Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Department of Sociology, June 2000. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Wien, 1961. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 424-438) and index.

Originally presented as the author's thesis, Paris, 1972. / Includes index. Includes bibliographical references (p. [251]-259).

Inaugural-Dissertation--Greifswald. / Lebenslauf. "Literaturverzeichnis": p. 10-14.

Neste estudo, busco compreender como as performances musicais das cantoras/chanteuses dos clubes noturnos de Porto Alegre nas primeiras décadas do século XX podem mediar as relações de gênero dentro e fora destes espaços de sociabilidade moderna. O termo chanteuse é largamente difundido na imprensa e nas crônicas brasileiras de início de século, posto que uma parcela considerável de artistas-cantoras eram enviadas da Europa para o mercado sul-americano e o termo francês conferia-lhes status sobretudo em relação às cantoras nacionais que também disputavam espaço neste cenário artístico-musical. Através de uma etnografia histórica, procuro recompor esse cenário, para compreender como a música, através do repertório e da performance, contribui na construção social da figura dessas mulheres nas urbes modernas. Apesar da associação, via senso comum, dessas artistas à prostituição, observo que a profissionalização artística lhes proporcionava uma alternativa ao meretrício, garantindo sua sobrevivência sem necessariamente vender seu sexo. Entretanto, a prática musical feminina aparece estreitamente relacionada ao corpo, à sensualidade, o que é fortemente expresso nas imagens e crônicas jornalísticas, colocando-o em evidência. A partir dos estudos de gênero e na literatura musicológica, trato de examinar a trajetória musical dessas mulheres através do fenômeno social dos cabarés na modernidade urbana do Brasil. / This study aims to understand how the musical performance of the singers/chanteuses of the night clubs in Porto Alegre, in the early decades of the twentieth century, could mediate the gender relationships either inside or outside these spaces of modern sociability. The term chanteuse is widely spread and used by the press and in the Brazilian chronicles of the early century, once a considerable amount of artists-singers would be sent from Europe to South America, and the French term would give them a superior status in relation to the national singers that were also competing for a place in this artistic-musical scenario. Through a historical ethnography, I have sought to rebuild this scenario in order to learn how music, through repertoire and performance, contributes to the social construction of these women in modern cities. Despite the association of the figure of these artists with prostitution, I observe that the fact of women turning into professionals of arts provided them an alternative of not being involved with prostitution, ensuring their survival without the need of selling sex. However, the female musical performance happens to be closely related to the body, sensuality and this fact is strongly expressed in the pictures and in the newspaper chronicles. From the studies of gender and musicological literature, I examine the musical journey of these women through the social phenomenon of cabarets in the modern cities in Brazil.

Neste estudo, busco compreender como as performances musicais das cantoras/chanteuses dos clubes noturnos de Porto Alegre nas primeiras décadas do século XX podem mediar as relações de gênero dentro e fora destes espaços de sociabilidade moderna. O termo chanteuse é largamente difundido na imprensa e nas crônicas brasileiras de início de século, posto que uma parcela considerável de artistas-cantoras eram enviadas da Europa para o mercado sul-americano e o termo francês conferia-lhes status sobretudo em relação às cantoras nacionais que também disputavam espaço neste cenário artístico-musical. Através de uma etnografia histórica, procuro recompor esse cenário, para compreender como a música, através do repertório e da performance, contribui na construção social da figura dessas mulheres nas urbes modernas. Apesar da associação, via senso comum, dessas artistas à prostituição, observo que a profissionalização artística lhes proporcionava uma alternativa ao meretrício, garantindo sua sobrevivência sem necessariamente vender seu sexo. Entretanto, a prática musical feminina aparece estreitamente relacionada ao corpo, à sensualidade, o que é fortemente expresso nas imagens e crônicas jornalísticas, colocando-o em evidência. A partir dos estudos de gênero e na literatura musicológica, trato de examinar a trajetória musical dessas mulheres através do fenômeno social dos cabarés na modernidade urbana do Brasil. / This study aims to understand how the musical performance of the singers/chanteuses of the night clubs in Porto Alegre, in the early decades of the twentieth century, could mediate the gender relationships either inside or outside these spaces of modern sociability. The term chanteuse is widely spread and used by the press and in the Brazilian chronicles of the early century, once a considerable amount of artists-singers would be sent from Europe to South America, and the French term would give them a superior status in relation to the national singers that were also competing for a place in this artistic-musical scenario. Through a historical ethnography, I have sought to rebuild this scenario in order to learn how music, through repertoire and performance, contributes to the social construction of these women in modern cities. Despite the association of the figure of these artists with prostitution, I observe that the fact of women turning into professionals of arts provided them an alternative of not being involved with prostitution, ensuring their survival without the need of selling sex. However, the female musical performance happens to be closely related to the body, sensuality and this fact is strongly expressed in the pictures and in the newspaper chronicles. From the studies of gender and musicological literature, I examine the musical journey of these women through the social phenomenon of cabarets in the modern cities in Brazil.

Neste estudo, busco compreender como as performances musicais das cantoras/chanteuses dos clubes noturnos de Porto Alegre nas primeiras décadas do século XX podem mediar as relações de gênero dentro e fora destes espaços de sociabilidade moderna. O termo chanteuse é largamente difundido na imprensa e nas crônicas brasileiras de início de século, posto que uma parcela considerável de artistas-cantoras eram enviadas da Europa para o mercado sul-americano e o termo francês conferia-lhes status sobretudo em relação às cantoras nacionais que também disputavam espaço neste cenário artístico-musical. Através de uma etnografia histórica, procuro recompor esse cenário, para compreender como a música, através do repertório e da performance, contribui na construção social da figura dessas mulheres nas urbes modernas. Apesar da associação, via senso comum, dessas artistas à prostituição, observo que a profissionalização artística lhes proporcionava uma alternativa ao meretrício, garantindo sua sobrevivência sem necessariamente vender seu sexo. Entretanto, a prática musical feminina aparece estreitamente relacionada ao corpo, à sensualidade, o que é fortemente expresso nas imagens e crônicas jornalísticas, colocando-o em evidência. A partir dos estudos de gênero e na literatura musicológica, trato de examinar a trajetória musical dessas mulheres através do fenômeno social dos cabarés na modernidade urbana do Brasil. / This study aims to understand how the musical performance of the singers/chanteuses of the night clubs in Porto Alegre, in the early decades of the twentieth century, could mediate the gender relationships either inside or outside these spaces of modern sociability. The term chanteuse is widely spread and used by the press and in the Brazilian chronicles of the early century, once a considerable amount of artists-singers would be sent from Europe to South America, and the French term would give them a superior status in relation to the national singers that were also competing for a place in this artistic-musical scenario. Through a historical ethnography, I have sought to rebuild this scenario in order to learn how music, through repertoire and performance, contributes to the social construction of these women in modern cities. Despite the association of the figure of these artists with prostitution, I observe that the fact of women turning into professionals of arts provided them an alternative of not being involved with prostitution, ensuring their survival without the need of selling sex. However, the female musical performance happens to be closely related to the body, sensuality and this fact is strongly expressed in the pictures and in the newspaper chronicles. From the studies of gender and musicological literature, I examine the musical journey of these women through the social phenomenon of cabarets in the modern cities in Brazil.

L’ouvrage souhaite apporter des clarifications et des définitions à propos des artistes évoluant dans les cabarets toulousains. L’objectif est de détecter les « processus de légitimation » que ceux-ci mettent en oeuvre afin d’asseoir leur légitimité, sociale, culturelle, familiale, artistique, professionnelle. Couronnés d’une aura de mystère de par leur statut de travailleur, leur mode de vie, leur emploi du temps, leurs rites et codes, leur organisation en réseaux, leurs cercles sociaux et leurs carrières atypiques, le sens commun aurait tendance à les étiqueter de « particuliers », « différents », « bohêmes », etc. Ainsi, en partant de préjugés et de stéréotypes dominants, on peut se poser la question de la manière dont ces artistes de music-hall légitiment leurs activités, leur statut par rapport aux autres arts, mais surtout, comment réussissent-ils à exporter leur légitimité dans leurs autres sphères relationnelles. L’hypothèse étant que la légitimité des artistes de cabaret toulousains n’est pas acquise ni assurée en tous milieux.Il s’agit également d’évaluer la légitimité culturelle dans le domaine des arts de ce groupe d’artistes professionnels composant le spectacle vivant. En effet, quelle est donc leur place dans la hiérarchie des arts, au regard d’un milieu de l’art se révélant structuré par des conflits de valeurs ? En se basant, entre autre, sur le principe des variations intra-individuelles, le débat discutera de la « démocratie culturelle » et des hiérarchies de valeurs culturelles, révélant la légitimité des « arts du divertissement ».Une enquête ethnosociologique où le chercheur est impliqué sur le terrain, visant à rendre compte des préoccupations sociales, telles qu’elles sont vécues dans le quotidien. / This work wants to bring definitions and clarifications about the artists working in the cabarets of Toulouse. In order to discern the “processes of legitimization” the artists struggle to assert their social, cultural, artistic, professional legitimacy.Due to the mystery which floats around these workers’ status, their way of life, their timetable, their rituals and codes, their organization in networks, their social circles and their atypical careers, people have a tendency to put the label of “particular”, “different”, “bohemian” on them. So, on the basis of the prejudices and on the predominant stereotypes, we can wonder how these artists of music-hall can justify their activities, their status in comparison with the order arts and especially how they succeed in exporting their legitimacy in other relational spheres. The hypothesis shows that the legitimacy of the artists of the cabaret in Toulouse is neither acquired nor assured in any circles.It is also a question of assessing the cultural legitimacy of this group among the other arts. These professional artists propose shows in live and we can wonder what place they have in the hierarchy of art, noticing that arts turned out to be structured by conflicts of values. Based on the principle of intra-individual variations, we can debate about “Cultural Democracy” and the hierarchies of cultural values, and so reveal the legitimacy of “the arts of entertainment”.This work is an ethnosociological survey, in which the researcher is involved in, and he denounces the social problems he experiences in his daily life.

La version intégrale de ce mémoire est disponible uniquement pour consultation individuelle à la Bibliothèque de musique de l’Université de Montréal (www.bib.umontreal.ca/MU). / Le chansonnier breton Théodore Botrel est connu pour être le père du mouvement de propagande de la Bonne Chanson. Ce mouvement naît dans le contexte montmartrois, alors qu’en 1900, les chansonniers se réunissent en Congrès pour discuter de l’avenir de leur art, malmené par le flot infatigable des chansons de café-concert. Ce combat pour la « saine » culture, c’est aussi celui de la IIIe République au nom de la moralité. C’est dans ce contexte que Botrel, débutant dans les cabarets artistiques parisiens, choisit de ne chanter que sa Bretagne dans un répertoire exempt de grivoiseries. Il s’inscrit alors dans un courant qui embrasse la Belle Époque : le régionalisme. Soucieuse de préserver le particularisme des « petites patries » et face au pouvoir centralisateur parisien, l’élite culturelle régionale entreprend un vaste travail de valorisation des régions. La Bretagne occupe une place particulière dans ce courant en tant que conservatoire de la tradition et principale victime des réformes d’Émile Combes qui s’attaquent aux ferments de son identité : sa langue et sa religion. Ce mouvement trouve écho au Canada français où l’idéologie dominante brandit l’étendard du nationalisme politico-culturel. Parce qu’ils défendent l’idée de la « vocation française » en Amérique et le maintien des « bonnes mœurs », l’élite traditionnelle et les journaux saluent les venues de Botrel au Québec en 1903 et 1922. Patriotique, catholique et conservateur, le chansonnier bénéficie de la conjoncture historico-culturelle québéco-bretonne. De Paris à la Bretagne, puis au Canada, Botrel connaît un succès sans égal. / The Breton cabaret singer Théodore Botrel is known as the father of the propagandist movement of La Bonne Chanson. In the context of Montmartre's culture, the year 1900 sees the creation of this movement during a Congress uniting cabaret artists to discuss the future of their art, scoffed by the tireless torrent of café-concert songs. This fight for “sane” culture is also the one of the Third Republic in the name of morality. It is in this context that Botrel, who makes his debut in the Parisian artistic cabarets, chooses to sing only about Brittany and without bawdy talk. Therefore, he is part of a trend which embraces the Belle Époque : regionalism. Concerned about protecting the distinctive identity of “small homelands” and in the face of Parisian centralizing power, the regional cultural elite begins greatly promoting regions. Brittany occupies a particular place in this trend as conservatory of traditions and as the main victim of the reforms of Émiles Combes which attack the ferments of its identity : language and religion. This movement finds echo in French Canada where the dominant ideology brandishes the banner of politico-cultural nationalism. Because they defend the idea of the “French vocation” in America and seek to preserve “good customs”, the traditional elite and newspapers welcome Botrels’ visits in Quebec in 1903 and 1922. Patriotic, catholic and conservative, the cabaret singer benefits from the historico-cultural circumstances in Quebec and in Brittany. From Paris to Brittany, then in Canada, Botrel knows an unequalled success.

Women in antebellum New Orleans have often been memorialized as Voudou queens, slave-torturers who continue to haunt houses, prostitutes, and light-skinned concubines to wealthy, white men. This study focuses on women’s contribution to New Orleans’s economy through the hospitality industry as female bar owners from 1830-1861. In addition, it provides an overview of the role that alcohol and beverage consumption patterns played among men and women of all races, classes, and cultural backgrounds in antebellum New Orleans. Antebellum tourists, in addition to cotton and sugar, were an important source of income for many New Orleanians before the Civil War. As bar owners, these women profited from male-dominated spaces while providing for themselves, and in some cases, their families. A study of the hospitality industry in antebellum New Orleans is essential to those studying both economic and social histories of the city during the antebellum era.