The migration and production of indigenous populations of brown, brook, and cutthroat trouts in Spawn Creek, Cache County, Utah, were studied in 1973 and 1974 to elucidate the role of this stream vis- a - vis the rest of the watershed . Spawn Creek and its watershed were described climatically, hydrologically , geologically , vegetatively, recreationally, and chemically. The prevalent, aquatic taxa of fauna and flora were also listed. The equipment and techniques used in the study t o collec t data, including a two-way fish trap and electro- fishing gear, were delineated . The collected data consisted of periodic estimates of mean weight and density stratified by year classes . These year classes were separated by length-frequency histograms, the length of individuals of known age , and the determination of age via counts of annuli on scales. This last method of aging was adjusted for the failure of cutthroat trout to form an annulus in their first year of life . The estimates of density were obtained through a modified form of the two-catch removal estimator. This estimator was designed to correct the estimates for emigration from the sampled area between the two sampling efforts . The biases in several unmodified multi-catch removal e , · imators vis- a-vis the populations of trout in Spawn Creek were discussed relative to the different , individual sizes of several year classes. Mathematical models to describe t he time-dependent growth and density were constructed from the von Bertalanffy equation and the equation of depensatory mortality, respectively, by adding trigonometric components to each. The added constraints imposed by these components were discussed for models of both growth and dens ity . These models were fitted to the appropriate , periodic estimates of growth and density to provide functions of these states vis-a-vis time. The calculation of production for each year class consisted of differentiating the appropriate model of growth, multiplying the resultant differential equation by the appropriate model of density , and integrating the product for various interval s of time. A numerical routine for integration was used when the solution of the integral of the aforementioned product was unattainable in closed form . The basic alogarithm of this routine was discussed. The periodic estimates f rom the data showed that several year classes such as the 1971 year class of cutthroat trout and the 1970 and 1971 year classes of brook trout, were numerically dominant in 1973 but not in 1974. When most of t he individuals in the last two year classes died via senescence in 1974 , the density and productive capacity of the brook trout population declined. This decline was a result of the failure of this taxa to produce new dominant year classes in 1973 and 1974. The periodic estimates from the data also showed that growth was similar in 1973 and 1974 except for the 0+ age group. The brown and cutthroat trout s of this age grew less in 1974 while the brook trout grew more. Immigration occurred seasonally with the adult cutthroat trout migrating in the spring, and the juvenile cutthroat and brown trout ~ ~oving in the fall. No precedent for the fall emmigration of cutthroat juveniles was found in the literature. Emigration was a random affair save for the 0+ age group of cutthroat trout. Migration of brook trout was ~ot significant. Production was greater in the growing season of 1973 than in 1974 for all species . During the year of trap operation only the 1974 year class of cutthroat trout and the 1970 year class of brown trout showed an increase in produced biomass. The failure of the brook trout to produce new dominant year classes was discussed and was attributed to the evacuation of beaver in Spawn Creek and the subsequent dilapidation of their ponds. The underestimation of the production of the 1974 year class of cutthroat trout and the probable causes for said error were discussed. The net emigration of juvenile cutthroat trout and the loss of produced biomass were tied together as a partial cause and effect. The failure of the net immigration of cutthroat trout adults to enhance the productive capacity of these year classes in this stream was attribut ed to reproductive activity and subsequent mortality of these individuals. This relationship along with the predominant emigration of cut throat juveniles showed Spawn Creek vis - a-vis this species to be primarily a vehicle to enhance the reproduction of migrants exclusive to any other activity by this species. The relationship among migration , production, and reproduction of brown trout appeared as described above for t he cutthroat trout , however, the small density of the population of this t rout prevented any firm illation.

This thesis examined the basic developmental concepts , space, quantity, time, miscellaneous, as they related to family size, sex, and rural-urban environment among kindergarten children. The Boehm Test of Basic Concepts was individually administered to 53 students from two kindergarten classes--one from Ogden City School District and one from Cache County School District. The findings indicated that family size, sex of the child, or urban-rural environment produced no significant differences in concept development among kindergarten children.

During the period 1909-1949 many changes took place in agricultural production and cash farm income in Cache County, Utah, Important factors which caused changes in agricultural production and cash farm income during this period were technological developments in farm power and machinery, plant and animal breeding, changes in consumer demands price changes, and climatic conditions. The influence of these factors on both production and income varied with the enterprise, the commodity, and the year studied.

Riding the crest of the torrent of verbal altruism which flooded in the New Deal came a malnurtured little fellow, the consumer-the same timid, mistreated, gullible little fellow with the battered derby hat whom cartoonists have so aptly pictured on the stool peering meekly over the counter at the big bruiser, the producer, who stood behind it. Put now he was to be such rejuvenated personage. The hair shirt in which one writer has so smartly dresed him was to be miraculously transformed into finest armor of an impregnable protective allogy which was to be composed of nemerous ethical abstractions. Prominent among these was to be thorough education as to his enemies' methods of attack and manners of exploitation, which was to include insturction in the arts and practies of the skull-duggery of advertising, which is perhaps the most effective weapon of his adversary.

The Smithfield 7.5' quadrangle is located about 13.8 kilometers (8.6 miles) south of the Utah-Idaho State Line and occupies the central portion of the eastern side of Cache Valley, Utah. The mapped area contains more than 55 square miles. The Bear River Range on the eastern side of the quadrangle contains stratigraphic units ranging from Precambrian to Quaternary age. Cache Valley contains deposits of Tertiary and Quaternary age. Quaternary units in the Smithfield quadrangle are subdivided into thirty-two map units based on age and genesis. Five ages of Quaternary units are identified, and these units are assigned to one of fourteen genetic types. The East Cache fault zone is mapped along the western edge of the Bear River Range. Early Quaternary time was principally a period of pediment formation, followed by normal faulting, erosion, and alluvial-fan deposition. Cache Valley was later occupied by a pre-Bonneville cycle lake which is tentatively correlated with the Little Valley lake cycle. This lacustrine cycle was followed by more erosion and alluvial-fan deposition. The current Cache Valley landscape is dominated by the sediments and geomorphic features of Pleistocene Lake Bonneville. Alluvial-fan deposition has been the principal geologic process in post-Lake Bonneville time. Geologic hazards in the Smithfield quadrangle include flooding, landslides, debris flows, rock fall, problem soils, shallow ground water, earthquake ground shaking, surface fault rupture, and liquefaction. Some of the areas affected by these hazards and measures for mitigating the hazards are identified. Bonneville lake cycle fine-grained offshore deposits and the Tertiary Salt Lake Formation are the primary geologic units susceptible to landsliding.

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive disease that impairs cognitive and functional abilities. Currently, there is no cure and it is estimated there will be 81 million cases of Alzheimer’s disease by 2040. Life for the individual with Alzheimer’s disease, and their family, changes drastically when the affected individual experiences significant impairments in cognitive or functional ability (severe dementia), is placed in a skilled nursing home facility (institutionalization), or passes away (death). Until a cure is discovered, it will be important to identify modifiable factors that influence progression to severe dementia, institutionalization, and death. Three hundred thirty-five participants who were living in the community were followed after the onset of Alzheimer’s disease and continued until they left the study or the study period ended. Participants completed neuropsychological assessments at each visit. Visits occurred as close to every 6 months as possible and the mean number of visits was 5.32 (SD = 3.46). Outcomes of interest were severe dementia, institutionalization, and death. Predictor variables were hypertension, stroke, congestive heart failure, number of prescription medications being taken, General Medical Health Rating (GMHR) score, and Charlson Comorbidity Index score. Cox Regression was utilized to identify associations with progression to the specified outcomes. GMHR score, congestive heart failure, and number of prescription medications were associated with progression to severe dementia. The number of prescription medications was also associated with nursing home placement. GMHR score, stroke, and number of prescription medications were associated with death. These findings are important because they contribute to a better understanding of how measures of medical health, certain medical conditions, and potentially their prevention or treatment may help those with Alzheimer’s disease sustain a higher quality of life.

This project examined the association between dietary patterns, erythrocyte membrane fatty acids concentration, and Alzheimer’s-related genes in systemic inflammation, as indicated by C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, in order to achieve more comprehensive knowledge of how nutrition and genetics influence systemic inflammation among the elderly residents of Cache County, Utah. First, the associations between dietary patterns defined by Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and Mediterranean dietary patterns (MED) and the risk of having a high level of CRP were examined. This study showed that a healthy dietary pattern score was associated with CRP levels; a higher score reflecting the ideal DASH diet and MED diet was associated with a 26% and 27% reduction in the risk of having high CRP levels respectively. This association appeared stronger among overweight and obese individuals. Second, the association between erythrocyte membrane fatty acids (EMFAs) and elevated serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels was examined. Those that had high EMFAs composition of palmitoleic acid and nervonic acids, both monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and dihomo-y-linolenic acid (DGLA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA-6), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), all polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), had an increased risk of having CRP elevation. In contrast, risk of CRP elevation was reduced in those that have highest levels of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) of margaric acid, stearic acid, and arachidic acid. These associations were generally observed to be stronger among women compared to men. Lastly, the study examined whether AD-related genes identified in previous genome-wide association studies are associated with elevated levels of inflammatory CRP. Results revealed a strong association between APOE-epsilon genotypes and CRP levels. Results also showed an association between major alleles of APOE rs439401, TOMM40 rs157580, and minor alleles MMP8 rs1892886, CR1 rs6656401, CR1 rs3818361, and CR1 rs4844609 that were associated with a risk of elevation of CRP. These associations were stronger among men compared to women. Reduction in the prevalence of AD could have tremendous importance; the results of this dissertation may help identify factors important to AD etiology and, in turn, provide valuable targets for prevention.

Adolescents are not consuming the recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables (FV). An overall decrease in diet quality is seen as adolescents get older, with decreases in fruit and vegetable intake and increases in energy dense food intake. The aim of this study was to test whether or not the Food Dudes (FD) healthy eating program helps to prevent decreases in fruit and vegetable intake and increases in energy dense foods during the transition from elementary school into middle school. Past FD studies supported the use of repeated tasting, rewards, and role modeling to encourage children to eat more fruits and vegetables at school with data from studies of young children. A review of available literature on effectiveness of these techniques in adolescents found evidence that the program may also be effective for adolescents. Participants were 4th and 5th graders (n=874) from 6 elementary schools, recruited during the 2011-2012 school year. Treatment group was assigned by school and included a prize condition, a praise condition, and a control. Students were followed into the 2012-2013 school year when the 5th grade cohort entered middle school. During 2012-2013 an additional control group was recruited from three middle schools (n = 154). Results showed short term success at increasing FV intake and that the program had some long term success preventing large drops in FV intake. A small to medium positive correlation was seen between energy dense snack foods and total FV intake (r ranging from .125 to .355, p The results of this study suggest that the FD program may play a role in helping to maintain lunch time FV intake during the transition into middle school. The results for the impact on total FV intake and total diet were less conclusive due to problems in the self-reported data. Future studies on this topic should look for a better method for tracking changes in total FV intake and total diet.

One of the fundamental needs of elementary school children is to develop their motor systems by means of physical activities adequately suited to their representative age groups. In so doing, opportunities are provided for sociological and psychological requirements essential in developing a healthy, confident individual capable and willing to accept social and family obligations and responsibilities. This infers that an essential function of the school is to provide appropriate areas, facilities, and equipment for such activities. It also suggests that the playground be an integral element of a modern school.

The objective of this study is to compare the number and types of speech defectives in a rural area with those of an urban area in Utah. Cache County was chosen as the rural area and Logan City as the urban. The study includes all students in the third to sixth grades in these two areas.