The relationship between impulse breakdown stress and stressed oil volume has been extensively investigated for uniform field electrodes. In large high voltage transformers it is essential to extend this relationship to paper insulated non-uniform field situations which are more frequently encountered in practice. This paper develops the stated relationship by experimental tests, using insulated cable to plane configurations, and statistical methods. These tests show that the impulse breakdown strength of an insulated cable to plane or nonuniform field system has a two parameter Weibull distribution, when the oil is considered to be the weak-link of the system. A non-linear regression analysis is then used to find that the Weibull parameters for insulated non-uniform field electrodes are approximately the same as the parameters for the uninsulated uniform field electrodes provided their stressed oil volumes are equivalent. Statistical calculations are used to derive the fundamental relationship between the Weibull parameters for any stressed oil volume and the Weibull parameters for the unit oil volume. With this relationship it is possible for design engineers to approximately determine the probability of electrical breakdown of any insulated cable to plane configuration in large power transformers.

Immediately after the outbreak of the World War, Great Britain, France and Japan cut the German submarine cables which were situated in the different oceans of the world. The study of the submarine cables during the World War and its aftermath is a complex problem. To understand the post-war negotiations, previous international agreements, treaties and the ownership, operation and financing of the cables must be understood.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous demandons si certaines formes présentes dans la nature résultent de l'optimisation d'un critère. Plus précisément, nous considérons un organe ou une partie du corps humain et tentons de deviner un critère que la nature aurait pu chercher à optimiser. Nous résolvons alors le problème d'optimisation de formes résultant afin de comparer la forme obtenue, théoriquement ou numériquement, avec la forme réelle de l'organe. Si ces deux formes sont proches, on pourra en déduire que le critère est convaincant. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous considérons l'exemple d'une fibre nerveuse de type axone ou dendrite. Nous proposons deux critères pour expliquer sa forme. Le premier traduit l'atténuation dans le temps du message électrique traversant la fibre et le second l'atténuation dans l'espace de ce message. Dans notre choix de modélisation, nous distinguons deux types de fibres nerveuses : celles qui sont connectées au noyau de la cellule et celles qui sont connectées entre elles. Les problèmes correspondants se ramènent à la minimisation par rapport au domaine des valeurs propres d'un opérateur elliptique et d'une fonction de transfert faisant intervenir la trace sur le bord du domaine du potentiel électrique au sein de la fibre. La seconde partie de cette thèse est dédiée à l'optimisation de la forme d'un arbre bronchique ou d'une partie de cet arbre. Nous considérons un critère de type << énergie dissipée >>. Dans une étude théorique, nous prouvons tout d'abord que le cylindre n'est pas une conduite optimale pour minimiser l'énergie dissipée par un fluide newtonien incompressible satisfaisant aux équations de Navier-Stokes. Nous effectuons ensuite des simulations en deux et trois dimensions afin de tester numériquement si l'arbre bronchique est ou non optimal. / In this Ph.D thesis, we wonder whether some shapes observed in Nature could follow from the optimization of a criterion. More precisely, we consider an organ or a part of the human body and we try to guess a criterion that Nature could have tried to optimize. Then, we solve the resulting shape optimization problem in order to compare the shape obtained by a theoretical or a numerical way with the real shape of the organ. If these two shapes are similar, it may be deduced that the criterion is relevant. In the first part of this thesis, we consider the example of a nerve fiber of an axon or a dendrite kind. We propose two criterions to explain its shape. The first one stands for the attenuation throughout the time of the electrical message and the second one stands for the attenuation throughout the space of that message. In our choice of modeling, we distinguish two sorts of nerve fibers: these connected to the nucleus of the cell and these connected with two other fibers. The corresponding problems boil down to the minimization with respect to the domain of the eigenvalues of an elliptic operator and of a transfer function expressed with the trace of the electrical potential in the fiber on the boundary of the domain. The second part of this thesis is devoted to optimization of the shape of a bronchial tree or a part of that tree. We consider as a criterion the ``dissipated energy''. In a theoretical study, we foremost prove that the cylinder is not an optimal pipe to minimize energy dissipated by a newtonian incompressible fluid driven by a Navier Stokes system. Afterwards, we propose two and three dimensional simulations to verify numericaly if the bronchial tree is or not optimal.

Modernamente os cabos vêm sendo empregados como elemento portante de coberturas de grandes vãos - as coberturas pênseis. É finalidade deste trabalho a apresentação da análise estática de cabos livremente suspensos, visando à sua aplicação nestas coberturas. Realiza-se o estudo de cabos - submetidos a carregamento estático uniformemente distribuído em todo o seu vão, a variações de temperatura e a deslocamentos de seus apoios - através do Processo Analítico (equações diferenciais) e do Processo dos Deslocamentos (rigidez tangente). Considera-se a não linearidade geométrica e admite-se a linearidade física. A comparação e análise dos resultados destes processos de cálculo são feitas através de experimentação numérica. / Nowadays cables have been utilized as a resistant element in roofs of large dimensions, the hanging roofs. The objective of this work is to present the static analysis of suspended cables, aiming their application in roofs. A study of cables subjected to static uniform load distributed on the length, variations of temperature and displacements of the supports is done through Analytical Process (differential equations) and Stiffness Process (tangent stiffness). Geometrical non-linear analysis is allowed and physical linear analysis is admitted. The results are compared and analysed through numerical experimentation.

Um dos acidentes comuns em estruturas de armazenamento é o colapso da estrutura de cobertura do silo. Na prática, observa-se que as ruínas estruturais nesse sistema são na maior parte devidas ao desconhecimento das ações nestas estruturas. Devido à escassa informação disponível sobre os esforços de cabos de termometria fixados em estruturas de cobertura de silos cilíndricos verticais, a ênfase desta pesquisa é a análise teórica e experimental da avaliação destes esforços com o objetivo de fornecer subsídios para os projetistas e informações para uma futura normalização no dimensionamento de estruturas de cobertura para silos metálicos cilíndricos. Inicialmente realizou-se uma ampla revisão bibliográfica sobre as ações, esforços e sistemas estruturais e construtivos de cobertura para silos cilíndricos. Com base na análise teórica e experimental realizada dos esforços em cabos de termometria conclui-se que as equações propostas pela norma Argentina IRAM 8 015: 1977 são as mais adequadas para avaliação desses esforços / One of the common accidents in storage structures is the silos roof failure. In practice, it is observed that the structural problems in this system are mostly due to the lack of knowledge about the actions in these structures. Due to limited available information on temperature cables loads fixed to roof structure of vertical silos, this work has the aim in the theoretical and experimental analysis of these efforts in two different silos: the pilot-silo in LaMEM - SET - EESC-USP and silo Kepler Weber Industry, in order to provide support for designers and informations for the development of a future Brazililan Standard for the design of roof structures of cylindrical steel silos. Initially was carried out an extensive literature review on the loads, efforts and structural systems for silos roofs. The conclusions obtained from the experimental and theoretical analyzes are that the equations proposed by Argentina Standard IRAM 8015: 1977 is the most suitable for the evaluation of these loads

Modernamente os cabos vêm sendo empregados como elemento portante de coberturas de grandes vãos - as coberturas pênseis. É finalidade deste trabalho a apresentação da análise estática de cabos livremente suspensos, visando à sua aplicação nestas coberturas. Realiza-se o estudo de cabos - submetidos a carregamento estático uniformemente distribuído em todo o seu vão, a variações de temperatura e a deslocamentos de seus apoios - através do Processo Analítico (equações diferenciais) e do Processo dos Deslocamentos (rigidez tangente). Considera-se a não linearidade geométrica e admite-se a linearidade física. A comparação e análise dos resultados destes processos de cálculo são feitas através de experimentação numérica. / Nowadays cables have been utilized as a resistant element in roofs of large dimensions, the hanging roofs. The objective of this work is to present the static analysis of suspended cables, aiming their application in roofs. A study of cables subjected to static uniform load distributed on the length, variations of temperature and displacements of the supports is done through Analytical Process (differential equations) and Stiffness Process (tangent stiffness). Geometrical non-linear analysis is allowed and physical linear analysis is admitted. The results are compared and analysed through numerical experimentation.

En el presente trabajo se diseñó un prototipo de brazo robótica háptico teleoperado de 4 grados de libertad para la exploración marina hasta una profundidad máxima de 500m. Se diseñó el brazo robótica esclavo en un software de diseño, se analizó la estática y dinámica de dicho robot y se realizaron análisis de esfuerzos en los principales componentes. El robot tendrá un alcance máximo de 900mm y contará con sensores de posicionamiento y fuerza para el control de posición y fuerza. Además el brazo robótico contará con una cámara cerca al efector final con el motivo de tener una mejor visión para el operador. El trabajo incluye también el diseño del manipulador maestro que será controlado por el operador y que incluirá una realimentación de fuerza (force feedback). Se escogieron los motores y controladores indicados para el correcto funcionamiento del robot así como el tipo de comunicación que tendrá el robot con el computador. En el primer capítulo se presentará la problemática actual de los manipuladores robóticos submarinos, los cuales en su mayoría son hidráulicos y el costo de operación de dichos robots son altos. En el segundo capítulo se mencionarán los requerimientos físicos-mecánicos, requerimientos electrónicos y requerimientos de control del robot. Además se presentará el concepto de solución del sistema mecatrónico que será una alternativa de solución a la problemática presentada. En el tercer capítulo presentará el sistema mecatrónico completo. Se explicará el diagrama de funcionamiento del sistema mecatrónico, los sensores y actuadores presentes en el trabajo, planos de ensamble de los manipuladores, diagramas de circuitos y el diagrama de control del sistema mecatrónico. En el cuarto capítulo se presentará el presupuesto total del proyecto, el cual incluirá el presupuesto de los componentes mecánicos y electrónicos. Por último en el quinto capítulo se presentarán las conclusiones obtenidas del proyecto. / Tesis

Cortocircuitos por cables eléctricos en mal estado, enchufes rotos, líneas recargadas que suelen sobrecalentarse por el exceso de aparatos eléctricos conectados y/o por el gran número de derivaciones en las líneas sin tomar en cuenta la capacidad eléctrica instalada, mal mantenimiento de los equipos eléctricos, entre otros, son algunas de las principales causas eléctricas de incendios en el mundo. En nuestro país, la mayoría de los siniestros, según datos del Cuerpo General de Bomberos Voluntarios del Perú, tiene origen en fallas eléctricas, lo que representa el 70% del total de casos. La principal medida para garantizar la seguridad y salud de los colaboradores en una empresa o de una familia en un hogar frente al riesgo eléctrico es controlar de manera adecuada las fuentes de calor en los dispositivos eléctricos que se utilicen en las instalaciones. Por ello, el presente proyecto tiene como principal objetivo presentar una propuesta de diseño y comercialización de un producto para la organización y orden del cableado eléctrico, de redes y telefonía. TECH CUBE, el producto en mención es un gabinete de metal antioxidante y recubierto de pintura resistente al fuego. Cuenta con un sensor de calor, que brinda un mayor control sobre el calentamiento de los cables y así poder evitar cortos circuitos y/u otros problemas eléctricos que se pueden generar. Del mismo modo, la marca TECH CUBE ofrece un servicio de instalación, monitoreo remoto y mantenimiento del equipo. / Shorts by cords in poor condition, broken plugs; ornate lines, which tend to overheat by excess of connected electrical appliances and/or by the large number of referrals in the lines regardless of the installed electric capacity; poor maintenance of electrical equipment; among others, are some of the main electrical causes of fires in the world. In our country, the majority of accidents, according to data from the General body of firemen volunteers from Peru, it has origin electrical faults, represented 70% of all cases. The main measure to ensure the safety and health of employees in a company or a family in a home against electrical risk is properly control heat sources in electrical devices used in the facilities. For this reason, this project's main objective is to submit a proposal for design and marketing a product for the organization and order of electrical wiring, networking and telephony. TECH CUBE, the product in question, it is a metal cabinet covered with fire-resistant paint and antioxidant. It has a heat sensor, provides greater control over the heating of cables and thus is able to avoid short circuits and/or other electrical problems that can be generated. In the same way, the TECH CUBE brand, offers installation, remote monitoring and maintenance of the equipment. / Trabajo de investigación

Thesis (B.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING / Bibliography: leaf 47. / by Michelle Renée Hunt. / B.S.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.