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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The choreography of protein vibrations : Improved methods of observing and simulating the infrared absorption of proteins

Karjalainen, Eeva-Liisa January 2011 (has links)
The work presented in this thesis has striven toward improving the capability to study proteins using infrared (IR) spectroscopy. This includes development of new and improved experimental and theoretical methods to selectively observe and simulate protein vibrations. A new experimental method of utilising adenylate kinase and apyrase as helper enzymes to alter the nucleotide composition and to perform isotope exchange in IR samples was developed. This method enhances the capability of IR spectroscopy by enabling increased duration of measurement time, making experiments more repeatable and allowing investigation of partial reactions and selected frequencies otherwise difficult to observe. The helper enzyme mediated isotope exchange allowed selective observation of the vibrations of the catalytically important phosphate group in a nucleotide dependent protein such as the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase. This important and representative member of P-type ATPases was further investigated in a different study, where a pathway for the protons countertransported in the Ca2+-ATPase reaction cycle was proposed based on theoretical considerations. The transport mechanism was suggested to involve separate pathways for the ions and the protons. Simulation of the IR amide I band of proteins enables and supports structure-spectra correlations. The characteristic stacking of beta-sheets observed in amyloid structures was shown to induce a band shift in IR spectra based on simulations of the amide I band. The challenge of simulating protein spectra in aqueous medium was also addressed in a novel approach where optimisation of simulated spectra of a large set of protein structures to their corresponding experimental spectra was performed. Thereby, parameters describing the most important effects on the amide I band for proteins could be determined. The protein spectra predicted using the optimised parameters were found to be well in agreement with experiment. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 5: Manuscript.</p>
2

Stratégies d'activations multiples d'espaceurs auto-immolables / Multi-activation strategies of self-immolative spacers

Huvelle, Steve 20 November 2017 (has links)
Introduit originellement par Katzenellenbogen en 1980 , les espaceurs auto-immolables sont définis comme des assemblages covalents capable de corréler la coupure de deux liaisons. La première coupure intervient au niveau du groupement protecteur A, générant un intermédiaire qui conduit spontanément à la rupture de la liaison entre l’espaceur et l’espèce B (par exemple, un composé bioactif). Katzenellenbogen avança que les espaceurs auto-immolables pourraient permettre d’outrepasser les limitations des thérapies classiques (administration directe de composés bioactifs, notamment) et conduiraient à l’émergence d’une nouvelle génération de prodrogues. Ayant effectivement amené une innovation considérable dans ce domaine, ces espaceurs ont depuis trouvé nombres d’applications dans des domaines plus variés (chimie analytique, matériaux, …) ; dont nous présenterons un aperçu.Nous avons taché également de décrire plus en détail les mécanismes d’auto-immolation, conduisant l’intermédiaire à se désassembler et à libérer la molécule B. En effet, chacun de ces mécanismes confèrent des propriétés particulières à l’espaceur en termes de cinétique d’auto-immolation et de compatibilités chimiques possibles principalement. Il est donc primordial d’établir les avantages et les inconvénients de chaque type d’espaceur afin de déterminer au mieux quel genre de structure employer pour l’utilisation choisie.Notre travail a consisté dans un premier temps à compléter certaines données de la littérature afin d’approfondir notre connaissance des espaceurs auto-immolables.De plus, si ces espaceurs ont été introduits pour dépasser les limitations des stratégies préexistantes, ils ne sont pas toujours aptes à répondre à certaines problématiques particulières (sélectivité et sensibilité de leurs activations notamment) ; ce qui nous a amené à proposer une nouvelle génération d’espaceurs auto-immolables capable de mieux répondre à ces attentes.Nos travaux ont permis de comparer la cinétique d’espaceurs cyclisants et de confirmer que les espaceurs basés sur un mécanisme d’élimination avaient une gamme plus étendue d’utilisations potentielles.Après avoir établi ce constat, nous avons développé des dérivés d’espaceurs reposant sur ce principe. Pour des utilisations particulières, deux séries ont été étudiées : - Les dérivés d’aniline bi-activables : ceux-ci ne libérant le groupement partant qu’après 2 stimuli spécifiques (contre un seul jusqu’à présents, tous types d’espaceurs considérés), nous pensons que cette nouvelle classe d’espaceurs pourra constituer une réelle innovation en terme de sélectivité, étant capable de mener à la libération de la molécules d’intérêt après 2 conditions. - Un dérivé triantenné : celui-ci étant capable de libérer la molécule qu’il porte par 3 voies d’éliminations, nous avons supposé qu’il serait bien plus sensible qu’un composé ne pouvant libérer que par une voie unique. Même si le composé n’a pu être obtenu, des avancées significatives ont eu lieu quant à sa synthèse : les résultats obtenus et l’intérêt qu’ils suscitent nous ont amené à proposer d’autres stratégies de synthèse pour aboutir à la création de cet espaceur ultra-sensible. / Originally introduced by Katzenellenbogen in 1981 , self-immolative spacers are defined as covalent assemblies that are able to correlate cleavage of two chemical bonds. First, the protecting group is cleaved, generating an intermediary which spontaneously leads to the rupture of the bond between the spacer and the released molecule (bioactive compound for instance). Katzenellenbogen planned that self-immolative spacers could allow to overcome limitations of classic therapies (especially direct administration of drugs) and constitute a novel and efficient alternative to actual prodrug strategies. Effectively, spacers have opened many possibilities in this field, but also in other domains (like analytical chemistry, material sciences, …) which will be presented in this manuscript.We also took care to detail self-immolation mechanisms (the step leading to the release of the leaving group from the intermediary): indeed, the mechanism is the most important factor of the spacer, determining its properties (kinetic of the process, chemical links allowed). Therefore, it is crucial to determine advantages and drawbacks of each mechanism in order to permit a rational choice of the spacer depending on the application we choose.Our work consisted to complete known kinetic data, leading us to acquire an overview of existing spacers.Self-immolative spacers have been introduced to overcome limits of actual strategies, but they are not always able to answer particular problems (sensitivity and selectivity of their triggering events principally): this leads us to propose a new generation of spacers capable of resolving these problematics.Our researches permitted us to compare kinetic of cyclizing spacers and to confirm that elimination based spacers show a larger scope for potential uses.Starting from this, we developed two series of derivatives using this mechanism: - Bi-triggered anilines: releasing the leaving group after two specific stimuli (only one for reported spacers actually). We are convinced that this new class of spacers can constitute a real innovation for selective treatments. - Three-branched phenol: able to release the compound by three different ways of elimination. This property can increase drastically the sensitivity of the spacer for its activation pathway, considering triggers are three-time more numerous. Even if the compound has not been obtained, significant results in its synthesis have been observed: these results on this interesting project leading us to propose new synthetic strategies in order to obtain this ultra-sensitive compound.

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