Agricultural soil properties exhibit variation over field plot scales that can ultimately effect the yield. This study performs multiple spatial pattern analyses in order to design spatially dependent regression models to better understand the interaction between these soil properties. The Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and Calcium-Magnesium Ratio (CaMgR) are analyzed with respect to Calcium, Magnesium, and soil moisture values. The CEC and CaMgR are then used to determine impact on the yield values present for the field. Results of this study show a significant measure of model parsimony (0.979) for the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) model of the CEC with free Ca, Mg, and soil moisture as explanatory variables. The model for CaMgR using the same explanatory variables has a much lower measure of model fit. The yield model using the CEC and CaMgR as explanatory variables is also low, which is representative of the underlying processes also impacting yield.

Optimum detergent dosage during a washing process depends on water quality, degree of pollution and quantity of laundry. Particularly, water quality is an important factor. Other parameters like carbonate- or non-carbonate hardness and calcium / magnesium (Ca / Mg) ratio in addition to total hardness of water have an impact on the amount of detergent. This work discusses the possibilities realizing a detergent sensor that measures important parameters for the washing process and assess the ideal necessary amount of detergent during the washing process. The approach is to combine impedance spectroscopy with cyclic voltammetry in order to determine both water quality and concentration of detergent in the suds which build up the basis for an optimum detergent dosage. The results of cyclic voltammetry show that it is possible to identify the Ca / Mg ratio and the carbonate hardness separately, which is necessary for the optimization of the washing process. Impedance measurements identify total hardness and detergent concentrations.

Optimum detergent dosage during a washing process depends on water quality, degree of pollution and quantity of laundry. Particularly, water quality is an important factor. Other parameters like carbonate- or non-carbonate hardness and calcium / magnesium (Ca / Mg) ratio in addition to total hardness of water have an impact on the amount of detergent. This work discusses the possibilities realizing a detergent sensor that measures important parameters for the washing process and assess the ideal necessary amount of detergent during the washing process. The approach is to combine impedance spectroscopy with cyclic voltammetry in order to determine both water quality and concentration of detergent in the suds which build up the basis for an optimum detergent dosage. The results of cyclic voltammetry show that it is possible to identify the Ca / Mg ratio and the carbonate hardness separately, which is necessary for the optimization of the washing process. Impedance measurements identify total hardness and detergent concentrations.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:29:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Evandro H G Maschietto.pdf: 563360 bytes, checksum: 0a83cb502d668d2ed21718b29160c31d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-31 / There are doubts about the conditions in which a favorable effect of the application of gypsum on the yield of grain crops can be expected. In order to evaluate the influence of gypsum application in the soil chemical attributes, in mineral nutrition of maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) yield in no-till system, an experiment was carried out in an clay Oxisol with high organic carbon content and low acidity in Guarapuava (PR). The treatments, arranged in randomized complete block with four replications, consisted of four of gypsum: 0, 4, 8 and 12 t ha-1. Gypsum was applied in September 2005, set on the soil satesurface. The corn, hybrid Pionner 30R50, was sown in October 2005, and the transgenic soybeans, MAGIC cultivar, was sown in November 2006 and 2007. During the autumn-winter seasons of 2005 to 2007, black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb) was sown in the experimental area. Gypsum application, after 9, 18 and 30 months, increased the content of exchangeable Ca2+ and S-SO4 2- available in the soil profile (0-60 cm) and the Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio in surface layers and subsoil. The application of gypsum caused leaching of exchangeable of Mg2+ and K+ the subsoil. There was positive and significant correlation (p < 0.01) between the content of S-SO4 2- extracted with ammonium acetate and acetic acid with calcium phosphate. The rates of gypsum increased the content of S in leaf and grain yield of maize. The maximum technical efficiency (MET) for corn occurred with a rate of 7.8 t ha-1 of gypsum. Nutrition and grain yield of soybean were not affected by the application of gypsum. The different responses of corn and soybean to the application of gypsum might have been caused by the supply of P, S and the increase in exchangeable Ca2+ and of the Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio in the soil. The application of gypsum proved to be an efficient practice to maximize corn yield, even in soil of high fertility and low acidity under notill system. / Existem dúvidas a respeito das condições em que se podem esperar efeitos favoráveis da aplicação de gesso na produção de grãos das culturas. Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência da aplicação de gesso nos atributos químicos do solo, na nutrição mineral e na produção de milho (Zea mays L.) e soja (Glycine max L. Merrill) em sistema plantio direto, realizou-se um experimento em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico textura argilosa com alto teor de carbono orgânico e baixa acidez, em Guarapuava (PR). Os tratamentos, dispostos em blocos completos ao acaso com quatro repetições, constaram de quatro doses de gesso agrícola: 0, 4, 8 e 12 t ha-1. O gesso foi aplicado em setembro de 2005, a lanço na superfície do solo. O milho, híbrido PIONNER 30R50, foi semeado em outubro de 2005, e a soja transgênica, cultivar MAGIC, foi semeada em novembro de 2006 e de 2007. Durante a estação de outono-inverno de 2005 a 2007, a área experimental foi cultivada com aveia-preta (Avena strigosa Schreb). A aplicação de gesso, após 9, 18 e 30 meses, aumentou o teor de P na camada superficial (0–0,10 m) e os teores de Ca2+ trocável e de SSO4 2- disponível no perfil do solo (0–0,60 m), bem como a relação Ca2+/Mg2+ nas camadas superficiais e do subsolo. A aplicação de gesso ocasionou lixiviação de Mg2+ e K+ trocáveis para o subsolo. Houve correlação positiva e significativa (p < 0,01) entre o teor de S-SO4 2- extraído com acetato de amônio em ácido acético e com fosfato de cálcio. As doses de gesso aumentaram os teores de P e S no tecido foliar e a produção de grãos de milho. A máxima eficiência técnica (MET) para o milho ocorreu com a dose de 7,8 t ha-1 de gesso. A nutrição e a produção de grãos de soja não foram influenciadas pela aplicação de gesso. As respostas diferenciadas do milho e da soja à aplicação de gesso devem ter sido ocasionadas pelo fornecimento de S e pelo aumento da relação Ca2+/Mg2+ no solo. A aplicação de gesso agrícola demonstrou ser uma prática eficiente para maximizar a produção de milho, mesmo em solo de alta fertilidade e baixa acidez em subsuperfície no sistema plantio direto.