While coffee culture has long since been positively associated with intellectual and working life, the health and safety of its primary stimulant, caffeine, has recently fallen under scrutiny by the FDA. This medical anthropology thesis provides a biocultural synthesis of caffeine culture, health effects, and biological variation in adverse effects related to pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Supporting evidence for variation in responses to caffeine was found through surveying 100 participants, investigating caffeine consumption levels, perceptions and health beliefs, adverse effects experienced, and medical encounters. Increased rates of adverse effects were found for students, pharmaceutical and over-the-counter drug users, and for participants reporting negative or ambivalent perceptions of caffeine, intolerance, or sensitivity to caffeine. Variation in rates of adverse effects suggests biocultural interactions account not only for patterns in pharmacological data, but are also clinically significant in constructing risk of caffeine intoxication. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-11-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:21:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lacorte_lm_dr_botib.pdf: 1406447 bytes, checksum: fec082d2dff716ce8172b9ffea3dd31b (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Os efeitos adversos do cádmio, um contaminante ambiental e ocupacional, sobre a próstata do homem e de animais experimentais têm sido bastante investigados, entretanto, a maioria destes trabalhos experimentais in vivo utilizam doses altas. Além disso, a exposição concomitante do cádmio a outros compostos, como por exemplo, a cafeína, um alcalóide presente em várias bebidas e alimentos de consumo mundial, ainda não foram investigados. O período da puberdade pode representar um cenário comum desta co-exposição, pois os indivíduos aumentam a sua exposição ambiental ao cádmio pela fumaça do cigarro, ativamente ou passivamente, associada à ingestão de bebidas energéticas, as quais contêm relativamente alta concentração de cafeína. A fase da puberdade é importante para o desenvolvimento e crescimento prostático, na qual fatores exógenos, que ajam como desreguladores endócrinos, podem favorecer o surgimento de lesões na fase adulta. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos do cádmio e/ou da cafeína no processo de maturação e crescimento prostático na puberdade e suas consequências para a morfofisiologia da próstata adulta. Para isto, foram empregadas análises citoquímicas, ultra-estruturais ao microscópio eletrônico de transmissão, análises imunoistoquímicas, bioquímicas de zimografia e western bloting. A exposição ao cádmio aumentou o nível do cádmio bioacumulado na próstata, fígado, rim, testículo e epididímo. A cafeína reduziu os níveis do cadmio em todos os órgãos analisados. Ambos os tratamentos provocaram atrofia epitelial no lobo prostático ventral bem como hiperplasia epitelial focal. Não houve alteração estromais da próstata. Nossos resultados... / The cadmium is an environmental and occupational contaminant and its adverse effects on men and animals prostate have been widely investigated, however, the most of this experimental use high doses. Besides, the contaminant cadmium exposure to other components, for example, caffeine, an alkaloid present on a wide variety of beverages and food consumed worldwide, have not been investigated yet. The puberty can represent a common scenario of this co-exposure, since the people increase their environmental exposure to cadmium by the cigarette smoke, actively or passively, associated with the ingestion of energetic beverages, which contains relatively high caffeine concentrations. The puberty is important to the prostate development, and exogenous factors, which act as endocrine disrupters, may to induce the appearance of lesions on adulthood. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the effects of cadmium and/or caffeine, on the prostate, during puberty and its morphological consequences on adult age prostate. For this, were used cytochemical analysis, ultrastructural analysis, immunohistochemical analysis, biochemical zymography and western blotting. The exposure to cadmium has increased the bioaccumulated cadmium level on the prostate, liver, kidney, testicle and epididymis. Caffeine has reduced the cadmium levels on all analyzed organs. Both treatments resulted on epithelial atrophy on ventral prostate lobe as well as focal epithelial hyperplasia. Stromal alterations on the prostate were not observed. Our results suggest that cadmium exposure during puberty age until adulthood can induce a changed environment, disruptor the glandular homeostasis, leading to disorders. The caffeine increase the androgen plasmatic levels and may be related to the prostatic hyperplasia... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The purpose of this research study was to examine the effects of consumption of beverages (caffeinated and alcoholic) and physical activity on the frequency and severity of hot flashes in peri-menopausal, menopausal, and post-menopausal women by conducting an on-line survey of women over the age of 40 employed at a Midwestern University. One-hundred ninety-six women participated in this study. Majority of participants were age 50-59 (n=104, 53.1%), and were in the naturally post-menopausal reproductive stage (n=81, 41.3%). Overall, results revealed that the effects of self-reported physical activity, average daily caffeine and alcohol intake were not significant in predicting the frequency of hot flashes (R2=.043, F(6, 184) = 1.39, p= .221). However, results revealed a small, but statistically significant effect of physical activity, caffeine, and alcohol intake on severity of hot flashes (R2=.068, F(6,180) = 2.195, p = .046). Additionally, relatively more participation in aerobic physical activity increased frequency of hot flashes (p= .031); while higher intensity of aerobic physical activity had an inverse relationship on both frequency and severity of hot flashes (p=.011, p=.003, respectively). / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of: 1) caffeine consumption; 2) Body Mass Index (BMI); and 3) frequency and intensity of physical activity on the frequency and severity of hot flashes, in pre-menopausal, peri-menopausal, menopausal and post-menopausal Hispanic women. Ordinary Least Squares regressions indicated there was a statistical significant correlation between daily total estimated caffeine intake with frequency (R2=0.078 (F(8, 207)=2.2, P=0.029) and severity of hot flashes (R2=0.086 (F(8, 208)=2.45, P=0.015). Analysis of variance revealed that and increase in frequency of 30 min strength physical activity reduced severity of hot flashes by 0.72 on a hedonic scale (p<0.05). Conversely, caffeine intake of 100 mg increased frequency and severity of hot flashes (p<0.001, p=0.004, respectively). / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

This study was designed to investigate the inhibiting effect that caffeine may have in inducing deeper states of relaxation. The degree of relaxation was assessed by physiological measures, self-ratings, and behavioral observations of relaxation behavior.

Orientador: Sérgio Luis Felisbino / Coorientador: Flávia Karina Delella / Banca: Isabel Cristina Cherici Camargo / Banca: Fernanda Cristina Alcântara dos Santos / Banca: Raquel fantin Domeniconi / Banca: Arielle Cristina Arena / Banca: Glaura Scantamburlo Alves Fernandes / Banca: Wellerson Rodrigo Scarano / Banca: Luis Fernando Barbisan / Resumo: Os efeitos adversos do cádmio, um contaminante ambiental e ocupacional, sobre a próstata do homem e de animais experimentais têm sido bastante investigados, entretanto, a maioria destes trabalhos experimentais in vivo utilizam doses altas. Além disso, a exposição concomitante do cádmio a outros compostos, como por exemplo, a cafeína, um alcalóide presente em várias bebidas e alimentos de consumo mundial, ainda não foram investigados. O período da puberdade pode representar um cenário comum desta co-exposição, pois os indivíduos aumentam a sua exposição ambiental ao cádmio pela fumaça do cigarro, ativamente ou passivamente, associada à ingestão de bebidas energéticas, as quais contêm relativamente alta concentração de cafeína. A fase da puberdade é importante para o desenvolvimento e crescimento prostático, na qual fatores exógenos, que ajam como desreguladores endócrinos, podem favorecer o surgimento de lesões na fase adulta. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos do cádmio e/ou da cafeína no processo de maturação e crescimento prostático na puberdade e suas consequências para a morfofisiologia da próstata adulta. Para isto, foram empregadas análises citoquímicas, ultra-estruturais ao microscópio eletrônico de transmissão, análises imunoistoquímicas, bioquímicas de zimografia e western bloting. A exposição ao cádmio aumentou o nível do cádmio bioacumulado na próstata, fígado, rim, testículo e epididímo. A cafeína reduziu os níveis do cadmio em todos os órgãos analisados. Ambos os tratamentos provocaram atrofia epitelial no lobo prostático ventral bem como hiperplasia epitelial focal. Não houve alteração estromais da próstata. Nossos resultados... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The cadmium is an environmental and occupational contaminant and its adverse effects on men and animals prostate have been widely investigated, however, the most of this experimental use high doses. Besides, the contaminant cadmium exposure to other components, for example, caffeine, an alkaloid present on a wide variety of beverages and food consumed worldwide, have not been investigated yet. The puberty can represent a common scenario of this co-exposure, since the people increase their environmental exposure to cadmium by the cigarette smoke, actively or passively, associated with the ingestion of energetic beverages, which contains relatively high caffeine concentrations. The puberty is important to the prostate development, and exogenous factors, which act as endocrine disrupters, may to induce the appearance of lesions on adulthood. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the effects of cadmium and/or caffeine, on the prostate, during puberty and its morphological consequences on adult age prostate. For this, were used cytochemical analysis, ultrastructural analysis, immunohistochemical analysis, biochemical zymography and western blotting. The exposure to cadmium has increased the bioaccumulated cadmium level on the prostate, liver, kidney, testicle and epididymis. Caffeine has reduced the cadmium levels on all analyzed organs. Both treatments resulted on epithelial atrophy on ventral prostate lobe as well as focal epithelial hyperplasia. Stromal alterations on the prostate were not observed. Our results suggest that cadmium exposure during puberty age until adulthood can induce a changed environment, disruptor the glandular homeostasis, leading to disorders. The caffeine increase the androgen plasmatic levels and may be related to the prostatic hyperplasia... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Despite extensive research into the effects of alcohol consumption, there is no clear understanding into the mechanisms underlying human information processing impairment. The acute consumption of alcohol was investigated to determine the implications for human information processing capabilities, and to identify the extent to which these implications were stage-specific. Further aims included the investigation and quantification of caffeine-induced antagonism of alcohol impairment. Moreover, the aforementioned relationships were investigated in morning versus evening conditions. A test battery of six resource-specific tasks was utilised to measure visual perceptual, cognitive and sensory-motor performance, fashioned to return both simple and complex measures of each task. The tasks implemented were: visual perceptual performance (accommodation, visual detection, visual pattern recognition); cognition (memory recall- digit span); and motor output (modified Fitts‟ and a driving simulated line-tracking). Performance measures were recorded by the respective computer based tasks. Physiological variables measured included heart rate frequency, heart rate variability (RMSSD, High and Low Frequency Power) and body temperature. Saccade speed, saccade amplitude, pupil size and fixation duration were the oculomotor parameters measured. Three groups of participants (alcohol, caffeine+alcohol and control) n=36 were studied, split evenly between sexes in a mixed repeated/non-repeated measures design. The control group performed all test batteries under no influence. The alcohol group performed test batteries one and two sober, and three and four under the influence of a 0.4 g/kg dose of alcohol. Group caffeine+alcohol conducted test battery one sober, two under the effect of caffeine only (4 mg/kg), and three and four under the influence of both caffeine and alcohol (0.4 g/kg). The third test battery demonstrated the effects of alcohol during the inclining phase of the blood alcohol curve, and the fourth represented the declining phase. Morning experimentation occurred between 10:00 - 12: 45 and 10:30 -13:15 with evening experimentation between 19:00 - 21:30 and 19:30 - 22:00. Acute alcohol consumption at a dose of approximately 0.4 g/kg body weight effected an average peak breath alcohol concentration of 0.062 % and 0.059 % for the alcohol and caffeine+alcohol groups respectively. Task-related visual perceptual performance demonstrated significant decrements for simple reaction time, choice reaction time and error rate. Cognitive performance demonstrated no significant performance decrements, while motor performance indicated significant decrements in target accuracy only. Physiological parameters in response to alcohol consumption showed significantly decreased heart rate variability (RMSSD) in the modified Fitts‟ task only. A significant decrease in saccade amplitude in the memory task was the only change in oculomotor parameters. Prior caffeine consumption demonstrated limited antagonism to task-related alcohol impairment, significantly improving performance only in reduced error rate while reading. Caffeine consumption showed stimulating effects on physiological parameters, significantly increasing heart rate and heart rate variability when compared to alcohol alone. The design of the tasks allows for comparison between complex and simple task performance, indicating resource utilisation and depletion. Complex tasks demonstrated higher resource utilisation, however with no statistical performance differences to simple tasks. Physiological parameters showed greater change in response to alcohol consumption, than did the performance measures. Alcohol consumption imposed significant changes in physiological and oculomotor parameters for cognitive tasks only, significantly increasing heart rate frequency and decreasing heart rate variability, skin temperature and saccade amplitude. Caffeine consumption showed no antagonism of alcohol-induced performance measures. Physiological measures showed that caffeine consumption imposed stimulating effects in only the neural reflex and memory tasks, significantly increasing heart rate frequency and heart rate variability. Prior caffeine consumption significantly decreased fixation duration in the memory task only. The time of day at which alcohol was consumed demonstrated significant performance and physiological implications. Results indicated that morning consumption of alcohol imposes greater decrements in performance and larger fluctuations in physiological parameters than the decrements in evening experimental sessions. It can be concluded that alcohol consumption at a dose of 0.4 g/kg affects all stages in the information processing chain. Task performance indicates that alcohol has a greater severity on the early stages of information processing. Conversely, under the influence of alcohol an increased task complexity induces greater effects on central stage information processing. In addition, caffeine consumption at a dose of 4 mg/kg prior to alcohol does not antagonise the alcohol-induced performance decrements.

Triclosan and triclocarban are antimicrobials found in numerous consumer products, while caffeine is the most commonly consumed stimulant by humans. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of triclosan, triclocarban, and caffeine on the development and physiology of amphibian larvae. LC50 values of triclosan and triclocarban were determined after 96 hours for three North American larval species: Acris crepitans blanchardii, Bufo woodhousii woodhousii, Rana sphenocephala, and for a common amphibian developmental model: Xenopus laevis. Amphibian larvae were most sensitive to triclosan and triclocarban exposure during early development based upon 96-hour LC50 values. Heart rates for X. laevis and North American larvae exposed to triclosan were variable throughout development. However, significantly lower heart rates were observed in all larvae exposed to triclocarban. Metabolic rates of X. laevis and R. sphenocephala larvae exposed to triclosan were significantly affected in larvae exposed to ½ LC50 and the LC50 concentration. Metabolic rates of X. laevis larvae exposed to triclocarban were significantly affected by exposure to ½ LC50 concentrations in three of four stages investigated. No significant differences were observed in North American larvae exposed to triclocarban. Tissue uptake, lipid uptake, tissue bioconcentration factor (BCF) and lipid BCF of triclosan and triclocarban were investigated in three developmental stages of X. laevis, and in one developmental stage of B. woodhousii woodhousii, and R. sphenocephala. For most tissue and lipid uptake values, a significant increase was observed as exposure concentration increased. Tissue and lipid BCF values were dependent upon both stage and species. Chronic and acute effects of caffeine were determined in X. laevis larvae. Acute 96-hour LC50 values in four developmental stages were > 75,000 ug L-1 caffeine and heart rates were significantly different at the two earliest developmental stages. Larvae chronically exposed to caffeine reached metamorphosis at the same time as controls. Changes in chronic heart rate were dependent upon stage of development and exposure concentration. This research indicates that the toxicity of amphibian larvae exposed to triclosan, triclocarban, and caffeine appears to be dependent upon species and developmental stage, with early developmental stages being most sensitive to contaminant exposure.

Caffeine is the most widely consumed socially acceptable drug in the world and is commonly used for its ergogenic properties with demonstrated performance enhancing effects in endurance, power and strength based activities. Despite a wealth of evidence concluding a caffeine induced performance benefit, the direct effects of the drug on peripheral physiological processes have not been fully examined. Early works showed high dose caffeine has direct force potentiating effect on skeletal muscle, a notion that has only recently been confirmed by James et al. (2005) to also occur at a maximal human physiological concentration (70µM). The present research, using mouse muscle as a model for mammalian muscle in general, provides an in-depth assessment of the direct effect of physiological concentrations of caffeine on isolated skeletal muscle performance. This research uniquely: quantifies the dose response relationship; assesses the effects of caffeine on maximal and sub maximal muscle power output and fatigue; looks at the relationship between muscles with different fiber type compositions. As high concentrations of caffeine and taurine are a constituent of many energy drinks, the suggested interaction of these ingredients to further potentiate muscle mechanical performance was also assessed. The study further examines how mammalian muscle mechanical properties change over an age range of development to aged, and how this differs between muscles with predominantly different anatomical locations and functions. In light of this the age related direct effect of physiological concentrations of caffeine was assessed in order to examine whether the ergogenic benefit changed with age. The present results demonstrate a direct muscle performance enhancing effect of physiological concentrations of caffeine that is likely to promote greater benefit on long duration endurance based activities. Furthermore, the present study demonstrates that there is no direct effect of physiological concentrations of taurine and no further performance enhancing benefit when combined with caffeine. Finally this research uniquely highlights the muscle specific age related changes in mechanical performance and further indicates that the direct effect of caffeine changes with age.

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