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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Estudio de dos métodos de determinación de madurez fenólica en bayas de var. Cabernet Sauvignon.

Jofré Gutiérrez, Carlos January 2004 (has links)
Memoria para optar al titulo Profesional de Ingeniero Agrónomo Mención: Enología y Vitivinicultura
2

Efectos del crecimiento vegetativo y la carga frutal en la variedad cabernet sauvignon.

Santibáñez Arellano, María Paz January 2004 (has links)
Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de I ngeniero Agrónomo Mención: Manejo de Suelos y Aguas / En la temporada 2001 – 2002, se realizó un estudio del efecto del crecimiento vegetativo y carga frutal, en la variedad Cabernet Sauvignon, en el Valle del Maipo. Se evaluó el efecto de la carga frutal sobre la producción y calidad del mosto en tres ensayos, fertilizados con 20, 40 y 60 kg N•ha-1 respectivamente. La carga frutal fue regulada a inicios de envero, y los tratamientos fueron 10, 14 y 18 racimos por planta. Adicionalmente, se estudió el efecto del crecimiento vegetativo sobre la producción, susceptibilidad a plagas y enfermedades, y calidad del mosto, en dos sitios caracterizados como de alto y bajo vigor. En los ensayos de carga frutal, hubo un efecto significativo en el rendimiento al existir una diferencia de 8 racimos menos por planta, y no hubo diferencias en el contenido de azúcar y el tamaño de las bayas, al comparar entre las cargas frutales. La calidad del mosto sólo se vio afectada cuando la relación entre la producción y el crecimiento vegetativo (índice de Ravaz) aumentó significativamente y se elevó sobre 10, al ajustar la carga frutal “alta” (18 racimos por planta) en una condición de fertilización moderada (40 kg N•ha-1). En esa situación, el contenido de taninos aumentó significativamente lo que puede afectar en forma negativa la calidad del mosto. En plantas vigorosas se observó un menor número y peso promedio de racimos, y una mayor incidencia de oídio y palo negro, en comparación con plantas de menor vigor. La calidad del mosto obtenido fue comparativamente menor. De acuerdo a la experiencia generada en esta investigación, y en otras realizadas en el mismo sector, se ha determinado que el estudio del efecto del crecimiento vegetativo y la carga frutal sobre el comportamiento del viñedo debe considerar paralelamente y en detalle el estado hídrico de las plantas.
3

The effects of different processing parameters (cold soak and percent alcohol (v/v) at dejuicing) on the concentrations of grape glycosides and glycoside fractions and glycosidase activities in selected yeast and lactic acid bacteria

McMahon, Heather 16 December 1998 (has links)
Grape-derived aroma and flavor precursors exist partially as non-volatile, sugar-bound glycosides. Hydrolysis of these compounds may modify sensory attributes and potentially enhance wine quality. Cold soak (prefermentation skin contact) at two temperatures and alcohol content (%, v/v) at dejuicing were monitored to determine effects on Cabernet Sauvignon glycoside concentration. Total, phenolic-free, and red-free glycoside concentrations were estimated by the quantification of glycosyl-glucose. Cold soak (5 days at 10° C) increased total glycosides by 77%, red-free glycosides by 80%, and phenolic-free glycosides by 96%. Ambient soak (3 days at 20° C) enhanced color extraction, and increased total glycosides by 177%, red-free glycosides by 144%, and phenolic-free glycosides by 106%. Wines produced by early pressing (10% sugar) had 25% more total and red-free glycosides than late press (0.25% sugar). After post-fermentation malolactic fermentation, total glycosides were 14% lower and phenolic-free glycosides were 35% lower. In a second study, the activities of a-L-arabinofuranosidase, b-glucosidase, and a-L-rhamnoyranosidase were determined in model systems for thirty-two strains of yeasts belonging to the following genera: Aureobasidium, Candida, Cryptococcus, Hanseniaspora, Hansenula, Kloeckera, Metschnikowia, Pichia, Saccharomyces, Torulaspora, and Brettanomyces (10 strains); and seven bacteria (Leuconostoc oenos strains). Only one Saccharomyces strain exhibited -glucosidase activity, but several non-Saccharomyces yeast species had substantial production. Aureobasidium pullulans hydrolyzed a-L-arabinofuranoside, b-glucoside, and a-L-rhamnoyranoside. Eight Brettanomyces strains had -glucosidase activity. Location of enzyme activity was determined for those species with enzymatic activity. The majority of -glucosidase was located in the whole cell fraction (66%), followed by the permeabilized fraction (35%), and extracellular production (2%). Aureobasidium pullulans was also capable of hydrolyzing grape glycosides. / Master of Science
4

Characterization of Cold Soak on Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon Grape and Wine Volatiles Using an Electronic Nose System

Gardner, Denise M. 02 June 2009 (has links)
The use of the electronic nose in the wine industry is an emerging technology. Although electronic nose systems have been used in other industries as tools to monitor fruit maturity or quality control, the use of these systems for wine analysis has been debated. Many electronic nose sensor types exist, but have often been accused of primarily discriminating varying ethanol concentrations of wines as opposed to aroma and flavor volatiles. This study evaluated the use of a commercial conducting polymer electronic nose to evaluate wines while minimizing ethanol interference. The first study presented evaluated the discrimination ability of an electronic nose with use of an ethanol baseline prior to wine evaluation. This experiment also determined the optimal wine temperature for electronic nose analysis. A second study reviewed the ability of the electronic nose to discriminate Cabernet Sauvignon grape and wine volatiles based on a pre-fermentation cold soak treatment. The electronic nose was used to monitor volatile changes throughout a five day cold soak, and to discriminate differences in control versus cold soak wines. These results were compared with juice and wine analytical data, GC-MS evaluation of individual volatiles, and sensory analysis of the finished wines. It was found that discrimination of wines improved from 33% to 60% when using an ethanol baseline. Influence of the baseline was indicated by a drop in sensor response prior to wine evaluation. A 30°C sample temperature was chosen for wine analysis based on sensor response and adequate discrimination in canonical distributions. The electronic nose was found to discriminate grape volatiles in cold soak musts as shown in canonical distributions at a 95% significance level. PCA distributions of electronic nose data, chemistry data, and GC-MS data showed varying degrees of discrimination based on analysis. Electronic nose data often showed 100% of variation of samples accounted by PC1. Despite differences in treatment by ENose and analytical data, sensory results did not find a difference in control and cold soak wines. / Master of Science
5

ANÁLISE CROMÁTICA DE VINHOS TINTOS DA VARIEDADE CABERNET SAUVIGNON DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL / CHROMATIC ANALYSIS OF RED WINES OF THE VARIETY CABERNET SAUVIGNON FROM RIO GRANDE DO SUL

Santos, Mariele dos 05 September 2011 (has links)
In the Rio Grande do Sul State, grape production is an already consolidated activity of significant socio-economic importance, accounting for about 90% of national production of grapes, wines and derivatives. In this sense, wine is an important product because of the added values transferred to the wineries and grape growers. There are five major wine regions within Rio Grande do Sul: Serra do Nordeste, Campanha, Serra do Sudeste, Central and Campos de Cima da Serra. Cabernet Sauvignon is the State's most important Vitis vinifera variety. The wine of this variety is world famous for its varietal character, intense color, richness in tannins and for its complexity of aroma and bouquet. Color is a key indicator of quality wines. It contributes to achieving the highest ratings and effectively the highest prices, and is directly related to quality of the raw material used. The objective methods of color evaluation are the fastest and, moreover, are replicable and not subject to subjective errors, so are of fundamental importance for the wine industry. The samples of red wines for this study, from the five wine regions of Rio Grande do Sul, were obtained in collaboration with the Instituto Brasileiro do Vinho (IBRAVIN) and analyzed at the Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciência de Alimentos of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. The following chromatic characteristics were analyzed: CIEL*a*b coordinates *L, *a and *b, cylindrical coordinates H* (hue angle) and C* (chroma), color intensity, hue and percentages of yellow, red and blue. Physicochemical parameters alcohol content, total acidity, pH, total phenolics content and anthocyanins were also determined. The wines from the Central region had the highest values of hue angle H* and the highest average of lightness. Samples from the Campanha region were characterized by the lowest average of hue. The wines from the Serra do Nordeste region were those with the highest average of croma, anthocyanins and total phenolics content. All wines were in accordance with Brazilian legislation for total acidity. However, pH values were high (near 4.0), which favors the development of bacteria. By the analysis of the results obtained in the chromatic and physical-chemical properties of the samples, it was possible to establish a comparison between Cabernet Sauvignon wines produced in Rio Grande do Sul, in different seasons and different wine regions, to support the quest for quality improvement in production of fine wines in the state. / No Estado do Rio Grande do Sul a produção de uvas é uma atividade já consolidada, de significativa importância socioeconômica, responsável por cerca de 90% da produção nacional de uvas, vinhos e derivados. Neste sentido, o vinho é um importante produto devido ao valor agregado que transfere para as vinícolas e para os produtores de uvas. São cinco as principais regiões vitivinícolas do Rio Grande do Sul: Serra do Nordeste, Campanha, Serra do Sudeste, Região Central e Campos de Cima da Serra. A cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon é a principal variedade Vitis vinifera do Estado. O vinho desta casta é mundialmente conhecido pelo seu caráter varietal, com intensa coloração, riqueza em taninos e complexidade de aroma e buquê. A cor compõe um dos principais indicadores da qualidade de vinhos, além de colaborar para alcançar as melhores classificações e efetivamente os maiores preços, relacionando-se diretamente com a qualidade da matéria-prima. Os métodos objetivos de avaliação da cor são os mais rápidos e, além disso, reproduzíveis e não sujeitos a erros subjetivos, logo são de fundamental importância para a indústria vinícola. As amostras de vinhos tintos Cabernet Sauvignon para este trabalho, provenientes das cinco regiões vitivinícolas do Rio Grande do Sul, foram obtidas com a colaboração do Instituto Brasileiro do Vinho (IBRAVIN) e analisadas no Departamento de Tecnologia e Ciência de Alimentos da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Foram analisadas as características cromáticas através das coordenadas cromáticas L*, a* e b* do Espaço CIE L*a*b*, das coordenadas cilíndricas H* (ângulo de tonalidade) e C* (Croma), bem como a quantificação dos índices de intensidade de cor, tonalidade e os percentuais das componentes amarela, vermelha e azul. Também foram determinados os parâmetros físico-químicos graduação alcoólica, acidez total, pH, conteúdo de antocianinas e compostos fenólicos totais. Os vinhos da Região Central apresentaram os maiores valores do ângulo de tonalidade H* e a maior luminosidade média. As amostras da Região da Campanha caracterizaram-se pela menor média de tonalidade. Já os vinhos da Região da Serra do Nordeste foram os que apresentaram as maiores médias de Croma, a maior média de antocianinas totais e também a maior média de índice de polifenóis totais. Quanto à acidez total, todos os vinhos analisados estavam em conformidade com a legislação brasileira, porém os valores de pH se apresentaram elevados (próximos de 4,0), situação que favorece o desenvolvimento de bactérias. Portanto, através dos resultados obtidos nas análises cromáticas e físico-químicas das amostras, foi possível estabelecer um comparativo entre vinhos Cabernet Sauvignon produzidos no Rio Grande do Sul, de diferentes safras e diferentes regiões vitivinícolas, no sentido de subsidiar a busca pelo aprimoramento da qualidade na produção de vinhos finos no estado.
6

Compostos volateis e qualidade dos vinhos secos jovens varietal cabernet suavignon produzidos em diferentes regiões do Brasil / Volatile compounds and quality of cabernet sauvignon wines from different regions of Brazil

Santos, Betania Araujo Cosme dos 22 February 2006 (has links)
Orientador: Maria Regina Bueno Franco / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T19:08:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_BetaniaAraujoCosmedos_D.pdf: 3332145 bytes, checksum: a5f2c537c582a4aff99c0c55902993f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Apesar da importância do aroma e sabor para determinar a qualidade dos vinhos, praticamente não existe nenhum estudo sobre a composição de voláteis dos vinhos nacionais. Os poucos que existem utilizam ainda coluna empacotada e outros traçam apenas o perfil sensorial dos vinhos, sem fazer correlações dos dados com qualquer outro parâmetro. No presente trabalho estudou-se 11 vinhos seco varietal Cabernet Sauvignon oriundos das principais regiões produtoras do país: Serra Gaúcha e Campanha, no Rio Grande do Sul; do Vale do Rio do Peixe, em Santa Catarina e do Vale do São Francisco, região de Pernambuco/Bahia. Foram efetuadas análises dos constituintes químicos e minerais presentes, após a homogeneização de três garrafas de vinho. Os parâmetros físico-químicos foram determinados pelos métodos clássicos e os teores dos minerais cálcio, magnésio, ferro, cobre e zinco foram analisados por absorção atômica; potássio, lítio, sódio e rubídio por emissão de chama e o fósforo por colorimetria. As características sensoriais das amostras foram determinadas pelo uso da Análise Descritiva Quantitativa através de nove provadores selecionados e treinados. As amostras foram avaliadas em quintuplicata, em 11 sessões, utilizando blocos incompletos balanceados. O teste de aceitação também foi realizado e os dados avaliados utlizando-se o Mapa Interno de Preferência. Os componentes voláteis foram extraídos em triplicata de cada garrafa de vinho, através de uma técnica de extração em fase sólida utilizando coluna Lichrolut EN e eluíção com diclorometano, conforme metodologia já validada para análise de compostos voláteis em vinho. Os contituinte voláteis foram separados por duas colunas capilares de polaridades diferentes. A identificação dos voláteis foi realizada por espectrometria de massas, além da comparação dos índices de Kovats experimentais com os valores encontrados na literatura e comparação dos espectros dos compostos com os dos padrões disponíveis. O extrato da amostra de maior aceitação foi analisado pela técnica de cromatografia gasosa-olfatometria0 para identificar a contribuição dos diferentes compostos voláteis para o aroma global do vinho. Os resultados das análises físico-químicas mostraram que todos os vinhos estavam dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação vigente, sendo que os teores encontrados de acidez volátil foram considerados elevados. Os valores de pH também foram elevados, mas tal fato é esperado quando da avaliação de vinhos Cabernet Sauvignon. A análise de minerais mostrou que os teores de potássio estavam bem acima dos encontrados em literatura. A técnica estatística multivariada de Análise de Componentes Principais, aplicada ao teor dos componentes físico-químicos e dos minerais não foi capaz de discriminar as amostras em relação à sua origem geográfica. O emprego do Mapa Interno de Preferência demonstrou que a amostra 245 (Serra Gaúcha) foi a mais aceita pela equipe, sendo caracterizada por uma forte sensação de doçura, apesar do teor de açúcares (2,65±0,05 g/L), aroma frutado e de frutas vermelhas. Os vinhos da região nordeste obtiveram uma aceitação inferior junto aos consumidores, juntamente com a amostra 512 (Serra Gaúcha). Foram identificados pela primeira vez em vinhos nacionais, 39 compostos voláteis, sendo que 13 pertenciam à classe dos álcoois, 13 à dos ésteres, 7 à dos ácidos, 2 à das lactonas, além de 3 compostos carbonílicos e 1 composto fenólico. Apesar da variação da concentração dos compostos entre as amostras, o pico correspondente aos compostos 2-metil-1-butanol e 3-metil-1-butanol foi o mais abundante para todas as amostras, seguido pelo álcool feniletílico, lactato de etila e álcool isobutírico. A amostra 245 (Serra Gaúcha), que obteve a melhor aceitação, distinguiu-se das amostras 326 e 512 (Serra Gaúcha), de menor aceitação, pela alta concentração de acetato de etila, 1-butanol, 2-metil-1-butanol concomitantemente com o 3-metil-1-butanol, hexanoato de etila, 3-metil-1-pentanol, octanoato de etila e ácido hexanóico. Uma análise olfatométrica preliminar permitiu a detecção dos compostos voláteis odoríferos presentes na amostra de maior aceitação, além de estabelecer sua contribuição para o aroma total. Acetato de feniletila, furfural, hexanoato de etila, ácido hexanóico e butírico, além de um composto não identificado foram considerados importantes para o aroma do vinho estudado / Abstract: Despite the importance of flavour in determining the sensorial quality of wines, there are only few studies concerning the volatile composition of Brazilian wines. These few studies reported only major compounds, utilizing packed columns while other researchers described only the sensorial profile of the wines, without establishing any correlation of the data with other parameters. In the present study, 11 Cabernet Sauvignon red wines from main regions of the country were analysed: Rio Grande do Sul (Serra Gaúcha and Campanha); Santa Catarina (Rio do Peixe valley) and Pernambuco/Bahia (Rio São Francisco valley). Physical-chemical parameters were determined by classic analysis and the minerals content was determined by flame absorption and flame emission methods, after homogenization of 3 wine bottles. Nine selected and trained judges, utilizing Quantitative Descriptive Analysis, determined the samples¿ sensorial characteristics. They were evaluated in fiveplicates through 11 sessions. The acceptance test was realized with 87 consumers participation and data were interpreted utilizing Internal Preference Mapping (MDPREF). The volatile compounds were extracted in triplicates from each wine bottle and Total Analysis technique was used. A Lichrolut EN cartridge was utilized and elution with dichloromethane was performed, according to an already recognized in the literature methodology for volatile compounds analysis in wine. The volatile mixture of compounds was separated by high-resolution gas chromatography, utilizing two columns with different polarity phases. The identification of volatile compounds was realized by using mass spectrometer coupled to gas chromatography, besides comparison of Kovats experimental indexes with literature values and beyond that comparison between spectral mass data of the unknowns and those of the standards. A preliminary olfatometric test was realized using two selected and trained judges, who evaluated aroma of the eluted compounds of the highest preferred sample. Results of the physical-chemical and mineral analyses indicated that all samples were within the established legal limits. The amount of volatile acids was considered high, but such a fact is expected when Cabernet Sauvignon wines are evaluated. Potassium content of the samples was higher than already reported values in literature. The use of the MDPREF demonstrated that sample 245 was the highest preferred wine, characterized by a strong perception of the sweet, fruity and red fruit aroma descriptors. The northeast wines and sample 512 obtained the lowest acceptance among consumers. Thirty-nine volatile compounds were identified by GC-MS and Kovats Indexes in Brazilian wines by the first time, of which 13 were alcohols, 13 esters, 7 acids, 2 lactones, 2 terpenes, 3 carbonyl compounds and a phenolic compound. In spite of the great variation observed among the samples, 3-methyl butanol and 2-methyl butanol peaks were the most abundant compounds, followed by phenylethyl alcohol, ethyl lactate and isobutyric acid. The previous olfatometric test applied to the extract of the most preferred wine leaded to the detection of the odoriferous volatile compounds responsible for their acceptance while determining the contribution of those compounds to the global aroma. Hexanoic acid, furfural, butanoic acid and ethyl hexanoate were considered important contributors to the aroma of this preferred sample. ACP applied to physical-chemical and mineral content of the samples was not able to discriminate different samples according to their geographical origin / Doutorado / Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos
7

Efeito das etapas de elaboração do vinho cabernet sauvignon sobre os níveis de ocratoxina A

Dachery, Bruna January 2015 (has links)
A ocratoxina (OTA) é uma micotoxina que possui propriedades nefrotóxicas, hepatotóxicas, teratogênicas e carcinogênicas. No Brasil, o limite máximo permitido de OTA em vinhos foi estabelecido em 2011 e é 2 μg/L. A ocorrência desta toxina em vinhos está relacionada principalmente à presença de fungos do gênero Aspergillus nas uvas usadas para a vinificação. Deste modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência das etapas de elaboração de vinho Cabernet Sauvignon sobre os níveis de OTA, através de dois diferentes experimentos: (A) vinho elaborado a partir de uvas inoculadas com fungo ocratoxigênico e (B) vinho elaborado com uvas naturalmente contaminadas com OTA. Para os dois experimentos, amostras das etapas mosto, fermentação/maceração, descuba, pós-fermentação, trasfega e maturação foram coletadas em triplicata, durante um período de 5 meses. A OTA foi detectada através da técnica de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector de fluorescência (CLAE-FL) e o limite de detecção e quantificação foi de 0,06 μg/L e 0,6 μg/L, respectivamente. Durante a vinificação, as etapas que apresentaram maior percentual de redução da toxina foram descuba, pós-fermentação e trasfega. Reduções significativas nos níveis de OTA foram observadas após a conclusão da vinificação. No vinho elaborado com uvas inoculadas com fungo ocratoxigênico observou-se uma redução de 92,6%. Valor similar (92%) foi verificado no vinho produzido com uvas naturalmente contaminadas por OTA. Considerando todo o processo de vinificação, pode-se sugerir que a diminuição dos níveis de OTA foi observada principalmente, devido à adsorção da toxina à parede celular das leveduras. Além disso, a adsorção da toxina aos sólidos em suspensão presentes no vinho durante a elaboração pode ter ocorrido. / The ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin with nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, teratogenic and carcinogenic properties. In Brazil, the permitted maximum limits for the OTA in wines was established in 2011 and is 2 μg/L. The occurence of this toxin in wines is due mainly for presence of fungi from Aspergillus genera in grapes used for winemaking. In this way, the aim of this study was to check the influence of stages of the winemaking process of Cabernet Sauvignon grape on the OTA levels through two different experiments: (A) wine made from grapes inoculated with ochratoxigenic fungi and (B) wine made from grapes naturally contaminated with OTA. For the two experiments, samples of must, fermentation/maceration, drawn-off wine, after fermentation, racking and maturation stages were collected in triplicate, during 5 months. The OTA was detected using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorecence detector (HPLC-FL) and the limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.06 and 0.6 μg/L, respectively. During the winemaking, the stages that show higher toxin reduction were drawn-off wine, after alcoholic fermentation and racking. Significant reductions in OTA levels were observed when winemaking was finished. A reduction of 92.6% was observed in wine made from grapes inoculated with ochratoxigenic fungi. Similar value (92%) was verified in wine made from grapes naturally contaminated with OTA. Considering all winemaking process, we may suggest that the decreasing of OTA levels was observed mainly due to adsorption of the toxin in cell wall of yeast. Furthermore, the adsorption of the toxin in suspended solids present in wine during the winemaking may be occurred.
8

Efeito das etapas de elaboração do vinho cabernet sauvignon sobre os níveis de ocratoxina A

Dachery, Bruna January 2015 (has links)
A ocratoxina (OTA) é uma micotoxina que possui propriedades nefrotóxicas, hepatotóxicas, teratogênicas e carcinogênicas. No Brasil, o limite máximo permitido de OTA em vinhos foi estabelecido em 2011 e é 2 μg/L. A ocorrência desta toxina em vinhos está relacionada principalmente à presença de fungos do gênero Aspergillus nas uvas usadas para a vinificação. Deste modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência das etapas de elaboração de vinho Cabernet Sauvignon sobre os níveis de OTA, através de dois diferentes experimentos: (A) vinho elaborado a partir de uvas inoculadas com fungo ocratoxigênico e (B) vinho elaborado com uvas naturalmente contaminadas com OTA. Para os dois experimentos, amostras das etapas mosto, fermentação/maceração, descuba, pós-fermentação, trasfega e maturação foram coletadas em triplicata, durante um período de 5 meses. A OTA foi detectada através da técnica de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector de fluorescência (CLAE-FL) e o limite de detecção e quantificação foi de 0,06 μg/L e 0,6 μg/L, respectivamente. Durante a vinificação, as etapas que apresentaram maior percentual de redução da toxina foram descuba, pós-fermentação e trasfega. Reduções significativas nos níveis de OTA foram observadas após a conclusão da vinificação. No vinho elaborado com uvas inoculadas com fungo ocratoxigênico observou-se uma redução de 92,6%. Valor similar (92%) foi verificado no vinho produzido com uvas naturalmente contaminadas por OTA. Considerando todo o processo de vinificação, pode-se sugerir que a diminuição dos níveis de OTA foi observada principalmente, devido à adsorção da toxina à parede celular das leveduras. Além disso, a adsorção da toxina aos sólidos em suspensão presentes no vinho durante a elaboração pode ter ocorrido. / The ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin with nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, teratogenic and carcinogenic properties. In Brazil, the permitted maximum limits for the OTA in wines was established in 2011 and is 2 μg/L. The occurence of this toxin in wines is due mainly for presence of fungi from Aspergillus genera in grapes used for winemaking. In this way, the aim of this study was to check the influence of stages of the winemaking process of Cabernet Sauvignon grape on the OTA levels through two different experiments: (A) wine made from grapes inoculated with ochratoxigenic fungi and (B) wine made from grapes naturally contaminated with OTA. For the two experiments, samples of must, fermentation/maceration, drawn-off wine, after fermentation, racking and maturation stages were collected in triplicate, during 5 months. The OTA was detected using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorecence detector (HPLC-FL) and the limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.06 and 0.6 μg/L, respectively. During the winemaking, the stages that show higher toxin reduction were drawn-off wine, after alcoholic fermentation and racking. Significant reductions in OTA levels were observed when winemaking was finished. A reduction of 92.6% was observed in wine made from grapes inoculated with ochratoxigenic fungi. Similar value (92%) was verified in wine made from grapes naturally contaminated with OTA. Considering all winemaking process, we may suggest that the decreasing of OTA levels was observed mainly due to adsorption of the toxin in cell wall of yeast. Furthermore, the adsorption of the toxin in suspended solids present in wine during the winemaking may be occurred.
9

Efeito das etapas de elaboração do vinho cabernet sauvignon sobre os níveis de ocratoxina A

Dachery, Bruna January 2015 (has links)
A ocratoxina (OTA) é uma micotoxina que possui propriedades nefrotóxicas, hepatotóxicas, teratogênicas e carcinogênicas. No Brasil, o limite máximo permitido de OTA em vinhos foi estabelecido em 2011 e é 2 μg/L. A ocorrência desta toxina em vinhos está relacionada principalmente à presença de fungos do gênero Aspergillus nas uvas usadas para a vinificação. Deste modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência das etapas de elaboração de vinho Cabernet Sauvignon sobre os níveis de OTA, através de dois diferentes experimentos: (A) vinho elaborado a partir de uvas inoculadas com fungo ocratoxigênico e (B) vinho elaborado com uvas naturalmente contaminadas com OTA. Para os dois experimentos, amostras das etapas mosto, fermentação/maceração, descuba, pós-fermentação, trasfega e maturação foram coletadas em triplicata, durante um período de 5 meses. A OTA foi detectada através da técnica de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector de fluorescência (CLAE-FL) e o limite de detecção e quantificação foi de 0,06 μg/L e 0,6 μg/L, respectivamente. Durante a vinificação, as etapas que apresentaram maior percentual de redução da toxina foram descuba, pós-fermentação e trasfega. Reduções significativas nos níveis de OTA foram observadas após a conclusão da vinificação. No vinho elaborado com uvas inoculadas com fungo ocratoxigênico observou-se uma redução de 92,6%. Valor similar (92%) foi verificado no vinho produzido com uvas naturalmente contaminadas por OTA. Considerando todo o processo de vinificação, pode-se sugerir que a diminuição dos níveis de OTA foi observada principalmente, devido à adsorção da toxina à parede celular das leveduras. Além disso, a adsorção da toxina aos sólidos em suspensão presentes no vinho durante a elaboração pode ter ocorrido. / The ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin with nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, teratogenic and carcinogenic properties. In Brazil, the permitted maximum limits for the OTA in wines was established in 2011 and is 2 μg/L. The occurence of this toxin in wines is due mainly for presence of fungi from Aspergillus genera in grapes used for winemaking. In this way, the aim of this study was to check the influence of stages of the winemaking process of Cabernet Sauvignon grape on the OTA levels through two different experiments: (A) wine made from grapes inoculated with ochratoxigenic fungi and (B) wine made from grapes naturally contaminated with OTA. For the two experiments, samples of must, fermentation/maceration, drawn-off wine, after fermentation, racking and maturation stages were collected in triplicate, during 5 months. The OTA was detected using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorecence detector (HPLC-FL) and the limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.06 and 0.6 μg/L, respectively. During the winemaking, the stages that show higher toxin reduction were drawn-off wine, after alcoholic fermentation and racking. Significant reductions in OTA levels were observed when winemaking was finished. A reduction of 92.6% was observed in wine made from grapes inoculated with ochratoxigenic fungi. Similar value (92%) was verified in wine made from grapes naturally contaminated with OTA. Considering all winemaking process, we may suggest that the decreasing of OTA levels was observed mainly due to adsorption of the toxin in cell wall of yeast. Furthermore, the adsorption of the toxin in suspended solids present in wine during the winemaking may be occurred.
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The effects of vineyard management and primary and secondary fermentations on grape glycoconjugates and conjugate fractions

de Bordenave, Channing Williams 13 August 1999 (has links)
Grape-derived aroma and flavor precursors exist partially as non-volatile, sugar-bound glycosides. Hydrolysis of these compounds may modify sensory attributes and potentially enhance wine quality. In the first study, four levels of shoot thinning (control, 20, 25, and 30 shoots per meter) with and without basal leaf removal (2-4 leaves per shoot) were established on mid-wire (90 cm), bilateral cordon-trained, mature Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) grapevines in eastern Virginia in 1996 to determine the effects on grape chemistry, glycoconjugates, and conjugate fractions. Reduced shoot density generally resulted in higher berry weight and lower soluble solids (°Brix) at each sampling date. Titratable acidity and pH were generally unaffected by shoot thinning. The 25 shoots per meter treatment displayed the greatest rate of increase in total, red-free, and phenolic-free glycoconjugates, expressed as glycosides (μmol).. Leaf removal resulted in increased pH, total phenolics, and total anthocyanins at each sampling date and a higher concentration of total, red-free, and phenolic-free glycosides. In a second study, three crop levels [high (6.4 and 5.3 kg/vine), medium (5.1 and 4.9 kg/vine), and low (3.2 and 2.6 kg/vine) ] were established on mature Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines during the 1995 and 1997 seasons, respectively. Cluster thinning of vines trained to a mid-wire (90cm), bilateral cordon-system was performed by hand three weeks post-bloom to determine the effects on grape glycoconjugates and conjugate fractions (expressed as glycosyl-glucose). In 1995, reduced crop level resulted in higher soluble solids concentration, pH, and total and red-free glycosides but did not affect berry weight or titratable acidity. In 1997, the reduced crop level treatment had higher berry weight and lower soluble solids, sugar per berry, and anthocyanins compared with the high treatment throughout the sampling period. The low treatment had the highest concentration of total, red-free, and phenolic-free glycosides per gram of fresh fruit weight on the last sampling date and the highest total, red-free, and phenolic-free glycosides per gram of fresh fruit weight when compared at similar soluble solids concentrations. Duo-trio significance testing resulted in no sensory differences among the treatments in 1997. In a third study, Pinot noir (Vitis vinifera L.) wines were inoculated with one of six genetically different strains of Brettanomyces intermedius (Ave, M, 216, Vin 1, Vin 4, and Vin5). Wines stored sur lie and those racked immediately following the completion of secondary fermentation were analyzed to determine the influence of B. intermedius strains on total, red-free, and phenolic-free glycoside concentrations (estimated by the analysis of glycosyl-glucose), and on selected free volatiles. Sur lie wines inoculated with strain Vin 4 and racked wines inoculated with Vin 4 and Vin 5 had the lowest total glycoside concentration. Hydrolysis of red-free glycosides appeared greatest in sur lie wines inoculated with Vin 4 and racked wines inoculated with Vin 4 and Vin 5. Wines stored sur lie that were inoculated with M and Vin 1 and racked wines inoculated with Vin 1, Vin 4, and Vin 5 had the lowest concentration of phenolic-free glycosides. Wines were analyzed for volatile compounds known to be produced by Brettanomyces spp. Inoculated wines were found to have detectable concentrations of ethyl-2-methylbutyrate, isoamyl alcohol, ethyldecanoate, isovaleric acid, guaiacol, 2-pheylethanol, 4-ethylguaiacol and 4-ethylphenol. There were significant differences in the concentrations of these compounds among strains. Duo-trio testing demonstrated sensory differences between the control and all inoculated wines. Differences were also found between wines inoculated with strains Ave and Vin 5, strains M and 216, and strains M and Vin 4. / Master of Science

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