expressed at high levels in human colorectal tumor epithelia, we also found that CYP1B1 was not absent from normal colonic epithelia but was expressed at low levels. The expression of CYP1B1 in colon tumors does not correlate with tumor stage or degree of lymph node invasion in this study. Furthermore, in addition to expression in colon epithelia, CYP1B1 is also observed in blood vessels within the colon. As with the epithelia, levels of CYP1B1 were higher in tumor vasculature than that of the normal colon. Although these observations greatly support the development of CYP1B1 targeted anticancer therapies, they also indicate the caution that should be observed when developing such drugs.

Yes / Structural features from the anticancer prodrug nemorubicin (MMDX) and the DNA-binding molecule DRAQ5™ were used to prepare anthraquinone-based compounds, which were assessed for their potential to interrogate cytochrome P450 (CYP) functional activity and localisation. 1,4-disubstituted anthraquinone 8 was shown to be 5-fold more potent in EJ138 bladder cancer cells after CYP1A2 bioactivation. In contrast, 1,5-bis((2-morpholinoethyl)amino) substituted anthraquinone 10 was not CYP-bioactivated but was shown to be fluorescent and subsequently photo-activated by a light pulse (at a bandwidth 532–587 nm), resulting in punctuated foci accumulation in the cytoplasm. It also showed low toxicity in human osteosarcoma cells. These combined properties provide an interesting prospective approach for opto-tagging single or a sub-population of cells and seeking their location without the need for continuous monitoring.

Yes / Epidemiological studies have shown that head and neck cancer (HNC) is a complex multistage process that in part involves exposure to a combination of carcinogens and the capacity of certain drug-metabolising enzymes including cytochrome P450 (CYP) to detoxify or activate such carcinogens. In this study, CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and CYP2W1 expression in HNC was correlated with potential as target for duocarmycin prodrug activation and selective therapy. In the HNC cell lines, elevated expression was shown at the gene level for CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 whereas CYP2W1 was hardly detected. However, CYP2W1 was expressed in FaDu and Detroit-562 xenografts and in a cohort of human HNC samples. Functional activity was measured in Fadu and Detroit-562 cells using P450-Glo™ assay. Antiproliferative results of duocarmycin prodrugs ICT2700 and ICT2706 revealed FaDu and Detroit-562 as the most sensitive HNC cell lines. Administration of ICT2700 in vivo using a single dose of ICT2700 (150 mg/kg) showed preferential inhibition of small tumour growth (mean size of 60 mm3) in mice bearing FaDu xenografts. Significantly, our findings suggest a potential targeted therapeutic approach to manage HNCs by exploiting intratumoural CYP expression for metabolic activation of duocarmycin-based prodrugs such as ICT2700. / The authors would like to thank Bradford Institute for Health Research for funding a PhD studentship to DP through a competitive scheme and Yorkshire Cancer Research programme Grant (B381PA) for supporting our cytochrome P450-focused drug discovery research.

Des facteurs génétiques, un régime riche en gras et en sucre, l'obésité additionnée d'une sédentarité accrue sont des facteurs de risque majeurs pour l'installation progressive du diabète de type IL Ce dernier est caractérisé par une résistance à l'insuline au niveau des tissus cibles (hépatiques, musculaires et adipeux) et un défaut dans la sécrétion d'insuline par les cellules bêta du pancréas. En plus des combinaisons de médicaments augmentant la sensibilité et la sécrétion de l'insuline, les patients diabétiques vont être traités pour leurs nombreuses et diverses complications. La polypharmacie, soit la thérapie médicamenteuse multiple, observée chez les patients souffrant de maladies chroniques, tel le diabète de type II, est donc une pratique commune et une fraction importante de ces médicaments peut être biotransformée par le CYP3 A4 aux niveaux intestinal et hépatique. Des études suggèrent que la variabilité au niveau de la biotransformation des médicaments peut entre autres être causée par certains états pathologiques comme le diabète de type IL Toutefois, les altérations de la biotransformation induites par le diabète de type II sont encore mal connues. Ce projet vise donc à évaluer l'hypothèse selon laquelle le diabète de type II perturbe la biotransformation des médicaments modulant ainsi à la fois leurs effets thérapeutiques et toxiques. L'objectif est de démontrer que cet état pathologique peut influencer l'expression ainsi que l'activité de la sous-famille CYP3a aux niveaux hépatique et intestinal chez un modèle de souris diabétiques de type II (C51BLKSI}-db/db). Des études fonctionnelles ont été réalisées grâce à des incubations de microsomes hépatiques et intestinaux avec un substrat spécifique au CYP3a. Suite aux incubations hépatiques, il y eut la formation de 5 metabolites (Ml, M2, M3, M4 et M5) et seulement 4 au niveau intestinal, M5 étant indétectable. Les résultats d'analyses fonctionnelles suggèrent une diminution de l'activité hépatique et une augmentation de l'activité intestinale du CYP3a. La technique de PCR en temps réel a été utilisée afin de quantifier l'expression de CYP3a et de facteurs de transcription nucléaires chez la souris. Au niveau hépatique, la transcription de CYP3all, CYP3al3, PXR et CAR a été augmentée significativement chez les souris db/db. Au niveau intestinal, seule la transcription de PXR a été augmentée chez les souris db/db. Dépendant de l'activité pharmacologique de la molécule mère et de ses metabolites, une variation de l'activité du CYP3A4 aux niveaux hépatique et intestinal chez les diabétiques de type II pourrait donc mener au niveau clinique à une efficacité thérapeutique diminuée et/ou à l'apparition d'effets toxiques.